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Fritz R, Kilburn B, Kohan-Ghadr H, Drewlo S, Armant D. Galectin 14 protects human trophoblast cells from oxidative stress and promotes extravillous differentiation. Fertil Steril 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.07.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Khan S, Shaeib F, Ali I, Dai J, Drewlo S, Saed G, Abu-Soud H. The impact of myleoperoxidase on metaphase ii mouse oocyte quality. Fertil Steril 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.07.947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Stepan H, Wurst U, Ebert T, Kralisch S, Jank A, Drewlo S, Schrey S, Lössner U, Platz M, Kratzsch J, Blüher M, Stumvoll M, Fasshauer M. The adipokine preadipocyte factor-1 is downregulated in preeclampsia and expressed in placenta. DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1374860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Schrey S, Kingdom J, Baczyk D, Fitzgerald B, Keating S, Ryan G, Drewlo S. Leptin is differentially expressed and epigenetically regulated across monochorionic twin placenta with discordant fetal growth. Mol Hum Reprod 2013; 19:764-72. [PMID: 23832168 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gat048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severely growth-discordant monochorionic (MC) twins offer a unique opportunity to study fetal and placental growth based on a similar genetic background and maternal host environment where the healthy twin serves as an ideal control. Differences in development of MC twins may therefore be due to differential epigenetic regulation of genes involved in placental development and function. Growth-discordant twins are known for abnormal angio-architecture in the placenta of the smaller twin. Since the reasons for this phenotype are mostly unknown this study was aimed to investigate the expression and regulation of genes known to be involved in angiogenesis. We studied 10 severely growth-discordant MC twin placentas (birthweight difference ≥20%) without twin-twin-transfusion syndrome and 5 growth-concordant MC twin placentas. Growth-discordant twin placentas were phenotyped by histology. Placental mRNA expression of 88 angiogenesis-related genes was measured by PCR array. ELISA assay and immunohistochemistry were used to confirm PCR results. EpiTYPTER for DNA methylation was used to determine if methylation ratios were responsible for differential gene expression. The PCR array analysis showed significant mRNA up-regulation in the placental share of the smaller twin for several genes. These included leptin (24.6-fold, P = 0.017), fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (Flt1, 2.4-fold, P = 0.016) and Endoglin (Eng, 1.86-fold, P = 0.078). None of the other 84 angiogenesis-related genes showed significant differences. ELISA confirmed significantly increased leptin protein expression (49.22 versus 11.03 pg/ml, P = 0.049) in the smaller twin of the discordant growth cohort. Leptin expression in smaller twins' placentas was associated with elevated DNA methylation of the leptin promotor region suggesting the inhibition of binding of a transcriptional activator/inhibitor in that region. We attempted to overcome the limitation of sample size by careful patient selection. We minimized any bias in placental sampling by random sampling from two different sites and by avoiding sampling from areas with grossly visible abnormalities using a standardized sampling protocol. In conclusion, the smaller twin's placenta is characterized by differentially increased gene expressions for Flt1 and Eng mRNA that may be causally associated with the villous pathology driven by abnormal feto-placental angiogenesis. The substantial up-regulation of leptin mRNA may be epigenetically conferred and relevant to the post-natal risk of metabolic syndrome in intrauterine growth restriction offspring with placental pathology. Growth-discordant MC twins offer unique insights into the epigenetic basis of perinatal programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schrey
- Fetal Medicine Unit, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMO) conjugate to target proteins in a dynamic, reversible manner to function as post-translational modifiers. SUMOylation of target proteins can impinge on their localization, in addition to their activity or stability. Differential expression of deSUMOylating enzymes (SENP 1 and 2) contributes to altered mammalian placental development and function in mice. Severe preeclampsia (sPE) is associated with abnormal placental development and chronic ischemic injury. Extra- and intracellular stimuli/stressors that include hypoxic-activated pathways are known modulators of SUMOylation. In this current study we hypothesized that placentas from sPE patients will display up regulation in the SUMO regulatory pathway. METHODS Utilizing qRT-PCR, immuno-blotting and Western techniques, we determined the expression levels of SUMO pathway genes in healthy and diseased placentas. We also exposed placental explants to hypoxia to study the effect on the SUMOylation pathway. RESULTS We observed steady-state expression of SUMO1-3, SUMO-conjugated enzyme-UBC9 and deSUMOylating enzymes - SENPs, throughout normal gestation. An elevated level of free SUMO1-3 and SUMO-protein conjugates was observed in sPE placentas. Furthermore, placental UBC9 levels were strikingly increased in the same sPE patients. Hypoxia-induced SUMOylation in first trimester placental explants. DISCUSSION Our data demonstrate an elevated steady-state of SUMOylation in sPE placentas compared with gestational aged-matched controls. The observed hyper-SUMOylation in sPE placentas correlates with elevated expression of UBC9 rather than with reduced expression of SENPs Hypoxia may contribute to alterations in placental SUMOylation pathway. CONCLUSION Increased placental SUMOylation may contribute to the pathogenesis of serious placental pathology that causes extreme preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Baczyk
- Research Centre for Women's and Infants' Health, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3H7, Canada.
