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Thompson DA, Tsaava T, Rishi A, George SJ, Hepler TD, Hide D, Pavlov VA, Brines M, Chavan SS, Tracey KJ. Correction: Galantamine ameliorates experimental pancreatitis. Mol Med 2024; 30:45. [PMID: 38570740 PMCID: PMC10988957 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-024-00814-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dane A Thompson
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, 11030, Manhasset, NY, USA
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA
- Department of Surgery, Northshore University Hospital, Northwell Health, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Tea Tsaava
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, 11030, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Arvind Rishi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Sam J George
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, 11030, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Tyler D Hepler
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, 11030, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Hide
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, 11030, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Valentin A Pavlov
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, 11030, Manhasset, NY, USA
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Michael Brines
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, 11030, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Sangeeta S Chavan
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, 11030, Manhasset, NY, USA.
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA.
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA.
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, 11030, Manhasset, NY, USA.
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA.
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA.
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Jandovitz N, George SJ, Abate M, Kressel AM, Bolognese AC, Lau L, Nair V, Grodstein E. A randomized trial of continuous glucose monitoring to improve post-transplant glycemic control. Clin Transplant 2023; 37:e15139. [PMID: 37725341 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.15139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study examines whether the use of inpatient Continuous Glucose Monitors provides improved glycemic control over finger-stick glucose monitoring post-transplant. METHODS This is a single-site, prospective randomized controlled trial of 40 patients receiving conventional finger-stick glucose monitoring or continuous monitoring using the Medtronic Guardian Sensor 3 during the first 5 days post-transplant. Included patients were adult renal transplant recipients with a diagnosis of diabetes. Assessed endpoints included post-transplant daily median glucose level, hyperglycemic (≥180 mg/dL) and hypoglycemic (≤80 mg/dL) episodes, number of post-transplant bacterial infections and length of stay. RESULTS Groups were well matched in demographic variables. Median daily glucose was significantly lower in the intervention group. There were also significantly less episodes of hyperglycemia on postoperative days 2, 3, 4, and 5. There were no differences in the incidences of hypoglycemia, postoperative bacterial infections, or length of stay. CONCLUSION In this randomized study, the use of a continuous glucose monitor to guide post-transplant glucose management significantly lowered the incidence of hyperglycemic episodes and median glucose levels through the first 5 days post-transplant without increasing the number of hypoglycemic episodes. The use of these devices can be considered in the immediate post-renal transplant setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Jandovitz
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, Hempstead, New York, USA
| | - Sam J George
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Mersema Abate
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, Hempstead, New York, USA
| | - Adam M Kressel
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, Hempstead, New York, USA
| | - Alexandra C Bolognese
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, Hempstead, New York, USA
| | - Lawrence Lau
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, Hempstead, New York, USA
| | - Vinay Nair
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, Hempstead, New York, USA
| | - Elliot Grodstein
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, Hempstead, New York, USA
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Thompson DA, Tsaava T, Rishi A, George SJ, Hepler TD, Hide D, Pavlov VA, Brines M, Chavan SS, Tracey KJ. Galantamine ameliorates experimental pancreatitis. Mol Med 2023; 29:149. [PMID: 37907853 PMCID: PMC10617083 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00746-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute pancreatitis is a common and serious inflammatory condition currently lacking disease modifying therapy. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) is a potent protective anti-inflammatory response activated by vagus nerve-dependent α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) signaling using splenic CD4+ T cells as an intermediate. Activating the CAP ameliorates experimental acute pancreatitis. Galantamine is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) which amplifies the CAP via modulation of central muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs). However, as mAChRs also activate pancreatitis, it is currently unknown whether galantamine would be beneficial in acute pancreatitis. METHODS The effect of galantamine (1-6 mg/kg-body weight) on caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis was evaluated in mice. Two hours following 6 hourly doses of caerulein (50 µg/kg-body weight), organ and serum analyses were performed with accompanying pancreatic histology. Experiments utilizing vagotomy, gene knock out (KO) technology and the use of nAChR antagonists were also performed. RESULTS Galantamine attenuated pancreatic histologic injury which was mirrored by a reduction in serum amylase and pancreatic inflammatory cytokines and an increase the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in the serum. These beneficial effects were not altered by bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy, KO of either choline acetyltransferase+ T cells or α7nAChR, or administration of the nAChR ganglionic blocker mecamylamine or the more selective α7nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine. CONCLUSION Galantamine improves acute pancreatitis via a mechanism which does not involve previously established physiological and molecular components of the CAP. As galantamine is an approved drug in widespread clinical use with an excellent safety record, our findings are of interest for further evaluating the potential benefits of this drug in patients with acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane A Thompson
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA
- Department of Surgery, Northshore University Hospital, Northwell Health, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Tea Tsaava
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Arvind Rishi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Sam J George
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Tyler D Hepler
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Daniel Hide
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Valentin A Pavlov
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Michael Brines
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Sangeeta S Chavan
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA.
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA.
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA.
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA.
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Buzzell M, Chen A, Hoffstaetter T, Thompson DA, George SJ, Landis G, Silpe J, Etkin Y. Early Follow-Up after Arteriovenous Fistula Creation is Associated with Improved Access-Related Outcomes. Ann Vasc Surg 2023; 95:203-209. [PMID: 37121342 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2023.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up to 60% of arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) require intervention to assist maturation, which prolongs the time until it can be used for hemodialysis (HD). Current guidelines recommend early postoperative AVF examination to detect and address immaturity to decrease time to maturation. This study evaluates how the timing of postoperative follow-up to assess AVF maturity affects patients' outcomes. METHODS All patients who underwent AVF creation between 2017 and 2021 in an academic medical center were retrospectively reviewed, excluding patients lost to follow-up or not on HD. Outcomes were compared between patients that had delayed follow-up to assess AVF maturity, >8 weeks post surgery, versus early follow-up, <8 weeks post-surgery. AVF evaluation for maturity consisted of physical examination and duplex ultrasound. Primary endpoints were time to first cannulation (interval from AVF creation to first successful cannulation) and time to catheter-free dialysis (interval from AVF creation to central venous catheter removal). RESULTS A total of 400 patients were identified: 111 in the delayed follow-up group and 289 in the early follow-up group. The median time to follow-up was 78 days (interquartile range [IQR], 66-125) in the delayed follow-up group versus 39 days (IQR, 36-47) in the early follow-up group, (P < 0.0001). The maturation rate was 87% in the delayed follow-up group versus 81% in the early follow-up group, (P = 0.1) and both groups had similar rates of interventions to assist maturation (66% vs. 57%, P = 0.2). The early follow-up group had a significantly shorter median time to first cannulation (50 vs. 88 days; P < 0.0001) and shorter time to catheter-free HD (75 vs. 118 days; P <0.0001). At 4 months after AVF creation, the incidence of first cannulation was 74% in the early follow-up group versus 63% in the delayed follow-up group (P = 0.001). Similarly, the incidence of catheter-free dialysis was 65% in the early follow-up group versus 50% in the delayed follow-up group at 4 months postoperatively, (P = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS Early postoperative follow-up for evaluation of fistula maturation is associated with reduced time to first successful cannulation of AVF for HD and reduced time to catheter-free dialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariah Buzzell
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY
| | - Adrian Chen
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY
| | - Tabea Hoffstaetter
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY
| | - Dane A Thompson
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY
| | - Sam J George
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY
| | - Gregg Landis
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY
| | - Jeffrey Silpe
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY
| | - Yana Etkin
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY.
