Estimating neutrosophic finite median employing robust measures of the auxiliary variable

Our study explores neutrosophic statistics, an extension of classical and fuzzy statistics, to address the challenges of data uncertainty. By leveraging accurate measurements of an auxiliary variable, we can derive precise estimates for the unknown population median. The estimators introduced in this research are particularly useful for analysing unclear, vague data or within the neutrosophic realm. Unlike traditional methods that yield single-valued outcomes, our estimators produce ranges, suggesting where the population parameter is likely to be. We present the suggested generalised estimator's bias and mean square error within a first-order approximation framework. The practicality and efficiency of these proposed neutrosophic estimators are demonstrated through real-world data applications and the simulated data set.

Effects of copper nanoparticles on performance, muscle and bone characteristics and serum metabolites in broilers

Abstract Three hundred and twenty day old Hubbard broilers were randomly allocated to four treatments (8 replicates, 10 birds/pen) and were raised under standard management conditions. Birds in the first group served as control and were fed a corn based diet, while birds in the remaining three groups i.e.; A, B and C were fed with a basal diet supplemented with copper nanoparticles (CuNP) at 5, 10 and 15 mg /kg of diet respectively for 35 days. Supplementation of CuNP linearly increased (P≤0.05) body weight (BW), average daily weight gain (ADWG) and feed intake (FI) in broilers. Uric acid, glucose levels in blood and feed conversion ratio (FCR) reduced linearly (P≤0.05) with CuNP supplementation in diet. Supplementation of CuNP in the diet also linearly increased (P≤0.05) tibia weight, length, diameter, weight/length index (W/L) and Tibiotarsal index (TT index). Inclusion of CuNP in broilers diet linearly increased the measured parameters of muscle i.e.; pH, fiber diameter, fiber cross-sectional area, fascicle diameter, fascicle cross-sectional area (P≤0.05). Concentration of copper, iron, calcium and phosphorous in blood also increased line-arly (P ≤ 0.05) with CuNP supplementation. Overall, CuNP positively affected the growth performance, histological characteristics of muscles, bone strength and serum metabolites in broilers.

Addition of transglutaminase enzyme in camel milk yoghurt to increase its sensorial aspects

Camel milk was obtained from A-block UVAS Ravi Campus Pattoki. After pasteurization at 72 °C (15 sec) it was cooled to 42 °C, then glutathione treated transglutaminase enzyme was added with the concentration of 0.5 g/300 mL, 1 g/300 mL, 1.5 g/300 mL, 2 g/300 mL while control sample with the addition of 1.5 g/300 mL gelatin. Then inoculation of milk was done with standard cultures of Yoghurt Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus at the rate of 2% for 3-4 hours at 42 °C. Samples were stored at 4 °C and were analyzed on 1st day and 28th day of storage. In our findings, there was slight increase in sensorial properties of all the samples. It was also observed that syneresis was reduced with the increase of enzyme quantity.

Isolation, Characterization and Anticancer Activity of Two Bioactive Compounds from Arisaema flavum (Forssk.) Schott

Medicinal plants play important role in the public health sector worldwide. Natural products from medicinal plants are sources of unlimited opportunities for new drug leads because of their unique chemical diversity. Researchers have focused on exploring herbal products as potential sources for the treatment of cancer, cardiac and infectious diseases. Arisaema flavum (Forssk.) is an important medicinal plant found in the northwest Himalayan regions of Pakistan. It is a poisonous plant and is used as a remedy against snake bites and scorpion stings. In this study, two bioactive compounds were isolated from Arisaema flavum (Forssk.) and their anticancer activity was evaluated against human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 using an MTT assay. The crude extract of Arisaema flavum (Forssk.) was subjected to fractionation using different organic solvents in increasing order of polarity. The fraction indicating maximum activity was then taken for isolation of bioactive compounds using various chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques such as column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Crude extract of Arisaema flavum (Forssk.), as well as various fractions extracted in different solvents such as n-hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate, were tested against human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 using an MTT assay. The crude extract exhibited significant dose-dependent anticancer activity with a maximum activity of 78.6% at 500 µg/mL concentration. Two compounds, hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester with molecular formula C18H36O7 and molar mass 284 and 5-Oxo-19 propyl-docosanoic acid methyl ester with molecular formula C26H50O3 and molecular mass 410, were isolated from chloroform fraction. These compounds were tested against the MCF-7cell line for cytotoxic activity and exhibited a significant (p < 0.00l) decrease in cell numbers for MCF-7 cells with IC50 of 25 µM after 48 h of treatment. Results indicated that Arisaema flavum (Forssk.) possesses compounds with cytotoxic activity that can further be exploited to develop anticancer formulations.