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Levytska K, Kingdom J, Baczyk D, Drewlo S. Heme oxygenase-1 in placental development and pathology. Placenta 2013; 34:291-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Drewlo S, Levytska K, Kingdom J. Revisiting the housekeeping genes of human placental development and insufficiency syndromes. Placenta 2012; 33:952-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Drewlo S, Levytska K, Sobel M, Baczyk D, Lye SJ, Kingdom JCP. Heparin promotes soluble VEGF receptor expression in human placental villi to impair endothelial VEGF signaling. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9:2486-97. [PMID: 21981655 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04526.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe preeclampsia is characterized by hypertension, renal injury and placental dysfunction. Prothrombotic disorders are discovered in 10-20% of women with preeclampsia, providing the rationale for prescribing low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) in future pregnancies. Heparin has diverse molecular actions and appears to reduce the recurrence risk of preeclampsia in women without prothrombotic disorders. The placenta-derived anti-angiogenic splice-variant protein soluble vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor-1 (sFLT1) is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of the underlying endothelial dysfunction. As the placental syncytiotrophoblast is the principal source of sFLT1, we tested the hypothesis that heparin suppresses placental sFLT1 secretion. METHODS AND RESULTS First trimester placental villi exposed to LMWH (0.25-25 IU mL(-1)) in an in vitro explant model significantly increased the expression and release of sFLT1 by the syncytiotrophoblast into culture media, reducing phosphorylation of FLT1 and KDR receptors in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. This response was significantly diminished in placental villi from healthy term pregnancies. Placental villi from severely preeclamptic pregnancies had a higher baseline sFLT1 release, compared with first trimester placental villi and did not respond to LMWH treatment. LMWH promoted villous cytotrophoblast proliferation (BrdU incorporation) and impaired syncytial fusion-differentiation, causing syncytiotrophoblast apoptosis (by caspase 3&7 activity and TUNEL staining) and necrosis (ADP/ATP ratio). CONCLUSION LMWH promotes sFLT1 synthesis and release from first trimester placental villi in a manner similar to that of severely preeclamptic placental villi, which antagonizes VEGF signaling in endothelial cells. These effects in part are mediated by an interaction between heparin and the cytotrophoblasts that regenerates the overlying syncytiotrophoblast responsible for sFLT1 secretion into the maternal blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Drewlo
- Program in Development and Fetal Health, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
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Schrey S, Baczyk D, Fitzgerald B, Ryan G, Kingdom J, Drewlo S. Targeted Gene Arrays across the Severely-Discordant growth Monochorionic Twin Placenta: Implications for Angiogenesis and Metabolic Programming. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol 2011. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1293261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Schrey S, Baczyk D, Fitzgerald B, Keating S, Ryan G, Kingdom J, Drewlo S. P1. Targeted gene arrays across the severely-discordant growth monochorionic twin placenta: Implications for angiogenesis and metabolic programming. Pregnancy Hypertens 2011; 1:273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2011.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kokozidou M, Drewlo S, Bartz C, Raven G, Brandenburg LO, Wruck CJ, Pufe T. Complex patterns of ADAM12 mRNA and protein splice variants in the human placenta. Ann Anat 2011; 193:142-8. [PMID: 21330122 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Trophoblast fusion in the placenta is prerequisite to successful pregnancy and the pathological conditions related to it. The presence of syncytin-1, is not sufficient to explain the complete event and ADAM12 is a major co-player candidate. Via differential splicing, the ADAM12 gene produces a short and a long form, being the ADAM12-S and the ADAM12-L respectively. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated the localisation of both variants in the human placenta using whole mount in situ hybridisation, immunohistochemistry and Northern blotting in 1st (n=8) and 3rd (n=8) trimester placentae and in the case of NB in several cell lines. In Northern blotting, 1st and 3rd trimester placentae were positive for the ADAM12-S and Bewo, 293HEK, JAR, leucocytes, macrophages, 1st and 3rd trimester placentae were positive for ADAM12-L. In whole mount in situ hybridisation, the 1st and 3rd trimester placental syncytium was positive for both variants. In immunohistochemistry, ADAM12-L localised in the cytotrophoblast of both 1st and 3rd trimester placentae, while ADAM12-S localised in the complete syncytium, often including the cytotrophoblast. CONCLUSION The different localisation of ADAM12-S and ADAM12-L indicates a possible different role making ADAM12-L a candidate for the fusion event, while the syncytial localisation of the ADAM12-S makes it a candidate for cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions between the placental syncytium and the maternal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kokozidou