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Yang H, Datta-Chaudhuri T, George SJ, Haider B, Wong J, Hepler TD, Andersson U, Brines M, Tracey KJ, Chavan SS. High-frequency electrical stimulation attenuates neuronal release of inflammatory mediators and ameliorates neuropathic pain. Bioelectron Med 2022; 8:16. [PMID: 36195968 PMCID: PMC9533511 DOI: 10.1186/s42234-022-00098-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation is an important driver of acute and chronic pain states. Therefore, targeting molecular mediators of neuroinflammation may present an opportunity for developing novel pain therapies. In preclinical models of neuroinflammatory pain, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P and high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) are molecules synthesized and released by sensory neurons which activate inflammation and pain. High-frequency electrical nerve stimulation (HFES) has achieved clinical success as an analgesic modality, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Here, we reasoned that HFES inhibits neuroinflammatory mediator release by sensory neurons to reduce pain. METHODS Utilizing in vitro and in vivo assays, we assessed the modulating effects of HFES on neuroinflammatory mediator release by activated sensory neurons. Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons harvested from wildtype or transgenic mice expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) were cultured on micro-electrode arrays, and effect of HFES on optogenetic- or capsaicin-induced neuroinflammatory mediator release was determined. Additionally, the effects of HFES on local neuroinflammatory mediator release and hyperalgesia was assessed in vivo using optogenetic paw stimulation and the neuropathic pain model of chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. RESULTS Light- or capsaicin-evoked neuroinflammatory mediator release from cultured transgenic DRG sensory neurons was significantly reduced by concurrent HFES (10 kHz). In agreement with these findings, elevated levels of neuroinflammatory mediators were detected in the affected paw following optogenetic stimulation or CCI and were significantly attenuated using HFES (20.6 kHz for 10 min) delivered once daily for 3 days. CONCLUSION These studies reveal a previously unidentified mechanism for the pain-modulating effect of HFES in the setting of acute and chronic nerve injury. The results support the mechanistic insight that HFES may reset sensory neurons into a less pro-inflammatory state via inhibiting the release of neuroinflammatory mediators resulting in reduced inflammation and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yang
- Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
| | - Timir Datta-Chaudhuri
- Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA.
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA.
| | - Sam J George
- Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Bilal Haider
- Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Jason Wong
- Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Tyler D Hepler
- Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Ulf Andersson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Brines
- Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Sangeeta S Chavan
- Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA.
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA.
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Yang H, George SJ, Thompson DA, Silverman HA, Tsaava T, Tynan A, Pavlov VA, Chang EH, Andersson U, Brines M, Chavan SS, Tracey KJ. Famotidine activates the vagus nerve inflammatory reflex to attenuate cytokine storm. Mol Med 2022; 28:57. [PMID: 35578169 PMCID: PMC9109205 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00483-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe COVID-19 is characterized by pro-inflammatory cytokine release syndrome (cytokine storm) which causes high morbidity and mortality. Recent observational and clinical studies suggest famotidine, a histamine 2 receptor (H2R) antagonist widely used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease, attenuates the clinical course of COVID-19. Because evidence is lacking for a direct antiviral activity of famotidine, a proposed mechanism of action is blocking the effects of histamine released by mast cells. Here we hypothesized that famotidine activates the inflammatory reflex, a brain-integrated vagus nerve mechanism which inhibits inflammation via alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) signal transduction, to prevent cytokine storm. METHODS The potential anti-inflammatory effects of famotidine and other H2R antagonists were assessed in mice exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine storm. As the inflammatory reflex is integrated and can be stimulated in the brain, and H2R antagonists penetrate the blood brain barrier poorly, famotidine was administered by intracerebroventricular (ICV) or intraperitoneal (IP) routes. RESULTS Famotidine administered IP significantly reduced serum and splenic LPS-stimulated tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and IL-6 concentrations, significantly improving survival. The effects of ICV famotidine were significantly more potent as compared to the peripheral route. Mice lacking mast cells by genetic deletion also responded to famotidine, indicating the anti-inflammatory effects are not mast cell-dependent. Either bilateral sub-diaphragmatic vagotomy or genetic knock-out of α7nAChR abolished the anti-inflammatory effects of famotidine, indicating the inflammatory reflex as famotidine's mechanism of action. While the structurally similar H2R antagonist tiotidine displayed equivalent anti-inflammatory activity, the H2R antagonists cimetidine or ranitidine were ineffective even at very high dosages. CONCLUSIONS These observations reveal a previously unidentified vagus nerve-dependent anti-inflammatory effect of famotidine in the setting of cytokine storm which is not replicated by high dosages of other H2R antagonists in clinical use. Because famotidine is more potent when administered intrathecally, these findings are also consistent with a primarily central nervous system mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yang
- Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
| | - Sam J George
- Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Dane A Thompson
- Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Harold A Silverman
- Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Téa Tsaava
- Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Aisling Tynan
- Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Valentin A Pavlov
- Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Eric H Chang
- Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Ulf Andersson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Brines
- Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Sangeeta S Chavan
- Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA.
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA.
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA.
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA.
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Yang H, George SJ, Thompson DA, Brines M, Pavlav VA, Andersson U, Chavan SS, Tracey KJ. Famotidine exerts anti‐inflammatory effects via a vagus nerve‐dependent mechanism. FASEB J 2022. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.s1.r5540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yang
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical ResearchManhassetNY
| | - Sam J. George
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical ResearchManhassetNY
| | | | | | | | - Ulf Andersson
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical ResearchManhassetNY
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Yang H, Datta-Chaudhuri TB, George SJ, Haider BB, Wong J, Tracey KJ, Chavan SS. High frequency electrical stimulation reduces neuronal HMGB1 release. The Journal of Immunology 2022. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.52.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Chronic pain affects the daily lives of millions of Americans and presents an economic burden of $600 Billion per year. Opiods and other pharmaceutical approaches for the management of chronic pain have notorious detremental side effects. Thus, there is a need for understanding of pain for better therapeutics. Neuroinflammation is closely associated with chronic pain and targeting molecular mediators of neuroinflammation may present a novel opportunity for pain treatment. High mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), a key mediator of injury- and infection-elicited inflammation, is involved in the pathology of persistent pain. We recently reported that neuronal HMGB1 is required for mediating inflammation and hyperalgesia following nerve injury (Yang H et al. PNAS, 2021). High frenquency (HF) electrical nerve stimulation has achieved clinical success for chronic pain, but the underlying mechanisms are not clear. Here we assess the effects of HF stimulation in modulating HMGB1 release by sensory neurons. Using microelectrode arrays (MEAs) in cultured dorsal root ganglia (DRG) harvested from transgenic mice that express light-sensitive channel rhodopsin in sensory neurons, we observe that light-evoked HMGB1 release from DRGs is significantly reduced with HF stimulation (HMGB1 levels in unstimulated group = 5.3 ± 0.5 ng/ml; in light exposed group = 25.8 ± 6.0 vs. light + HF stimulation = 8.2 ± 2.1* pg/ml, n=6, *: P<0.01). In agreement, HF stimulation (10 min/per day X 3 days) significantly reduces mechanical hyperalgesia and HMGB1 levels in inflamed paws in C57BL/6 mice subjected to sciatic nerve ligation injury. These studies suggest HF stimulation as a novel therapeutic approach to modulate neuronal HMGB1 release for the treatment of pain
Supported by grant from NIH 2R35GM118182-06, to KJT and SSC
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yang
- 1Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research
| | | | | | | | - Jason Wong
- 1Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research