Fungal conversion of chicken-feather waste into biofortified compost

Poultry industry is amongst highly developed industries of Pakistan, fulfilling the protein demand of rapidly increasing population. On the other hand, the untreated poultry waste is causing several health and environmental problems. The current study was designed to check the potential of keratinolytic fungal species for the conversion of chicken-feather waste into biofortified compost. For the purpose, three fungal species were isolated from soil samples. These strains were pure cultured and then characterized phenotypically and genotypically. BLAST searches of 18S rDNA nucleotide sequence of the fungal isolates revealed that the two fungal isolates belonged to genus Aspergillus and one belonged to genus Chrysosporium. Optimum temperature for Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Chrysosporium queenslandicum was 29, 26 and 25 oC, respectively. A. flavus showed maximum (53%) feather degradation, A. niger degraded feather waste up to 37%, while C. queenslandicum showed 21% keratinolytic activity on chicken feathers at their respective temperature optima. The degradation potential of these fungal species showed their ability to form compost that has agro-industrial importance.

Isolation and Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Bidens spp. Using HPLC-DAD and GC-MS Analysis and Their Biological Activity as Anticancer Molecules

The genus Bidens a member of family Compositae, is widely documented as an ethno-medicinally important genus of plants. In the present study, anticancer potential of three ethno-medicinally important species i.e., B. bipinnata, B. biternata and B. pilosa were tested. For in-vitro evaluation, an MTT (Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide) assay was performed against cervical cancer cells (HeLa), hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG), and adenocarcinoma human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549). For in vivo evaluation, Artemia salina, Danio rerio, and Caenorhabditis elegans were used. Among all the tested extracts, the ethanol extract of B. biternata appeared to have highest anticancer activity, and the compounds responsible for this activity were identified to be Tris (2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl), 4-hydroxy-2,4′-dimethoxychalcone, and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. This is the first report of the isolation of Tris (2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate from the genus Bidens and the first report of 4-hydroxy-2,4′-dimethoxychalcone and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol from B. biternata. Among the isolated compounds, 4-hydroxy-2,4′-dimethoxychalcone showed the highest anticancer activity with an LD50 value of 236.7 µg/mL. Therefore, this compound carries promising potential for being established as a pharmaceutical for chemoprevention and chemotherapy.

Association of blood pressure and postural control in older adults with hypertension: an observational study

The study investigated the association of orthostatic hypotension (OH) with functional position change and balance in older adults with hypertension. The presence of OH was assessed with intermittent (OH intermittent) and continuous blood pressure (OH continuous) monitoring. The change in functional position was tested with sitting to standing assessment, balance performance using activity specific balance confidence scale (ABC), and timed up and go test (TUG). Testing unilateral and bilateral standing with and without altered sensory inputs was tested using the Humac balance system. ABC, TUG, and standing up time showed no significant association with OH intermittent and OH continuous. A significant association was found between bilateral standing with eyes closed on foam surface for overall stability index and OH intermittent. Older people with hypertension may be routinely examined for OH and appropriate intervention strategies should be included for comprehensive care.

Xanthone C-glycosides isomers purified from Dryopteris ramosa (Hope) C. Chr. with bactericidal and cytotoxic prospects

Xanthones C-glycosides are plants secondary metabolites with diverse biological activities. Among the C-glycoside xanthones, the mangiferin (MF) is of widespread occurrence in plants while isomangiferin (IsoMF) is not very common. For the present study mangiferin (MF) and isomangiferin (IsoMF) were isolated from Dryopteris ramosa. The antibacterial potential of MF and IsoMF was evaluated by using agar well diffusion method while cytotoxic properties of MF and IsoMF were assessed by brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT). The antibacterial potential of MF and IsoMF increases in dose dependent manner. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) indicated strong antibacterial potential of MF against Salmonella setubal (125 µg/mL) and Bacillus subtilis (125 µg/mL) while MF showed weak antibacterial potential against Escherichia coli (500 µg/mL). On the other hand the IsoMF showed better antibacterial potential against all the tested strain including Escherichia coli (MIC = 250 µg/mL). The MF and IsoMF showed poor cytotoxicity towards Brine shrimp nauplii as indicated by their LD₅₀ (969.77 ± 0.67 and 768.92 ± 0.81 µg/mL respectively). The present study has highlighted the antibacterial potential of MF and IsoMF. Further evaluation of these two isomeric compounds may prove to be the future remedies for various bacterial infections and other human ailments.

Therapeutic prospects of endophytic Bacillus species from Berberis lycium against oxidative stress and microbial pathogens

Endophytes are microorganisms residing within plant tissues. Bacterial endophytes are important sources for production of pharmaceutically important metabolites. Berberis lycium is an important medicinal plant and there exist no report regarding isolation and determination of bioactive potential of its bacterial endophytes. Therefore the present study was aimed to isolate and identify bacterial endophytes from Berberis lycium. The study resulted in isolation of 20 strains of bacterial endophytes. Based on their antibacterial activity three strains were identified as Bacillus cereus (LBL6), Bacillus thuringiensis (SBL3) and Bacillus anthracis (SBL4) on basis of 16SrRNA gene using universal primers. Crude ethyl acetate extracts of LBL6, SBL3 and SBL4 were further evaluated for antioxidant and antifungal activities. Moderate antioxidant activity (56 %) at a concentration of 1000 µg/mL was observed for LBL6 followed by 45 and 43 % activity by SBL4 and SBL3 respectively. Significant antifungal activity was observed against Aspergillus niger (60 %) and Aspergillus flavus (56 %) at concentration of 4 mg/mL of SBL3 and SBL4 respectively. GCMS analysis of extract (LBL6) exhibited presence of 12 bioactive secondary metabolites corresponding to antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant, antitumor and anticancer activities. In conclusion, present study highlighted the importance of Berberis lycium to host diverse bacterial endophytes of pharmaceutical importance.