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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Lash GE, Burton GJ, Chamley LW, Clifton VL, Constancia M, Crocker IP, Dantzer V, Desoye G, Drewlo S, Hemmings DG, Hiendleder S, Kalionis B, Keelan JA, Kudo Y, Lewis RM, Manuelpillai U, Murthi P, Natale D, Pfarrer C, Robertson S, Saffery R, Saito S, Sferruzzi-Perri A, Sobrevia L, Waddell BJ, Roberts CT. IFPA Meeting 2009 workshops report. Placenta 2010; 31 Suppl:S4-20. [PMID: 20064659 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2009.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Workshops are an important part of the annual meeting of the International Federation of Placenta Associations (IFPA). At IFPA Meeting 2009 diverse topics were discussed in twelve themed workshops. Topics covered included: immune response to pregnancy; signaling between fetus and placenta; bioactive lipids in placenta; placenta in agricultural species; epigenetics and placentation; trophoblast deportation; glucocorticoids and placental function; endothelium; placental transport; genes and placenta; uteroplacental blood flow and placental stem cells. This report is a full summary of the various topics covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Lash
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, 3rd Floor, William Leech Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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Baczyk D, Drewlo S, Proctor L, Dunk C, Lye S, Kingdom J. Glial cell missing-1 transcription factor is required for the differentiation of the human trophoblast. Cell Death Differ 2009; 16:719-27. [PMID: 19219068 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2009.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian placentation is a highly regulated process and is dependent on the proper development of specific trophoblast cell lineages. The two major types of trophoblast, villous and extravillous, show mitotic arrest during differentiation. In mice, the transcription factor, glial cell missing-1 (Gcm1), blocks mitosis and is required for syncytiotrophoblast formation and morphogenesis of the labyrinth, the murine equivalent of the villous placenta. The human homolog GCM1 has an analogous expression pattern, but its function is presently unknown. We studied GCM1 function in the human-derived BeWo choriocarcinoma cell line and in first trimester human placental villous and extravillous explants. The GCM1 expression was either inhibited by siRNA and antisense oligonucleotides methods or upregulated by forskolin treatment. Inhibition of GCM1 resulted in an increased rate of proliferation, but prevented de novo syncytiotrophoblast formation in syncytially denuded floating villous explants. GCM1 inhibition prevented extravillous differentiation along the invasive pathway in extravillous explants on matrigel. By contrast, forskolin-induced expression of GCM1 reduced the rate of proliferation and increased the rate of syncytialization in the floating villous explant model. Our studies show that GCM1 has a distinct role in the maintenance, development and turnover of the human trophoblast. Alterations in GCM1 expression or regulation may explain several aspects of two divergent severe placental insufficiency syndromes, namely preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction, which cause extreme preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Baczyk
- Research Centre for Women's and Infants' Health, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Lash GE, Ansari T, Bischof P, Burton GJ, Chamley L, Crocker I, Dantzer V, Desoye G, Drewlo S, Fazleabas A, Jansson T, Keating S, Kliman HJ, Lang I, Mayhew T, Meiri H, Miller RK, Nelson DM, Pfarrer C, Roberts C, Sammar M, Sharma S, Shiverick K, Strunk D, Turner MA, Huppertz B. IFPA meeting 2008 workshops report. Placenta 2008; 30 Suppl A:S4-14. [PMID: 19084270 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2008.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Workshops are an important part of the IFPA annual meeting. At the IFPA meeting 2008 diverse topics were discussed in 12 themed workshops. Topics covered included: immunology of placentation; galectins and trophoblast invasion; signaling in implantation and invasion; markers to identify trophoblast subpopulations; placental pathology; placental toxicology; stereology; placental transport of fatty acids; placental mesenchymal stem cells; comparative placentation; trophoblast and neoplasia; trophoblast differentiation. This report is a summary of the various topics covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Lash