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Yang H, George SJ, Thompson D, Silverman HA, Tsaava T, Tynan A, Pavlov VA, Chang E, Andersson U, Brines M, Chavan SS, Tracey KJ. Famotidine activates the vagus nerve inflammatory reflex to attenuate cytokine storm. Res Sq 2022:rs.3.rs-1493296. [PMID: 35441176 PMCID: PMC9016653 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1493296/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background. Severe COVID-19 is characterized by pro-inflammatory cytokine release syndrome (cytokine storm) which causes high morbidity and mortality. Recent observational and clinical studies suggest famotidine, a histamine 2 receptor (H2R) antagonist widely used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease , attenuates the clinical course of COVID-19. Because evidence is lacking for a direct antiviral activity of famotidine, a proposed mechanism of action is blocking the effects of histamine released by mast cells. Here we hypothesized that famotidine activates the inflammatory reflex, a brain-integrated vagus nerve mechanism which inhibits inflammation via alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ( α7nAChR ) signal transduction, to prevent cytokine storm. Methods. The potential anti-inflammatory effects of famotidine and other H2R antagonists was assessed in mice exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine storm. As the inflammatory reflex is integrated and can be stimulated in the brain, and H2R antagonists penetrate the blood brain barrier poorly, famotidine was administered by intracerebroventricular (ICV) or intraperitoneal (IP) routes. Results. Famotidine administered IP significantly reduced serum and splenic LPS-stimulated tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-6 concentrations, significantly improving survival. The effects of ICV famotidine were significantly more potent as compared to the peripheral route. Mice lacking mast cells by genetic deletion also responded to famotidine, indicating the anti-inflammatory effects are not mast cell dependent. Either bilateral sub-diaphragmatic vagotomy or genetic knock-out of α7nAChR abolished the anti-inflammatory effects of famotidine, indicating the inflammatory reflex as famotidine's mechanism of action. While the structurally similar H2R antagonist tiotidine displayed equivalent anti-inflammatory activity, the H2R antagonists cimetidine or ranitidine were ineffective even at very high dosages. Conclusions. These observations reveal a previously unidentified vagus nerve-dependent anti-inflammatory effect of famotidine in the setting of cytokine storm which is not replicated by high dosages of other H2R antagonists in clinical use. Because famotidine is more potent when administered intrathecally, these findings are also consistent with a primarily central nervous system mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yang
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research
| | - Sam J George
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Fertility Research Laboratory: Northwell Health Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research
| | - Dane Thompson
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Fertility Research Laboratory: Northwell Health Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research
| | - Harold A Silverman
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Fertility Research Laboratory: Northwell Health Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research
| | - Tea Tsaava
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Fertility Research Laboratory: Northwell Health Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research
| | - Aisling Tynan
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Fertility Research Laboratory: Northwell Health Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research
| | - Valentin A Pavlov
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Fertility Research Laboratory: Northwell Health Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research
| | - Eric Chang
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Fertility Research Laboratory: Northwell Health Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research
| | | | - Michael Brines
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Fertility Research Laboratory: Northwell Health Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research
| | - Sangeeta S Chavan
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Fertility Research Laboratory: Northwell Health Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Fertility Research Laboratory: Northwell Health Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research
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10
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Muhaj FF, George SJ, Tyring SK. Bacterial resistance and dermatological ramifications. Br J Dermatol 2022; 187:12-20. [PMID: 35083740 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.21033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The spread of COVID-19 serves as a reminder of the might of microbes in the era of modern medicine. For years, another threat has preoccupied infectious disease experts and public health officials alike: rising antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Resistance is exceeding stewardship efforts and the rates of new drug development and approval in the market. A dry antimicrobial pipeline is threatening our regression to a pre-antibiotic era. While the consequences of resistance may seem far removed from daily clinical practices, awareness of AMR is significant to dermatological care given that dermatologists prescribe more antibiotics per physician than other providers. Antibiotics in dermatology are often used for prolonged courses, with a significant potential for microbiome alteration and antibiotic-related adverse effects. Through this review we hope to contribute to efforts of bringing the crisis of AMR to the forefront of daily dermatological practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- F F Muhaj
- Department of Dermatology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - S J George
- Department of Dermatology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - S K Tyring
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,Center for Clinical Studies, Houston, Texas, USA
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11
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Yang H, Zeng Q, Silverman HA, Gunasekaran M, George SJ, Devarajan A, Addorisio ME, Li J, Tsaava T, Shah V, Billiar TR, Wang H, Brines M, Andersson U, Pavlov VA, Chang EH, Chavan SS, Tracey KJ. HMGB1 released from nociceptors mediates inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2102034118. [PMID: 34385304 PMCID: PMC8379951 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2102034118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation, the body's primary defensive response system to injury and infection, is triggered by molecular signatures of microbes and tissue injury. These molecules also stimulate specialized sensory neurons, termed nociceptors. Activation of nociceptors mediates inflammation through antidromic release of neuropeptides into infected or injured tissue, producing neurogenic inflammation. Because HMGB1 is an important inflammatory mediator that is synthesized by neurons, we reasoned nociceptor release of HMGB1 might be a component of the neuroinflammatory response. In support of this possibility, we show here that transgenic nociceptors expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) directly release HMGB1 in response to light stimulation. Additionally, HMGB1 expression in neurons was silenced by crossing synapsin-Cre (Syn-Cre) mice with floxed HMGB1 mice (HMGB1f/f). When these mice undergo sciatic nerve injury to activate neurogenic inflammation, they are protected from the development of cutaneous inflammation and allodynia as compared to wild-type controls. Syn-Cre/HMGB1fl/fl mice subjected to experimental collagen antibody-induced arthritis, a disease model in which nociceptor-dependent inflammation plays a significant pathological role, are protected from the development of allodynia and joint inflammation. Thus, nociceptor HMGB1 is required to mediate pain and inflammation during sciatic nerve injury and collagen antibody-induced arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yang
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030;
| | - Qiong Zeng
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Harold A Silverman
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Manojkumar Gunasekaran
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Sam J George
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Alex Devarajan
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Meghan E Addorisio
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Jianhua Li
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Téa Tsaava
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Vivek Shah
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Haichao Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Michael Brines
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Ulf Andersson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Valentin A Pavlov
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11549
| | - Eric H Chang
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11549
| | - Sangeeta S Chavan
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030;
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11549
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030;
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11549
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12
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Abstract
Abstract
Background
Myocardial infarction (MI) and hypertension lead to myocardial injury, which induces negative remodelling and cardiac fibrosis. Cardiac fibrosis, which involves inflammatory cell infiltration and myofibroblast activation, causes worldwide mortality and morbidity. In response to MI or hypertension induced by prolonged angiotensin II (AngII) exposure, activated myofibroblasts produce extracellular matrix proteins. However, if unchecked, excessive collagen deposition occurs leading to myocardial stiffening, heart failure and arrhythmias.
Purpose
The underlying mechanisms leading to pathological collagen deposition are not fully elucidated. There is debate regarding the involvement of the Wnt signalling pathway and its product Wnt Inducible Signalling pathway protein-1 (WISP-1) in cardiac fibrosis. Therefore, this project aimed to investigate the interaction of AngII and the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway in cardiac fibrosis.
Methods
The effect of AngII (100nM) on collagen levels in human cardiac fibroblasts was investigated in vitro (data expressed as fold change from control ± SEM). In vivo experiments (n=6–8) determined the involvement of the Wnt/b-catenin pathway, specifically WISP-1, in response to AngII infusion (500ng/kg/min) for 4 weeks (Apolipoprotein E−/−/WISP-1+/+ vs. ApolipoproteinE−/−/WISP-1−/− mice on a high-fat diet, data expressed as mean positive pixel % ± SEM).
Results
AngII significantly increased collagen type 1 protein levels produced by human cardiac fibroblasts (2.94±0.75 vs 1±0, p<0.05). Inhibition of Wnt/b-catenin signalling with 25nM iCRT14 significantly suppressed AngII-induced collagen levels (0.46±0.07 vs. 1±0, p<0.05). As expected, AngII infusion significantly induced hypertension in all mice. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated type 1 collagen was markedly higher in AngII mice than control mice (1.07±0.27 vs. 0.29±0.06, p<0.05). However, in the absence of WISP-1, AngII did not enhance collagen type 1 levels. Further immunohistochemical analysis of murine hearts demonstrated that AngII infusion caused significant alterations in the Wnt/β-catenin signalling markers AXIN-2 (35±3.9 vs. 10.7±2.6 p<0.05) and PPAR-d (92±1.4 vs. 17.3±4.3 p<0.05). This effect was reduced by WISP-1 deletion. Furthermore, AngII-infusion disrupted N-cadherin junctions (0.55±0.08 vs. 0.29±0.02 p<0.05) suggesting modulation of cell-to-cell contacts and enhanced β-catenin signalling.
Conclusion
This study indicates that AngII enhances cardiac fibrosis via modulation of the Wnt signalling pathway, in part via WISP-1. Further delineation of this interaction may lead to the use of Wnt/β-catenin or WISP-1 inhibitors to suppress myocardial injury induced cardiac fibrosis in post-MI or hypertensive patients.