Antioxidant potential and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of onion (Allium cepa L.) peel and bulb extracts

Allium cepa L. is a commonly consumed vegetable that belongs to the Amaryllidaceae family and contains nutrients and antioxidants in ample amounts. In spite of the valuable food applications of onion bulb, its peel and outer fleshy layers are generally regarded as waste and exploration of their nutritional and therapeutic potential is still in progress with a very slow progression rate. The present study was designed with the purpose of doing a comparative analysis of the antioxidant potential of two parts of Allium cepa, i.g., bulb (edible part) and outer fleshy layers and dry peels (inedible part). Moreover, the inhibitory effect of the onion bulb and peel extracts on rat intestinal α-glucosidase and pancreatic α-amylase of porcine was also evaluated. The antioxidant potential of onion peel and bulb extracts were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), 2,2'-azino-bis- 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging assay, H2O2 radical scavenging activity and Fe2+ chelating activity. Total flavonoids and phenolic content of ethanolic extract of onion peel were significantly greater as compared to that of onion bulb. Ethanolic extract of onion peel also presented better antioxidant and free-radical scavenging activity as compared to the ethanolic extract of bulb, while the aqueous extract of bulb presented weakest antioxidative potential. Onion peel extract's α-glucosidase inhibition potential was also correlated with their phenolic and flavonoid contents. The current findings presented onion peel as a possible source of antioxidative agents and phenolic compounds that might be beneficial against development of various common chronic diseases that might have an association with oxidative stress. Besides, outer dry layers and fleshy peels of onion exhibited higher phenolic content and antioxidant activities, compared to the inner bulb. The information obtained by the present study can be useful in promoting the use of vegetable parts other than the edible mesocarp for several future food applications, rather than these being wasted.

Bayesian Analysis of Cancer Data Using a 4-Component Exponential Mixture Model

Cancer is among the major public health problems as well as a burden for Pakistan. About 148,000 new patients are diagnosed with cancer each year, and almost 100,000 patients die due to this fatal disease. Lung, breast, liver, cervical, blood/bone marrow, and oral cancers are the most common cancers in Pakistan. Perhaps smoking, physical inactivity, infections, exposure to toxins, and unhealthy diet are the main factors responsible for the spread of cancer. We preferred a novel four-component mixture model under Bayesian estimation to estimate the average number of incidences and death of both genders in different age groups. For this purpose, we considered 28 different kinds of cancers diagnosed in recent years. Data of registered patients all over Pakistan in the year 2012 were taken from GLOBOCAN. All the patients were divided into 4 age groups and also split based on genders to be applied to the proposed mixture model. Bayesian analysis is performed on the data using a four-component exponential mixture model. Estimators for mixture model parameters are derived under Bayesian procedures using three different priors and two loss functions. Simulation study and graphical representation for the estimates are also presented. It is noted from analysis of real data that the Bayes estimates under LINEX loss assuming Jeffreys' prior is more efficient for the no. of incidences in male and female. As far as no. of deaths are concerned again, LINEX loss assuming Jeffreys' prior gives better results for the male population, but for the female population, the best loss function is SELF assuming Jeffreys' prior.

Fungal decomposition of chicken-feather waste in submerged and solid-state fermentation

Poultry industry is expanding rapidly and producing million tons of feather waste annually. Massive production of keratinaceous byproducts in the form of industrial wastes throughout the world necessitates its justified utilization. Chemical treatment of keratin waste is proclaimed as an eco-destructive approach by various researchers since it generates secondary pollutants. Keratinase released by a variety of microbes (bacteria and fungi) can be used for the effective treatment of keratin waste. Microbial degradation of keratin waste is an emerging and eco-friendly approach and offers dual benefits, i.e., treatment of recalcitrant pollutant (keratin) and procurement of a commercially important enzyme (keratinase). This study involves the isolation, characterization, and potential utility of fungal species for the degradation of chicken-feather waste through submerged and solid-state fermentation. The isolated fungus was identified and characterized as Aspergillus (A.) flavus. In a trial of 30 days, it was appeared that 74 and 8% feather weight was reduced through sub-merged and solid-state fermentation, respectively by A. flavus. The pH of the growth media in submerged fermentation was changed from 4.8 to 8.35. The exploited application of keratinolytic microbes is, therefore, recommended for the treatment of keratinaceous wastes to achieve dual benefits of remediation.