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The fusion of trophoblast cells into the villous syncytiotrophoblast is crucial for appropriate placental function and fetal development. Fusion occurs following the interaction of syncytin-1, an envelope protein of the endogenous retrovirus HERV-W, and the RD114/mammalian type D retrovirus receptor (RDR/ASCT2) on adjacent cell membranes. This process must be tightly regulated in order to maintain the proliferative pool of cytotrophoblast cells as well as the function of the syncytia. AIM We sought to investigate whether syncytial fusion of placental cytotrophoblast cells may be regulated via modulation of RDR/ASCT2 expression. METHODS Expression of RDR/ASCT2 in term and first trimester villous placenta was assessed along with a number of molecular markers using immunofluorescent staining. In a complementary approach, Western blotting was used to investigate RDR/ASCT2 expression in a panel of choriocarcinoma cell lines before and after stimulation of fusion. RESULTS Villous placental RDR/ASCT2 expression was found to be restricted to the cytotrophoblast compartment, being largely absent in the syncytiotrophoblast. Local variations in RDR/ASCT2 expression were not associated with the proliferative status of cytotrophoblast cells. RDR/ASCT2 expression was also shown to be down-regulated in BeWo choriocarcinoma cells after stimulation of syncytial fusion. CONCLUSION This first report of the localisation and distribution of RDR/ASCT2 in human placental villi suggests that the fusion of placental trophoblast cells is not regulated by local or temporal variations of RDR/ASCT2 expression in villous cytotrophoblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Hayward
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Pötgens AJG, Drewlo S, Kokozidou M, Kaufmann P. Syncytin: the major regulator of trophoblast fusion? Recent developments and hypotheses on its action. Hum Reprod Update 2004; 10:487-96. [PMID: 15333590 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmh039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Syncytin is a membrane protein derived from the envelope gene of an endogenous retrovirus of the HERV-W family. The gene appears to be almost exclusively expressed in placenta; the protein was found in particular in syncytiotrophoblast. After transfection into various cell types it has proven to be a very fusogenic protein, inducing the formation of syncytia. Therefore, the question rises as to whether syncytin is responsible for the fusion process of villous cytotrophoblast into syncytiotrophoblast in vivo. If so, how is this fusion process regulated if syncytin is found all over the syncytiotrophoblast? Can this process be regulated through local or temporal changes in syncytin expression, or is syncytin merely one factor in a cascade of events leading to fusion limited at some other level? This review will try to summarize the published data on the regulation of fusion in trophoblast models as well as on the localization and regulation of syncytin expression and of its presumed receptors. Assuming that syncytin is the key factor inducing trophoblast fusion, a number of models will be presented by which syncytin and/or its receptors might regulate this process. In some of the hypotheses proposed, local coexpression of syncytin and receptor, leading to blocking of one factor by the other, is of functional relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J G Pötgens
- Department of Anatomy II, University Hospital Aachen, Wendlingweg 2, D-52057 Aachen, Germany.
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Drewlo S, Brämer CO, Madkour M, Mayer F, Steinbüchel A. Cloning and expression of a Ralstonia eutropha HF39 gene mediating indigo formation in Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:1964-9. [PMID: 11282658 PMCID: PMC92822 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.4.1964-1969.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
On complex medium Escherichia coli strains carrying hybrid plasmid pBEC/EE:11.0, pSKBEC/BE:9.0, pSKBEC/PP:3.3, or pSKBEC/PP:2.4 harboring genomic DNA of Ralstonia eutropha HF39 produced a blue pigment characterized as indigo by several chemical and spectroscopic methods. A 1,251-bp open reading frame (bec) was cloned and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence of bec showed only weak similarities to short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenases, and the gene product catalyzed formation of indoxyl, a reactive preliminary stage for production of indigo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Drewlo
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 3, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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