Acknowledgement/Funding
Elizabeth Blackwell Institute, British Heart Foundation
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Z Li
- University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - M Young
- University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - B A Brown
- University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - J L Johnson
- University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - H Williams
- University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - S J George
- University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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13
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Mat Noh MA, Di Gregoli K, George SJ, Johnson JL. P22 PRO- AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY MACROPHAGES DISPLAY DIVERGENT POLARISATION TOWARDS VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE-LIKE AND ENDOTHELIAL-LIKE PHENOTYPES. Cardiovasc Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy216.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M A Mat Noh
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - K Di Gregoli
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - S J George
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - J L Johnson
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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14
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Brown BA, Williams H, Bond AR, Angelini GD, Johnson JL, George SJ. Carotid artery ligation induced intimal thickening and proliferation is unaffected by ageing. J Cell Commun Signal 2018; 12:529-537. [PMID: 29185213 PMCID: PMC6039339 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-017-0431-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Following interventions to treat atherosclerosis, such as coronary artery bypass graft surgery, restenosis occurs in approximately 40% of patients. Identification of proteins regulating intimal thickening could represent targets to prevent restenosis. Our group previously demonstrated that in a murine model of vascular occlusion, Wnt4 protein expression and β-catenin signalling was upregulated which promoted vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and intimal thickening. In this study, the effect of age on VSMC proliferation, intimal hyperplasia and Wnt4 expression was investigated. In vitro proliferation of VSMCs isolated from young (2 month) or old (18-20 month) C57BL6/J mice was assessed by immunocytochemistry for EdU incorporation. As previously reported, 400 ng/mL recombinant Wnt4 protein increased proliferation of VSMCs from young mice. However, this response was absent in VSMCs from old mice. As our group previously reported reduced intimal hyperplasia in Wnt4+/- mice compared to wildtype controls, we hypothesised that impaired Wnt4 signalling with age may result in reduced neointimal formation. To investigate this, carotid artery ligation was performed in young and old mice and neointimal area was assessed 21 days later. Surprisingly, neointimal area and percentage lumen occlusion were not significantly affected by age. Furthermore, neointimal cell density and proliferation were also unchanged. These data suggest that although Wnt4-mediated proliferation was impaired with age in primary VSMCs, carotid artery ligation induced neointimal formation and proliferation were unchanged in old mice. These results imply that Wnt4-mediated proliferation is unaffected by age in vivo, suggesting that therapeutic Wnt4 inhibition could inhibit restenosis in patients of all ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Brown
- Bristol Medical School, , University of Bristol, Research Floor Level Seven, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK
| | - H Williams
- Bristol Medical School, , University of Bristol, Research Floor Level Seven, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK
| | - A R Bond
- Bristol Medical School, , University of Bristol, Research Floor Level Seven, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK
| | - G D Angelini
- Bristol Medical School, , University of Bristol, Research Floor Level Seven, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK
| | - J L Johnson
- Bristol Medical School, , University of Bristol, Research Floor Level Seven, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK
| | - S J George
- Bristol Medical School, , University of Bristol, Research Floor Level Seven, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK.
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15
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Bianco R, Di Gregoli K, Caputo M, Zakkar M, George SJ, Johnson JL. P2 VALIDATION OF A NOVEL HUMAN EX-VIVO MODEL OF ANEURYSM TO SUPPLANT MOUSE MODELS. Cardiovasc Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy216.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R Bianco
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - K Di Gregoli
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - M Caputo
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - M Zakkar
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - S J George
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - J L Johnson
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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16
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Di Gregoli K, George SJ, Dive V, Johnson JL. O3 MMP12 INHIBITION PROTECTS AGAINST ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM PROGRESSION. Cardiovasc Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy216.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K Di Gregoli
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - S J George
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - V Dive
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - J L Johnson
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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17
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Boyajian S, George SJ, Johnson JL. P3 MODULATION OF THE ACTIN CYTOSKELETON IN MACROPHAGE PHENOTYPES DIFFERENTIALLY AFFECTS THEIR BEHAVIOUR. Cardiovasc Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy216.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S Boyajian
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - S J George
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - J L Johnson
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathology, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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18
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Bianco R, Di Gregoli K, Caputo M, Zakkar M, George SJ, Johnson JL. 28Development and characterisation of a human ex-vivo model of aneurysm. Cardiovasc Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy060.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R Bianco
- University of Bristol, School of Clinical Sciences., Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - K Di Gregoli
- University of Bristol, School of Clinical Sciences., Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - M Caputo
- University of Bristol, School of Clinical Sciences., Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - M Zakkar
- University of Bristol, School of Clinical Sciences., Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - S J George
- University of Bristol, School of Clinical Sciences., Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - J L Johnson
- University of Bristol, School of Clinical Sciences., Bristol, United Kingdom
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19
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Bond AR, Iacobazzi D, Abdul-Ghani S, Ghorbel MT, Heesom KJ, George SJ, Caputo M, Suleiman MS, Tulloh RM. The cardiac proteome in patients with congenital ventricular septal defect: A comparative study between right atria and right ventricles. J Proteomics 2018; 191:107-113. [PMID: 29572163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Right ventricle (RV) remodelling occurs in neonatal patients born with ventricular septal defect (VSD). The presence of a defect between the two ventricles allows for shunting of blood from the left to right side. The resulting RV hypertrophy leads to molecular remodelling which has thus far been largely investigated using right atrial (RA) tissue. In this study we used proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis in order to determine any difference between the proteomes for RA and RV. Samples were therefore taken from the RA and RV of five infants (0.34 ± 0.05 years, mean ± SEM) with VSD who were undergoing cardiac surgery to repair the defect. Significant differences in protein expression between RV and RA were seen. 150 protein accession numbers were identified which were significantly lower in the atria, whereas none were significantly higher in the atria compared to the ventricle. 19 phosphorylation sites (representing 19 phosphoproteins) were also lower in RA. This work has identified differences in the proteome between RA and RV which reflect differences in contractile activity and metabolism. As such, caution should be used when drawing conclusions based on analysis of the RA and extrapolating to the hypertrophied RV. SIGNIFICANCE: RV hypertrophy occurs in neonatal patients born with VSD. Very little is known about how the atria responds to RV hypertrophy, especially at the protein level. Access to tissue from age-matched groups of patients is very rare, and we are in the unique position of being able to get tissue from both the atria and ventricle during reparative surgery of these infants. Our findings will be beneficial to future research into heart chamber malformations in congenital heart defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Bond
- Bristol Heart Institute, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Marlborough Street, Bristol BS2 8HW, United Kingdom
| | - D Iacobazzi
- Bristol Heart Institute, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Marlborough Street, Bristol BS2 8HW, United Kingdom
| | - S Abdul-Ghani
- Bristol Heart Institute, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Marlborough Street, Bristol BS2 8HW, United Kingdom
| | - M T Ghorbel
- Bristol Heart Institute, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Marlborough Street, Bristol BS2 8HW, United Kingdom
| | - K J Heesom
- Proteomics Facility, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - S J George
- Bristol Heart Institute, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Marlborough Street, Bristol BS2 8HW, United Kingdom
| | - M Caputo
- Bristol Heart Institute, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Marlborough Street, Bristol BS2 8HW, United Kingdom; Department of Congenital Heart Disease, King David Building, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol BS2 8BJ, United Kingdom
| | - M-S Suleiman
- Bristol Heart Institute, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Marlborough Street, Bristol BS2 8HW, United Kingdom
| | - R M Tulloh
- Bristol Heart Institute, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Marlborough Street, Bristol BS2 8HW, United Kingdom; Department of Congenital Heart Disease, King David Building, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol BS2 8BJ, United Kingdom.