Psychosocial adjustment mediates impacts of playmate positive support on body mass index and overweight risk in adolescents

OBJECTIVES

We examined the mediation effects of psychosocial adjustment on the impact of playmate positive support throughout childhood and early adolescence (from age 54 months to 11 years) on later body mass index (BMI) and overweight risk in middle adolescence (age 15 years).

STUDY DESIGN

This was a prospective cohort study.

METHODS

Among 844 children and their families, positive support between child-playmate dyads was repeatedly assessed from child's age 54 months to Grade 5. Long-term positive support between child-playmate dyads throughout childhood and early adolescence was prospectively linked to child's BMI and overweight/obesity status at age 15 years. The average scores of repeated assessments of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems from Grades 3 to 6 were used as mediators.

RESULTS

Significant mediations of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems were observed on pathways from positive support between child-playmate dyads to later BMI and overweight/obesity status at age 15 years. The observed mediations were mainly sustained with pronounced magnitudes in girls, but not in boys.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings demonstrated a significant mediating role of psychosocial adjustment. Future research efforts are highly encouraged to replicate our findings and further explore this underlying mediation mechanism.

Impact of adult attachment styles on health behaviors among youngsters

Introduction

Attachment styles play important role in managing health behavior. It has been observed in researches that attachment style have relationship with health behavior (Schlack, 2003). If attachment styles are left the way they form habitually it can be harmful, in a study with diabetic patients, people with avoidant attachment style were expected to die within 5 years of disease diagnosis (Ciechanowski et al., 2010).

Objectives

To assess effect of adult attachment styles on health behavior?

Methods

Sample comprised of 300 university students from different private and government universities of Karachi with age range 18 – 35 years. Assessment tools used are relationship questionnaire and wellness behavior inventory scale. Relationship questionnaire is used to identify the dimension of attachment style (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991). Wellness behavior inventory was used to identify consistency of healthy behavior activities done on regularly basis (Sirois, 2001). Statistical tests used for descriptive analysis were frequency and percentage and for inferential statistics regression analysis test was used.

Results

According to the attachment styles A, B, C and D most of the study participants fell in healthy weight range, a few were in obese range which is considered unhealthy. Result of regression analysis estimated there is no effect of attachment style on health behavior as p-value was greater than 0.05.

Conclusions

Attachment style is not a good predictor of health behavior solely. As per a few researches in order to study impact of attachment styles other mediating variables that can have effect on health behavior should also be observed such as self-esteem.

Role of media surveillance function during COVID-19 breakout

Introduction

It is a digital era and people always turn on television to gain knowledge of what’s happening around, same is the case with COVID-19 breakout. Whole world relied on media to understand the scenario, as media has always played substantial role in providing information regarding precaution and treatment of the disease.

Objectives

To assess influence of media surveillance function on society during COVID-19 breakout.

Methods

Participants included in the study are 11 and above who can utilize abstract thinking as per Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. Questionnaire used in the study was Media surveillance questionnaire, it was previously used in the study done during Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) spread in Nigeria. In current study the questionnaire was used by replacing disease name i.e. EVD to COVID-19. Questionnaire was distributed online on social media groups.

Results

According to data analysis majority agrees that major source of COVID-19 news is television and Radio, messages on media help in avoiding sick people, media provides helpful information regarding disease prevention and control and messages on media needs more clear directions.

Conclusions

Media played positive role during COVID-19 breakout and it also spread awareness about the myths, false home remedies and precautionary measures. Media also informed society about the health emergencies in case if anyone is infected with the virus. Still media messages need more clarity and direction as people rely more on media than social media. It is media’s responsibility to provide accurate information and more clear messages after inquiring matter properly especially when it’s about human life

Disclosure

No significant relationships.

A comparison of group art therapy in decreasing the depression level of leukemia pediatric patients

Introduction

Cancer and its treatment often impose physical and psychological consequences. Children with cancer are not only at a risk of adverse events resulting from medical procedures but also severe effects on their social and mental health as a result of its treatment. Depression being one of the most common psychiatric disorders associated with cancer in children and adolescents. The current study aims to provide evidence of an easy and inexpensive intervention that can be used in oncology patients in a low resource setting to help maintain mental health stability in pedriatric patients..

Objectives

To examine the effectiveness of therapeutic group art therapy, in reducing depression scores in children with cancer.

Methods

The study is quasi experimental, through convinient sampling data of fifteen children in initial stage of thier treatment were selected. They were divided into two groups experimental and controlled through random allocation. Three sessions of forty minutes of group art therapy was given in experimental group, in control normal treatment was provided excluding group art therapy. Childhood Depression Scale (CDI) was used in both group as pre and post test to determine the depression level.

Results

The results shows a positive change in the level of depression in experimental group as compared to controlled group.

Conclusions

Group art therapy is an effective and inexpensive way of reducing depression level of paediatric leukemia patients that can be used by oncology healthcare centres worldwide with trained mental healthcare professionals in order to maintain positive treatment results of cancer.