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20
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Wadey KS, Brown BA, Sala-Newby GB, Jayaraman PS, Gaston K, George SJ. Protein kinase CK2 inhibition suppresses neointima formation via a proline-rich homeodomain-dependent mechanism. Vascul Pharmacol 2017; 99:34-44. [PMID: 28927755 PMCID: PMC5718878 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neointimal hyperplasia is a product of VSMC replication and consequent accumulation within the blood vessel wall. In this study, we determined whether inhibition of protein kinase CK2 and the resultant stabilisation of proline-rich homeodomain (PRH) could suppress VSMC proliferation. Both silencing and pharmacological inhibition of CK2 with K66 antagonised replication of isolated VSMCs. SiRNA-induced knockdown as well as ectopic overexpression of proline-rich homeodomain indicated that PRH disrupts cell cycle progression. Mutation of CK2 phosphorylation sites Ser163 and Ser177 within the PRH homeodomain enabled prolonged cell cycle arrest by PRH. Concomitant knockdown of PRH and inhibition of CK2 with K66 indicated that the anti-proliferative action of K66 required the presence of PRH. Both K66 and adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of S163C:S177C PRH impaired neointima formation in human saphenous vein organ cultures. Importantly, neither intervention had notable effects on cell cycle progression, cell survival or migration in cultured endothelial cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Casein Kinase II/antagonists & inhibitors
- Casein Kinase II/genetics
- Casein Kinase II/metabolism
- Cell Cycle Checkpoints/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/enzymology
- Humans
- Hyperplasia
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Mutation
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Neointima
- Phosphorylation
- Proline-Rich Protein Domains
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- RNA Interference
- Rats
- Saphenous Vein/drug effects
- Saphenous Vein/enzymology
- Saphenous Vein/pathology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Tissue Culture Techniques
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Wadey
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - B A Brown
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - G B Sala-Newby
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - P-S Jayaraman
- Division of Immunity and Infection, College of Medicine, University Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - K Gaston
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - S J George
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Research Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK.
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Hussain A, Suleiman MS, George SJ, Loubani M, Morice A. Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction in Humans: Tale or Myth. Open Cardiovasc Med J 2017; 11:1-13. [PMID: 28217180 PMCID: PMC5301302 DOI: 10.2174/1874192401711010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic Pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) describes the physiological adaptive process of lungs to preserves systemic oxygenation. It has clinical implications in the development of pulmonary hypertension which impacts on outcomes of patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery. This review examines both acute and chronic hypoxic vasoconstriction focusing on the distinct clinical implications and highlights the role of calcium and mitochondria in acute versus the role of reactive oxygen species and Rho GTPases in chronic HPV. Furthermore it identifies gaps of knowledge and need for further research in humans to clearly define this phenomenon and the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hussain
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Castle Hill Hospital, Castle Road, Cottingham, HU16 5JQ, UK
| | - M S Suleiman
- School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Marlborough Street, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK
| | - S J George
- School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Marlborough Street, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK
| | - M Loubani
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Castle Hill Hospital, Castle Road, Cottingham, HU16 5JQ, UK
| | - A Morice
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Castle Hill Hospital, Castle Road, Cottingham, HU16 5JQ, UK
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22
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George SJ. Anaesthetists' contribution to mortality after cardiac surgery. Anaesthesia 2016; 71:597-8. [PMID: 27072765 DOI: 10.1111/anae.13474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Low AT, George SJ, Millar AB, Tulloh RMR. P266 Do endothelin-1 and inflammation play a role in airway obstruction in pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease?: Abstract P266 Table 1. Thorax 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207770.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Iacobazzi D, Suleiman MS, Ghorbel M, George SJ, Caputo M, Tulloh RM. Cellular and molecular basis of RV hypertrophy in congenital heart disease. Heart 2015; 102:12-7. [PMID: 26516182 PMCID: PMC4717403 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2015-308348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
RV hypertrophy (RVH) is one of the triggers of RV failure in congenital heart disease (CHD). Therefore, improving our understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of this pathology will help in developing strategic therapeutic interventions to enhance patient benefit in the future. This review describes the potential mechanisms that underlie the transition from RVH to RV failure. In particular, it addresses structural and functional remodelling that encompass contractile dysfunction, metabolic changes, shifts in gene expression and extracellular matrix remodelling. Both ischaemic stress and reactive oxygen species production are implicated in triggering these changes and will be discussed. Finally, RV remodelling in response to various CHDs as well as the potential role of biomarkers will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Iacobazzi
- School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, UK
| | - M-S Suleiman
- School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, UK
| | - M Ghorbel
- School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, UK
| | - S J George
- School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, UK
| | - M Caputo
- School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, UK Department of Congenital Heart Disease, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
| | - R M Tulloh
- School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, UK Department of Congenital Heart Disease, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
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25
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Reynolds SL, Williams AS, Williams H, Smale S, Stephenson HJ, Amos N, George SJ, O'Donnell VB, Lang D. Contractile, but not endothelial, dysfunction in early inflammatory arthritis: a possible role for matrix metalloproteinase-9. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:505-14. [PMID: 22506619 PMCID: PMC3449256 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01988.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Excess morbidity/mortality in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with increased incidence of cardiovascular disease. In this 'proof-of-concept' study, vascular function was characterized in the murine collagen-induced arthritis (mCIA) model, the benchmark choice for evaluation of the pathological processes and assessment of new therapies. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Mice in the very early stages of arthritis development [and appropriate naïve (non-immunized) age-matched controls] were used in the study. Blood pressure was measured using tail cuff plethysmography. Vascular function in rings of isolated aorta was studied with isometric tension myography. Levels of NO metabolites (NO(x)), MMP-9 protein and IL-1β in plasma and MMP-9 protein in aortic homogenates were quantified. KEY RESULTS Impaired vascular contractile responses in arthritis were unaffected by ex vivo inhibition of NOS (endothelial/neuronal and inducible) or COX activities. Endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxation, plasma NO(x) and blood pressure were unaffected by arthritis. Plasma and aortic homogenate MMP-9 protein levels were increased significantly in arthritis. Incubation of aortic tissues from naïve control animals with exogenous MMP-9 impaired subsequent contractile responses, mirroring that observed in arthritis. A role for IL-1β in perpetuating contractile dysfunction and increasing aortic MMP-9 was excluded. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These data identify for the first time a relationship between early arthritis and contractile dysfunction and a possible role for MMP-9 therein, in the absence of overt endothelial dysfunction or increased NO production. As such, MMP-9 may constitute a significant target for early intervention in RA patients with a view to decreasing risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S l Reynolds
- Wales Heart Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park Campus, Cardiff, UK
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26
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Abstract
Meclizine HCl is a poorly water-soluble drug having a very slow-onset of action. The effect of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrins and β-cyclodextrins on its aqueous solubility and dissolution rate was investigated. The phase solubility profile indicated that the solubility of Meclizine HCl was significantly increased in the presence of both 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and β- cyclodextrin; an extend of increase being more for 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. It was classified as AL-type, indicating the 1:1 stoichiometric inclusion complexes. The complexes formed were quite stable. The solid complexes prepared by physical mixtures, kneading methods, and co-precipitation methods were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry and FTIR. An in vitro study showed that the solubility and dissolution rate of Meclizine HCl were significantly improved by complexation with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. Tablet formulation using 1:1 kneading complex of Meclizine HCl and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin with drug equivalent to 25 mg was prepared by a direct compression method. A dissolution study of prepared tablets was performed in 0.5% SLS in water (pH 7.0). Almost 96% drug was released from the formulation at the end of 30min. A comparison study of prepared tablets was done with marketed a Meclizine HCl 25 mg conventional tablet. From the results of dissolution study, it was found that the prepared formulation was showing better release, which was statistically significant P < 0.01 than a marketed tablet (paired t-test). Only 54% drug release was observed from the marketed tablet at the end of 30 min. Hence this study concludes that the solubility enhancement of Meclizine HCl could be successfully achieved using the inclusion complexation technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- SJ George
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, AIMS Health Care Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - DT Vasudevan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, AIMS Health Care Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