Predicting COVID-19 pneumonia severity on chest X-ray with convolutional neural network: A retrospective study

Objectives:

Radiological lung changes in COVID-19 infections present a noteworthy avenue to develop chest X-ray (CXR) -based testing models to support existing rapid detection techniques. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of artificial intelligence (AI) -based screening model employing deep convolutional neural network for lung involvement.

Material and Methods:

An AI-based screening model was developed with state-of-the-art neural networks using Indian data sets from COVID-19 positive patients by authors of CAIR, DRDO, in collaboration with the other authors. Our dataset was comprised of 1324 COVID-19, 1108 Normal, and 1344 Pneumonia CXR images. Transfer learning was carried out on Indian dataset using popular deep neural networks, which includes DenseNet, ResNet50, and ResNet18 network architectures to classify CXRs into three categories. The model was retrospectively used to test CXRs from reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) proven COVID-19 patients to test positive predictive value and accuracy.

Results:

A total of 460 RT-PCR positive hospitalized patients CXRs in various stages of disease involvement were retrospectively analyzed. There were 248 males (53.92%) and 212 females (46.08%) in the cohort, with a mean age of 50.1 years (range 12–89 years). The commonly observed alterations included lung consolidations, ground-glass opacities, and reticular–nodular opacities. Bilateral involvement was more common compared to unilateral involvement. Of the 460 CXRs analyzed, the model reported 445 CXRs as COVID -19 with an accuracy of 96.73%.

Conclusion:

Our model, based on a two-level classification decision fusion and output information computation, makes it a robust, accurate and reproducible tool. Based on the initial promising results, our application can be used for mass screening.

Evaluation of left atrial mechanics and p-wave dispersion as markers of left atrial cardiopathy in patients of embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS)

Introduction

Around 25% of all ischaemic strokes have no known cause despite standard investigations. Most of these cases are suspected to have an embolic source for ischaemia, leading to the moniker of Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source (ESUS). Recent studies suggest that abnormalities of the left atrium, in the form of atrial cardiopathy, can lead to increased risk of stroke even in the absence of atrial fibrillation (AF), which may be either as precursors to AF or as independent risk factors for the development of left atrial thrombus and subsequent stroke.

Purpose

The aim of this study was to measure LA electromechanical dissociation, LA volumes and P-wave dispersion as markers of atrial cardiopathy in patients with ESUS to determine whether atrial cardiopathy may be in the causal pathway of ESUS.

Methods

28 patients presenting with ischaemic stroke and fulfilling the criteria for ESUS were enrolled into this cross-sectional, observational study. All patients had 24-hour Holter monitoring done to rule out the presence of AF. The control group consisted of 28 age- and gender-matched apparently healthy individuals. On ECG, P-wave Dispersion (PWD) was calculated by subtracting minimum P-wave duration from maximum P-wave duration. On echocardiography, time intervals from the beginning of P-wave to beginning of A' wave from the lateral mitral annulus in tissue doppler imaging was measured as the atrial electromechanical delay. LA volumes were recorded using the Modified Biplane Simpson's method. Statistical analysis was performed using student's t-test, chi-square test, and Pearson's test.

Results

Baseline demographic and laboratory characteristics were similar between the two groups. Increased PWD (34.14±9.89 ms vs. 27.32±8.95 ms; p=0.01), atrial electromechanical delay (73.32±16.31 ms vs. 63.63±13.59 ms; p=0.02) and LA volumes were observed in patients with ESUS as compared to controls. A significant correlation was also found between these parameters (p&lt;0.01).

Discussion

According to the results of our study, PWD, atrial electromechanical delay and LA volumes may be novel predictors for ESUS. Atrial cardiopathy is a unique mechanism of thrombo-embolism in ESUS patients and our data establishes its association with ESUS. Further studies will be needed to shed more light on its role in the causality of stroke in the ESUS population.

Measurement of electromechanical delay

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding source: None

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and associated hematological alterations in small ruminants of D.G. Khan district of Southern Punjab, Pakistan

ABSTRACT The present study was carried out to evaluate the prevalence and hematological effects of Toxoplasma gondii in sheep and goat in district Dera Ghazi Khan. Blood samples (n=204) were collected comprise goats (n=101) and sheep (n=103) alongwith age, gender and breeds of animals. Samples were collected randomly from 25 flocks of 7 different union council Viz. Vehova, Tibbi Qaisrani, Lakhani, Kohar, Tuman Qaisrani, Nutkani and Kot Qaisrani of Tehsil Taunsa Sharif at least 4 animals from each flock. All ruminants divide into three groups based on age, breed and gender. The prevalence was detected through two different kits Viz. LAT and ELISA kit. The overall prevalence suspected in goats through LAT and ELISA kit was (35.64%), (32.67%) and in sheep was (25.24%), (23.30%) respectively. The Toxoplasma gondii had a significant effect on goats in age groups and non-significant all other groups of goats and sheep. Toxoplasma gondii had a significant effect on all hematological parameters like Hemoglobin, total leukocyte cells, granulocytes, lymphocytes, platelets, and red blood cells, except monocytes. In conclusion of the current study, toxoplasmosis is prevalent among ruminants, reveals the possibility of transmission to humans on the use of host animals as protein source.

Effect of Moringa oleifera leaf powder supplementation on growth performance and intestinal morphology in broiler chickens

Due to public health hazards of subtherapeutic use of antibiotics in poultry feed, there is a need for alternatives. Moringa oleifera is a phytobiotic, which is reported to possess antimicrobial and immuno-modulatory properties. This study aimed to investigate effects of M. oleifera leaf powder (MOLP) supplementation on growth performance and intestinal microarchitecture of broiler chickens. Day-old broiler chicks (n = 100) were randomly divided into five groups with four replicates each having five birds. Birds were fed a corn-based basal diet or the same diet supplemented with 0.6, 0.9, 1.2 and 1.5% MOLP. Body weight and feed conversion ratio were recorded on weekly basis. On day 35, two birds per replicate were selected to collect samples of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecal tonsils and bursa of Fabricius. Tissue samples were stained with haematoxylin and eosin or combined alcian blue and PAS technique. Supplementation of MOLP had no effect on feed intake, feed conversion ratio, bursa weight and intra-epithelial lymphocytes (IEL) count. Birds fed with 1.2% MOLP had higher (p < 0.05) body weight, length and empty weight of small intestine, and weight of empty and filled ceca. Villus height (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), villus surface area (duodenum) and villus height:crypt depth (ileum) were higher (p < 0.05) in 1.2% MOLP group compared with non-supplemented group. In duodenum, total goblet cell count was higher (p < 0.05) in all the supplemented groups when compared with non-supplemented birds. Acidic mucin count was higher (p < 0.05) in duodenum, jejunum and ileum of 1.2% MOLP group compared with the control group. Bursal follicle count was higher (p < 0.05) in 1.2% MOLP group compared with non-supplemented group. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of 1.2% MOLP modulated intestinal microarchitecture and acidic mucin production without any apparent effect on growth.

EGFR and HER-2/neu Expression in Gallbladder Carcinoma: An Institutional Experience

BACKGROUND

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is the most common malignancy of the biliary tract in India. Despite the recent advancement in the understanding of the cancer biology, the disease still remains a therapeutic challenge with poor prognosis and low survival. Surgery is the primary modality of treatment and rest of the modalities are basically adjuvant in nature. This study was performed to evaluate the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 HER-2/neu) expression in GBC.

METHODS

The present study was prospective and done in tertiary super-specialty institute of northern India. This was a pilot study, and at the time of completion, 29 samples were found suitable which were later submitted for EGFR and HER-2/neu evaluation. The sample includes both cases of GBC (n=18) and cholecystitis (n=11) as control. (Table 1) After performing necessary processing, slides were incubated with primary antibody (EGFR) ready to use (RTU) BioGenex, India and HER-2/neu dilution 1:600, Dakopatts (Denmark). Then slides were incubated with secondary antibody (Real Envision Detection Kit, Dakopatts, Denmark). Finally in mounted slides, cell membrane staining was used to assess positivity for EGFR and HER-2/neu.

RESULTS

EGFR was positive in 21/29 (72.41%) overall, out of which 14/18 (77.78%) positive in cases and 7/11 (63.64%) positive in control. (Table 1, 3)(Figure 2). For HER-2/neu, it was positive in 21/29 (72.41%) overall, just like in EGFR mentioned above, but positive 12/18 (66.67%) in cases and 9/11 (81.82%) in control respectively.

CONCLUSION

Despite the efforts by many investigators, GBC continues to represent a major challenge in oncology. Surgical resection remains the only curative treatment for this disease. The roles of radiation, chemoradiation, and chemotherapy in neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings remained to be defined in prospective studies. With further studies based on molecular understanding and developing new targeted therapies, we will be in better position to manage GBC and increase the survival rate.

The potential of ki67 and p53 assessment in development of individualized targeted therapy in breast cancer patients

INTRODUCTION

Despite the improvement of diagnostic methods and chemotherapeutic regimens in breast cancer, overall 5-year survival significantly depends on the stage of the disease. Over expression of tumor suppressor gene p53 and the marker for cellular proliferation Ki67 in breast cancer may have prognostic significance.

METHODS

We evaluated 675 patients diagnosed with breast cancer at UF Health Jacksonville between January 2000 and June 2007 with up to 5-year follow up. The aim of the study was to determine whether immunohistochemical (IHC) assessment of Ki67 and p53 may predict outcome, the 'hazard' of dying. Cox's proportional hazards models were used to control for age (< 50 vs. ≥ 50), race (white vs. other), lymph node group (negative vs. positive), ER (estrogen receptor) group (negative vs. positive), PR (progesterone receptor) group (negative vs. positive), and tumor type.