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George SJ, Sherbone J, Hinz C, Tibbett M. Terrestrial exposure of oilfield flowline additives diminish soil structural stability and remediative microbial function. Environ Pollut 2011; 159:2740-2749. [PMID: 21723652 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Revised: 05/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Onshore oil production pipelines are major installations in the petroleum industry, stretching many thousands of kilometres worldwide which also contain flowline additives. The current study focuses on the effect of the flowline additives on soil physico-chemical and biological properties and quantified the impact using resilience and resistance indices. Our findings are the first to highlight deleterious effect of flowline additives by altering some fundamental soil properties, including a complete loss of structural integrity of the impacted soil and a reduced capacity to degrade hydrocarbons mainly due to: (i) phosphonate salts (in scale inhibitor) prevented accumulation of scale in pipelines but also disrupted soil physical structure; (ii) glutaraldehyde (in biocides) which repressed microbial activity in the pipeline and reduced hydrocarbon degradation in soil upon environmental exposure; (iii) the combinatory effects of these two chemicals synergistically caused severe soil structural collapse and disruption of microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J George
- Centre for Land Rehabilitation, School of Earth and Environment, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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George SJ, Webb SM, Abraham JL, Cramer SP. Synchrotron X-ray analyses demonstrate phosphate-bound gadolinium in skin in nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. Br J Dermatol 2011; 163:1077-81. [PMID: 20560953 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09918.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is an incurable, debilitating disease found exclusively in patients with decreased kidney function and comprises a fibrosing disorder of the skin and systemic tissues. The disease is associated with exposure to gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agents (GBCA) used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Tissue samples from many patients with NSF contain micron-sized insoluble Gd-containing deposits. However, the precise composition and chemical nature of these particles is unclear. OBJECTIVES To clarify the precise chemical structure of the Gd-containing deposits in NSF tissues. METHODS Autopsy skin tissues from a patient with NSF were examined in situ using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF) microscopy and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy and in correlation with light microscopy and the results of scanning electron microscopy /energy dispersive spectroscopy analyses. RESULTS The insoluble Gd deposits were shown to contain Gd no longer coordinated by GBCA chelator molecules but rather in a sodium calcium phosphate material. SXRF microscopy shows a clear correlation between Gd, Ca and P. EXAFS spectroscopy shows a very different spectrum from the GBCAs, with Gd–P distances at 3·11 A and 3·11 A as well as Gd–Gd distances at an average of 4·05 A, consistent with a GdPO4 structure. CONCLUSIONS This is the first direct evidence for the chemical release of Gd from GBCA in human tissue. This supports the physical–chemical, clinical and epidemiological data indicating a link between stability and dose of GBCA to the development of NSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J George
- Department of Applied Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Beeching CA, Johnson JL, Sala-Newby GB, George SJ. REDUCTION OF PLAQUE INSTABILITY BY SUPPRESSION OF VSMC APOPTOSIS WITH SOLUBLE N-CADHERIN. Atherosclerosis 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Magnoni S, Baker A, Thomson S, Jordan G, George SJ, McColl BW, McCulloch J, Horsburgh K. Neuroprotective effect of adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of TIMP-1 and -2 in ischemic brain injury. Gene Ther 2007; 14:621-5. [PMID: 17235293 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy may be a promising approach for treatment of brain ischemia. We and others previously demonstrated that increased activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) contributes to the tissue damage that results from ischemic injury. The proteolysis of MMPs is tightly controlled by tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs). In this study, we examined whether adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 could protect against neuronal damage induced by global cerebral ischemia in mice. An adenovirus expressing TIMP-1 or TIMP-2 (AdTIMP-1 or AdTIMP-2) or a control adenovirus (RAd60) or vehicle was injected into the striatum 3 days before transient global cerebral ischemia. The extent of neuronal damage was quantified 3 days post-ischemia. There was no significant difference in the extent of neuronal damage in vehicle as compared to RAd60-treated mice. In contrast, neuronal damage was reduced, by approximately 50%, after gene transfer of AdTIMP-1 (P<0.001) and AdTIMP-2 (P< 0.01) as compared to controls. This study provides the first in vivo evidence of the protective effects of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 via gene transfer in global ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Magnoni
- Centre for Neuroscience Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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31
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George SJ, Beeching CA. Cadherin:catenin complex: A novel regulator of vascular smooth muscle cell behaviour. Atherosclerosis 2006; 188:1-11. [PMID: 16438974 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Revised: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 12/12/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctional vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) behaviour contributes to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and restenosis. Increased rates of VSMC apoptosis are thought to lead to thinning of the fibrous atherosclerotic plaque and thereby instability, while migration of VSMCs to the intima, and inappropriate VSMC proliferation, contribute to intimal thickening that occurs in atherosclerosis and restenosis. Studies, mainly in cancer and neuronal cells, have demonstrated that cell-cell adhesion by the cadherin:catenin complex modulates apoptosis, migration and proliferation. In contrast, until recently the involvement of this complex in the regulation of VSMC behaviour was relatively unstudied. In this review, evidence for the regulation of VSMC apoptosis, migration and proliferation by the cadherin:catenin complex will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J George
- Bristol Heart Institute, Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol BS2 9HW, UK.
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32
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George SJ, Wright G. Accreditation in transoesophageal echocardiography. Br J Anaesth 2004; 92:447; author reply 447-8. [PMID: 15000114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
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Lawson DM, Stevenson CEM, Andrew CR, George SJ, Eady RR. A two-faced molecule offers NO explanation: the proximal binding of nitric oxide to haem. Biochem Soc Trans 2003; 31:553-7. [PMID: 12773155 DOI: 10.1042/bst0310553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome c ' (cyt c ') is found in the periplasmic space of denitrifying bacteria where it is thought to mediate the transfer of NO between the nitrogen-cycle enzymes dissimilatory nitrite reductase and nitric oxide reductase. It contains a 5-coordinate (5c) His-ligated haem that shares spectroscopic and ligand-binding properties with the haem group in the sensory domain of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC). The latter is an extremely important enzyme involved in the control of vasodilation and blood clotting. Curiously, the enzyme is activated up to 200-fold by the binding of NO to the haem, whereas the binding of CO gives rise to only a mild stimulation of activity. Through X-ray crystallography we have studied NO and CO binding to cyt c '. CO binds to the distal face to give a 6-coordinate (6c) adduct. By contrast, NO binding gives rise to a 5c adduct through the displacement of the proximal His, to give a novel and unexpected proximal binding mode for NO. These results are also supported by a range of spectroscopies. In the absence of a crystal structure for sGC we propose that cyt c ' provides a structural model for the haem domain of this enzyme and thereby helps to explain the differential effects of NO and CO on its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Lawson
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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Bybee KA, O'Keefe JH, Harris WS, Garg S, George SJ, Bateman TM. Lipid risk factor correlates of ischemic heart disease as diagnosed by myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Prev Cardiol 2002; 3:154-159. [PMID: 11834934 DOI: 10.1111/j.1520-037x.2000.80376.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Patients with known coronary artery disease frequently change their lifestyles (e.g., diet, exercise, and smoking habit) after the diagnosis is made. Such changes can alter lipid risk factor levels and obscure etiologic risk factor associations with the presence of coronary artery disease. It is therefore preferable to determine the contribution of potential risk factors before the diagnosis of coronary artery disease has been established. In this trial, we used stress nuclear myocardial perfusion imaging to diagnose coronary artery disease in patients presenting for evaluation of chest pain. Two groups of age- and sex-matched patients were identified: a normal group (patients with no evidence of coronary artery disease), and an abnormal group (patients whose scans indicated the presence of significant coronary artery disease due to either fixed or reversible perfusion defects). Blood samples were drawn before scanning and analyzed for lipid risk factors. Compared to the normal group, the abnormal group had higher levels of triglycerides (189±91 vs. 135±51 mg/dL, p=0.003), lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (39±9 vs. 45±14 mg/dL, p=0.037), and higher levels of small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL(3)) (42±18 vs. 32±13 mg/dL, p=0.007). Total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and lipoprotein(a) levels were similar between groups. These findings suggest that ischemic heart disease, as assessed by myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, is more closely associated with the low high-density lipoprotein/high triglyceride syndrome than with increased low-density lipoprotein or total cholesterol levels. (c) 2000 by CHF, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Bybee
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN and the Mid America Heart Institute, St. Luke's Hospital Kansas City, MO 64111
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George SJ, Andrew CR, Lawson DM, Thorneley RN, Eady RR. Stopped-flow infrared spectroscopy reveals a six-coordinate intermediate in the formation of the proximally bound five-coordinate NO adduct of cytochrome c'. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:9683-4. [PMID: 11572694 DOI: 10.1021/ja0158307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S J George
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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George SJ, Johnson JL, Smith MA, Jackson CL. Plasmin-mediated fibroblast growth factor-2 mobilisation supports smooth muscle cell proliferation in human saphenous vein. J Vasc Res 2001; 38:492-501. [PMID: 11561151 DOI: 10.1159/000051082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The focus of this study was identification of the contribution of the plasminogen activator-plasmin system to smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration in human saphenous vein. Segments of human saphenous vein were grown in organ culture for up to 14 days. Smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration were measured by incubating vein segments in bromodeoxyuridine, and smooth muscle cell death was detected by in situ end-labelling. Tissue-type (tPA) and urokinase-type (uPA) plasminogen activator enzymic activities were detectable in cultured saphenous vein segments, and were concentrated in focal zones. Inhibition of plasmin activity with alpha-N-acetyl-L-lysine methyl ester (NALME) or of uPA activity with a neutralising antibody caused significant decreases in smooth muscle cell proliferation in the media and the intima, but no significant changes in smooth muscle cell migration. Intimal thickness was also significantly decreased. Incubation with plasminogen or plasmin caused fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) to be released into the medium. Addition of FGF2 to segments cultured with NALME reversed the inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation, and blocking the activity of FGF2 with a neutralising antibody caused a significant decrease in medial smooth muscle cell proliferation. These data suggest that plasmin mobilises FGF2 bound to the extracellular matrix of human saphenous vein, so that it can support smooth muscle cell proliferation and intimal thickening.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J George
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Johnson JL, van Eys GJ, Angelini GD, George SJ. Injury induces dedifferentiation of smooth muscle cells and increased matrix-degrading metalloproteinase activity in human saphenous vein. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21:1146-51. [PMID: 11451743 DOI: 10.1161/hq0701.092106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Long-term patency of human saphenous vein bypass grafts is low because of intimal thickening and superimposed atherosclerosis. Matrix-degrading metalloproteinases (MMPs) and changes in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotype are thought to be essential for the VSMC migration that contributes to intimal thickening. We examined VSMC phenotype and MMP activity in saphenous veins obtained before and after surgical manipulation. Surgical preparation of the veins significantly increased pro-MMP-1 expression by 2-fold and significantly reduced tissue inhibitor of MMPs (TIMP)-2 expression, whereas MMP-3 and TIMP-1 were unaffected. Furthermore, caseinolytic and gelatinolytic activities measured by in situ zymography were dramatically elevated by injury. The expression of desmin and smoothelin was significantly decreased by injury, whereas vimentin expression was significantly increased. In addition, these changes in phenotype and MMP activity were localized to a subpopulation of VSMCs, the circumferential medial VSMCs. Our data show that surgical preparative injury induces phenotypic modulation of a subpopulation of medial VSMCs to a synthetic phenotype and increases MMP activity. This may favor matrix degradation, VSMC migration, and the subsequent intimal thickening that leads to graft failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Johnson
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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Ajayaghosh A, George SJ. First phenylenevinylene based organogels: self-assembled nanostructures via cooperative hydrogen bonding and pi-stacking. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:5148-9. [PMID: 11457366 DOI: 10.1021/ja005933+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Ajayaghosh
- Photochemistry Research Unit, Regional Research Laboratory, CSIR, Trivandrum 695 019, India
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George SJ, Angelini GD, Capogrossi MC, Baker AH. Wild-type p53 gene transfer inhibits neointima formation in human saphenous vein by modulation of smooth muscle cell migration and induction of apoptosis. Gene Ther 2001; 8:668-76. [PMID: 11406761 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2000] [Accepted: 01/10/2001] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Patency of autologous human saphenous vein coronary artery bypass grafts (CABG) is compromised by intimal thickening and superimposed atherosclerosis, caused by migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) to the intima where they proliferate. Here, using adenoviral transfer, we have targeted SMCs using wild-type p53 (wt p53) overexpression. Initial in vitro analyses demonstrated that wt p53 overexpression had no effect on SMC proliferation but promoted apoptosis, which was inhibited by co-expression of bcl2 or crmA. Wt p53 inhibited SMC invasion through reconstituted matrices, a phenotype not affected by bcl2 or crmA. Overexpression of wt p53 in human saphenous vein before organ culture significantly induced apoptosis (P < 0.01, Student's t test) without affecting proliferation rates either in the media or in the intima. SMC migration was, however, significantly reduced by wt p53 (P < 0.01, Student's t test). Intimal thickening and the number of neointimal cells were reduced by 89% and 73%, respectively, after 14 days (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively, Student's t test). This study demonstrates that overexpression of wt p53 promotes apoptosis and inhibits migration of SMC leading to reduced intimal thickening. This maybe a useful approach for increasing patency rates in CABG procedures in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J George
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- S J George
- Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Royal Infirmary, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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George SJ, Izzat MB, Gadsdon P, Johnson JL, Yim AP, Wan S, Newby AC, Angelini GD, Jeremy JY. Macro-porosity is necessary for the reduction of neointimal and medial thickening by external stenting of porcine saphenous vein bypass grafts. Atherosclerosis 2001; 155:329-36. [PMID: 11254903 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(00)00588-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND placing external non-restrictive macro-porous stents around porcine vein grafts prevents neointima formation and medial thickening in both the short and long term. Whether the porosity of the stent material influences this effect, however, has not been determined. Therefore, the effect on neointimal and medial thickening of external macro-porous (polyester) and micro-porous (polytetrafluorethylene) stents of equal diameter were compared. The effect on expression of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), a potent mediator of vascular smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation and its receptors was also investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS saphenous vein-carotid artery interposition grafting was performed in Landrace pigs with external placement of 8 mm diameter macro- and micro-porous stents contralaterally. One month after surgery, graft wall dimensions, PDGF and PDGF receptor expression and cell proliferation using proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were measured on histological sections. Macro-porous stents significantly reduced neointimal and medial thickening compared with micro-porous stents (0.1+/-0.02 vs. 0.25+/-0.03 mm, P<0.002, and 0.10+/-0.02 vs. 0.17+/-0.02 mm, P<0.014, respectively). Macro-porous stents significantly reduced the percentage of cells expressing PDGF and PCNA, compared with micro-porous stents (36+/-9 vs. 80+/-7, P < 0.002, and 11+/-3 vs. 21+/-2, P < 0.02, respectively). The percentage of cells expressing PDGF receptors was similar with both the stent types. Adventitial microvessel formation occurred across macro-porous stents but was markedly suppressed by micro-porous stents. CONCLUSIONS porosity is crucial to the efficacy of external stents in reducing neointima formation in porcine vein grafts. Decreases in PDGF expression and cell proliferation accompany the reduction in neointima formation. In addition, macro-porous stents allow adventitial microvessels to connect with the vasculature outside the stent, thereby potentially improving oxygenation. Although external stenting is highly effective in reducing neointima formation after vein grafting, the properties of the stent material necessary for this effect have not been defined. This study establishes that macro-porosity is one essential feature required to reduce PDGF expression cell proliferation and neointima formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J George
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Royal Infirmary, University of Bristol, BS2 8HW, Bristol, UK
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Chow MY, Misfeld M, Ilsley C, Amrani M, George SJ, Troianos CA. Case 2--2001: detection of subepicardial hematoma after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2001; 15:111-3. [PMID: 11254851 DOI: 10.1053/jcan.2001.20287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Y Chow
- Department of Anesthetics, Harefield Hospital, Middlesex, United Kingdom
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George SJ, Allen JW, Ferguson SJ, Thorneley RN. Time-resolved infrared spectroscopy reveals a stable ferric heme-NO intermediate in the reaction of Paracoccus pantotrophus cytochrome cd1 nitrite reductase with nitrite. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:33231-7. [PMID: 10922371 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m005033200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome cd(1) is a respiratory enzyme that catalyzes the physiological one-electron reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide. The enzyme is a dimer, each monomer containing one c-type cytochrome center and one active site d(1) heme. We present stopped-flow Fourier transform infrared data showing the formation of a stable ferric heme d(1)-NO complex (formally d(1)Fe(II)-NO(+)) as a product of the reaction between fully reduced Paracoccus pantotrophus cytochrome cd(1) and nitrite, in the absence of excess reductant. The Fe-(14)NO nu(NO) stretching mode is observed at 1913 cm(-1) with the corresponding Fe-(15)NO band at 1876 cm(-1). This d(1) heme-NO complex is still readily observed after 15 min. EPR and visible absorption spectroscopic data show that within 4 ms of the initiation of the reaction, nitrite is reduced at the d(1) heme, and a cFe(III) d(1)Fe(II)-NO complex is formed. Over the next 100 ms there is an electron redistribution within the enzyme to give a mixed species, 55% cFe(III) d(1)Fe(II)-NO and 45% cFe(II) d(1)Fe(II)-NO(+). No kinetically competent release of NO could be detected, indicating that at least one additional factor is required for product release by the enzyme. Implications for the mechanism of P. pantotrophus cytochrome cd(1) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J George
- Biological Chemistry Department, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH and Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The activity of matrix-degrading metalloproteinases (MMPs) is essential for many of the processes involved in atherosclerotic plaque formation, for example, infiltration of inflammatory cells, smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation and angiogenesis. Furthermore, matrix degradation by MMPs may cause the plaque instability and rupture that leads to the clinical symptoms of atherosclerosis; unstable angina, myocardial infarction and stroke. Together, the family of MMPs can degrade all of the components of the blood vessel extracellular matrix and their activity therefore, is tightly regulated in normal blood vessels. The increased MMP activity during atherosclerotic plaque development and instability must therefore be caused by increased cytokine and growth factor-stimulated gene transcription, elevated zymogen activation and an imbalance in the MMP:TIMP ratio. It is therefore conceivable that inhibition of MMPs or re-establishing the MMP:TIMP balance may be useful in treating the symptoms of atherosclerosis. Recent studies using synthetic MMP inhibitors and gene therapy have highlighted the potential of such an approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J George
- Bristol Heart Institute, Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK.