RESULTS

When only p53 was considered in the model, the hazard of dying was significantly higher for p53 positive compared to p53 negative (HR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.02, 1.70, p = 0.036). When only ki67 was considered in the model, the hazard of dying was significantly higher for ki67 positive compared to ki67 negative (Hazard ratio = 1.64, 95% CI 1.08, 2.49, p = 0.021). Neither of the two markers, nor their interaction was significant when all variables were considered in the model.

DISCUSSION

This study confirms the expression of p53 and Ki67 as strong individual indicators of patient outcome. However, when controlling for the other variables, the two markers are not independent predictors. Future studies that will include these markers might help design targeted therapy.

Biochemical Factors associated with Breast Cancer in Bangladeshi Women

Breast Cancer is the commonest maligrancy in woment. A study was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry, Dhaka Medical College to investigate some of the biochemical features that are associated with breast cancer occurring in Bangladeshi women. Thirty diagnosed breast cancer patients and thirty healthy women were selected. A questionnaire was used for collecting information regarding age, family history, physical activity and exercise, BMI, diet, smoking, alcohol abuse, addiction, details of menstrual and obstetric history, breast-feeding, parity, use of contraceptives and HRT. Blood samples were collected and tested for fasting lipid profiles, serum estrogen and progesterone. The study has revealed that high levels of serum total cholesterol (P<0.05), TAG (P<0.05), LDL-C (P<0.05) and low level of serum and HDL-C (P<0.05) were found to be associated with breast cancer. The study further reveals that blood levels of estrogen (P<0.05) and progesterone (P<0.05) were found to be lower than that of the controls. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmb.v6i2.17644 Bangladesh J Med Biochem 2013; 6(2): 58-62

Beyond immunosuppression – challenges in the clinical management of lupus nephritis

Lupus nephritis remains the most common severe manifestation of SLE with increased risk of death and end-stage renal disease. Although, recent research has focused on the choice of immunosuppressive in its treatment, other factors, including the quality and delivery of healthcare, the management of glucocorticoids and co-morbidity are probably of more importance. There has been significant progress in induction regimes with the successful use of mycophenolate mofetil, low dose intravenous cyclophosphamide and development of sequential regimens whereby cyclophosphamide is followed by an alternative immunosuppressive. However, the attention on the day-to-day management of lupus nephritis in the clinic has merited less attention. In this article, we aim to address more widely the major issues which are encountered regularly in the long-term management of these patients. The overall goals are the reduction of mortality and preservation of renal function.

Validation of genomic markers that predict distant recurrence risk via FISH assays in women with early stage breast carcinoma

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Background: Biomarkers offer the potential to better predict recurrence risk in early stage invasive breast cancer, especially if adaptable to common assays such as fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). We studied the ability of tumor copy numbers (CN) of 3 genes, BIRC5, CYP24, and PDCD6IP, to predict distant recurrence in women with breast cancer. Methods: We conducted a blinded, multi-site study of 350 women with lymph node negative, estrogen/progesterone receptor positive (ER/PR+), invasive ductal carcinomas with archived paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens available. Eligible women received local surgical and radiation treatment only (93) (LTO) or local treatment and tamoxifen therapy only (257), and had distant metastases or no evidence of distant recurrence with at least 5 years follow-up (FU). Tumors were subjected to FISH with DNA probes for the 3 genes to assess CN. A prognostic index (PI) was calculated for each patient based on the 3 genes’ CN. A predetermined threshold (3.0) was used to categorize PI's as low or high. Data were assessed by Fisher's exact analysis and by categorical and continuous Cox modeling. Results: The study included 350 women with Stage I (288) and II (62) disease. FU averaged 7.3 years. Distant recurrence occurred in 32 women (9.1%) overall and in 5.2% of women with Stage I disease. In a multivariate Cox analysis including continuous PI, age, tamoxifen treatment, grade, and tumor size, PI remained a significant predictor of recurrence for Stage I patients: OR=1.56, p=0.019, and Stage I/LTO patients: OR=6.02, p=0.00007. Using the PI as a categorical classifier, the high/low recurrence rates were significantly different: OR=2.24, p= 0.045. Similar results were seen in Stage I patients: OR=3.53, p=0.021 with recurrence rates of 3.5% and 11.5% in the low and high risk groups, respectively, and for the Stage I/LTO patients: OR=5.33, p=0.041. Conclusions: FISH analysis of 3 genes allows metastasis risk prediction in women with early stage ER/PR+ cancers. This may be particularly useful for Stage I cancers traditionally considered low risk. The markers are prognostic in that they predict metastasis in patients receiving only local therapy.

No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Ten years outcome analysis of corporeal plication for Peyronie’s Disease

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the long-term results of plication of tunica albuginea in patients with penile curvature secondary to Peyronie's disease.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A total of 78 men with penile curvature secondary to Peyronie's disease underwent corporeal plication over a 10 year period. To assess the long-term results, a questionnaire-based study was undertaken on 73 of these patients with a time lapse of > 6 months after the operation. The questionnaire focussed on the presence or absence of penile deformity and pain, erectile function and the ability to perform sexual intercourse.