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Irvine CD, George SJ, Sheffield E, Johnson JL, Davies AH, Lamont PM. The association of platelet-derived growth factor receptor expression, plaque morphology and histological features with symptoms in carotid atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Surg 2000; 8:121-9. [PMID: 10737348 DOI: 10.1016/s0967-2109(99)00090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor may influence smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation and, therefore, carotid plaque composition and stenosis. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor expression and histological features were compared in carotid plaques from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Immunocytochemistry and histology determined platelet-derived growth factor-alpha and -beta receptor expression, white blood cell infiltration, smooth muscle cell, elastin, cholesterol, collagen and intraplaque haemorrhage in carotid artery plaques removed at surgery or the post-mortem. Plaques with > 70% stenosis from asymptomatic (n = 10) and symptomatic patients (n = 27) had higher expression of platelet-derived growth factor and beta receptors and higher scores for macrophages and intraplaque haemorrhage than plaques with < 70% stenosis from asymptomatic patients (n = 33). Plaques with > 70% stenosis from symptomatic patients had significantly lower alpha receptor expression than plaques with > 70% stenosis from asymptomatic patients. The reduction of alpha receptor expression, which may inhibit smooth muscle cell migration, suggests that differential expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor subunits in plaques may be related to symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Irvine
- Department of Surgery, Bristol Royal Infirmary, UK
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES we assessed the effects of cryopreservation on smooth-muscle cell injury in human vein. MATERIALS AND METHODS long saphenous vein was collected during surgery and cryopreserved. Smooth-muscle cell damage was assessed after thawing by in situ detection of fragmented DNA. The presence of cryoprotectant (10% dimethyl sulphoxide, DMSO), cooling and warming rates, and the rate of cryoprotectant removal after thawing were examined. RESULTS control veins exhibited damage in 8.5% (95% confidence interval (CI) 4.7 to 13.4%,n=13) of smooth-muscle cells compared with 27.7% (95% CI 23.2 to 32.4%, n=115) in vein frozen in 10% DMSO (p=0.001). In the presence of DMSO, damage to smooth-muscle cells was independent of the rates of cooling (p=0.72) and warming (p=0.45). The rate of dilution to remove the cryoprotectant after thawing also had no effect on cell damage (p=0.64). In the absence of cryoprotectant, cell damage was doubled to approximately 50% by slow rather than rapid warming (p=0.01). CONCLUSION cooling rate, and the presence of a cryoprotectant, has little effect on smooth-muscle damage, provided that the tissue is warmed rapidly. Slow warming, in the absence of DMSO, causes substantial damage. These results suggest that simplified methods of vein cryopreservation are feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Ruddle
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
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George SJ, Lloyd CT, Angelini GD, Newby AC, Baker AH. Inhibition of late vein graft neointima formation in human and porcine models by adenovirus-mediated overexpression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3. Circulation 2000; 101:296-304. [PMID: 10645926 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.101.3.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autologous saphenous vein coronary artery bypass graft surgery is complicated by late graft failure due to neointima formation and subsequent atherosclerosis. Growth factors and metalloproteinases (MMPs) act in concert to promote neointima formation. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3), an extracellular matrix-associated MMP inhibitor, uniquely promotes apoptosis of isolated vascular smooth muscle cells. Here, we overexpressed TIMP-3 at the luminal surface of human saphenous veins before organ culture and in pig saphenous veins before interposition grafting into carotid arteries in vivo to assess neointima formation. METHODS AND RESULTS In both models, high TIMP-3 immunoreactivity occurred in the luminal and upper medial extracellular matrix after adenovirus delivery. MMP activity measured by in situ zymography was reduced throughout the veins, confirming a bystander effect. By use of 3 independent techniques, apoptosis levels in the neointima and medial layer were significantly elevated by TIMP-3 overexpression. Neointima formation was reduced by 84% in 14-day human organ cultures and by 58% in 28-day pig vein grafts (both P<0.05). In contrast, TIMP-2 overexpression had no effect on neointima formation in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight the potential therapeutic benefit for TIMP-3 overexpression to reduce neointima formation associated with late vein graft failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J George
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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Kvaratskhelia M, George SJ, Cooper A, White MF. Quantitation of metal ion and DNA junction binding to the Holliday junction endonuclease Cce1. Biochemistry 1999; 38:16613-9. [PMID: 10600123 DOI: 10.1021/bi9921788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cce1 is a magnesium-dependent Holliday junction endonuclease involved in the resolution of recombining mitochondrial DNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cce1 binds four-way DNA junctions as a dimer, opening the junction into an extended, 4-fold symmetric structure, and resolves junctions by the introduction of paired nicks in opposing strands at the point of strand exchange. In the present study, we have examined the interactions of wild-type Cce1 with a noncleavable four-way DNA junction and metal ions (Mg(2+) and Mn(2+)) using isothermal titration calorimetry, EPR, and gel electrophoresis techniques. Mg(2+) or Mn(2+) ions bind to Cce1 in the absence of DNA junctions with a stoichiometry of two metal ions per Cce1 monomer. Cce1 binds to four-way junctions with a stoichiometry of two Cce1 dimers per junction molecule in the presence of EDTA, and one dimer of Cce1 per junction in 15 mM magnesium. The presence of 15 mM Mg(2+) dramatically reduces the affinity of Cce1 for four-way DNA junctions, by about 900-fold. This allows an estimation of DeltaG degrees for stacking of four-way DNA junction 7 of -4.1 kcal/mol, consistent with the estimate of -3.3 to -4.5 kcal/mol calculated from branch migration and NMR experiments [Overmars and Altona (1997) J. Mol. Biol. 273, 519-524; Panyutin et al. (1995) EMBO J. 14, 1819-1826]. The striking effect of magnesium ions on the affinity of Cce1 binding to the four-way junction is predicted to be a general one for proteins that unfold the stacked X-structure of the Holliday junction on binding.
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