RESULTS

Follow up ranged from 3 to 109 months with a median of 51 months. The cosmetic result was good or excellent (straight or almost straight penis) in 94% by 6 months. A total of 57 replies to the questionnaire were suitable for analysis. A total of 90% patients had a satisfactory cosmetic result, whereas only 71% reported a satisfactory functional result (straight or almost straight penis on erection with pain free penetration and normal sexual intercourse) in the long-term. In patients with > 3 years follow up, the cosmetic and functional success rates were 83% and 67%, respectively, and for patients with > 5 years follow up the corresponding figures were 82% and 71%, respectively. The main causes of functional failure were pain, erectile dysfunction and persisting deformity. There were no major complications associated with the procedure.

CONCLUSIONS

Corporeal plication is an effective surgical option for the correction of penile deformity in patients with Peyronie's disease, with good cosmetic results and acceptable functional success rate in the long-term.

Incidentally Detected Prostate Cancer in Cystoprostatectomy Specimens

OBJECTIVES

Bladder and prostate cancers occur with increasing prevalence in the ageing population. Our study aims to quantify the incidence of prostate cancer in patients undergoing cystoprostatectomy for bladder cancer and assess the impact of that incidental prostate cancer on oncological outcome.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

We retrospectively reviewed the pathology reports of 128 men who underwent cystoprostatectomy for bladder cancer.

RESULTS

Twenty-three men (18%) were found to have incidental prostate cancer. All incidental prostate cancers were organ confined and 91% were well or moderately differentiated. At a mean follow-up of 55 months the prostate cancer-free survival was 96%.

CONCLUSION

The incidence of prostate cancer in cystoprostatectomy specimens is high. When the prostate is removed completely the presence of incidental prostate cancer does not influence the overall oncological outcome.

Penile Sensitivity and Sexual Satisfaction after Circumcision: Are We Informing Men Correctly?

OBJECTIVES

Currently no consensus exists about the role of the foreskin or the effect circumcision has on penile sensitivity and overall sexual satisfaction. Our study assesses the effect of circumcision on sexually active men and the relative impact this may have on informed consent prior to surgery.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

One hundred and fifty men between the ages of 18 and 60 years were identified as being circumcised for benign disease between 1999 and 2002. Patients with erectile dysfunction were excluded from the study. The data was assessed using the abridged, 5-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5). Questions were also asked about libido, penile sensitivity, premature ejaculation, pain during intercourse and appearance before and after circumcision. IIEF-5 data was analysed using two-tailed paired t test to compare pre-operative and post-operative score changes across the study group. For the rest of the questions, data was analysed using 'Sign Test', calculating two-sided p values and 95% confidence intervals.

RESULTS

Fifty-nine percent of patients (88/150) responded. The total mean IIEF-5 score was 22.41 +/- 0.94 and 21.13 +/- 3.17 before and after circumcision, respectively (p = 0.4). Seventy-four percent of patients had no change in their libido levels, 69% noticed less pain during intercourse (p < 0.05), and 44% of the patients (p = 0.04) and 38% of the partners (p = 0.02) thought the penis appearance improved after circumcision. Penile sensation improved after circumcision in 38% (p = 0.01) but got worse in 18%, with the remainder having no change. Overall satisfaction was 61%.

CONCLUSIONS

Penile sensitivity had variable outcomes after circumcision. The poor outcome of circumcision considered by overall satisfaction rates suggests that when we circumcise men, these outcome data should be discussed during the informed consent process.

T1G3 bladder cancer – Indications for early cystectomy

OBJECTIVES

To review our experience with early radical cystectomy in patients with T1G3 Transitional Cell Carcinoma of bladder (TCC).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Thirty patients, who underwent early radical cystectomy over a 10-year period for clinical stage T1G3 TCC bladder, were studied. Of these 21 (70%) had radical cystectomy without treatment with intravesical chemo/immunotherapy. The number of tumours, presence or absence of Carcinoma In-Situ (CIS) and the pathological stage of the cystectomy specimen were recorded in each patient. Disease specific survival was determined in the subgroups using Kaplan-Meier estimates.

RESULTS

Seventeen patients underwent radical surgery for a single tumour without concomitant CIS (Group A). The other 13 had multiple tumours with or without concomitant CIS or a single tumour with CIS (Group B). The disease was upstaged after cystectomy in 1 (6%) patient in Group A compared to 7 (55%) in Group B, (p = 0.009). Nine (53%) had pT0 disease in Group A compared to 0% in Group B, (p = 0.0017). The 5-year cancer specific survival rates were 92% in Group A and 82% in Group B.

CONCLUSIONS

In patients with multiple T1G3 tumours with or without associated CIS, or in those with single T1G3 tumour with associated CIS the incidence of the disease being already muscle invasive at the time of clinical diagnosis is 55%. Early radical cystectomy should be advocated in this group. Conversely, for a single T1G3 tumour without associated CIS, conservative bladder preserving strategy with immuno-chemotherapy and close surveillance is justified.