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Khatib D, Farooq U, Rahouma M, Zhang E, Markowitz S, Rong L. Transesophageal echocardiographic predictors of intraventricular conduction delay in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2020. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Fried D, McAndrew LM, Helmer DA, Markowitz S, Quigley KS. Interrelationships between symptom burden and health functioning and health care utilization among veterans with persistent physical symptoms. BMC Fam Pract 2020; 21:124. [PMID: 32611312 PMCID: PMC7329405 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-020-01193-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Between 10 and 50% of primary care patients present with persistent physical symptoms (PPS). Patients with PPS tend to utilize excessive or inappropriate health care services, while being stuck in a deleterious cycle of inactivity, deconditioning, and further worsening of symptoms and disability. Since military deployment (relative to non-deployment) is associated with greater likelihood of PPS, we examined the interrelationships of health care utilization, symptom burden and functioning among a sample of recently deployed Veterans with new onset persistent physical symptoms. Methods This study analyzed a cohort of 790 U.S. soldiers who recently returned from deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan. Data for this analysis were obtained at pre- and post-deployment. We used moderation analyses to evaluate interactions between physical symptom burden and physical and mental health functioning and four types of health care utilization one-year after deployment, after adjusting for key baseline measures. Results Moderation analyses revealed significant triple interactions between physical symptom burden and health functioning and: primary care (F = 3.63 [2, 303], R2Δ = .02, p = 0.03), specialty care (F = 6.81 [2, 303] R2Δ =0.03, p < .001), allied therapy care (F = 3.76 [2, 302], R2Δ = .02, p = 0.02), but not mental health care (F = 1.82 [1, 303], R2Δ = .01, p = .16), one-year after deployment. Conclusions Among U.S. Veterans with newly emerging persistent physical symptoms one-year after deployment, increased physical symptom burden coupled with decreased physical and increased mental health functioning was associated with increased medical care use in the year after deployment. These findings support whole health initiatives aimed at improving health function/well-being, rather than merely symptom alleviation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Fried
- Department of Veterans Affairs, NJ War Related Illness & Injury Study Center, 385 Tremont Ave. Mailstop 129, East Orange, NJ, 07018, USA. .,Department of Epidemiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, MSB, Newark, NJ, 07101, USA.
| | - Lisa M McAndrew
- Department of Veterans Affairs, NJ War Related Illness & Injury Study Center, 385 Tremont Ave. Mailstop 129, East Orange, NJ, 07018, USA
| | - Drew A Helmer
- Department of Veterans Affairs, NJ War Related Illness & Injury Study Center, 385 Tremont Ave. Mailstop 129, East Orange, NJ, 07018, USA.,New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, MSB, Newark, NJ, 07101, USA
| | | | - Karen S Quigley
- Interdisciplinary Affective Science Laboratory, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Bedford Memorial Hospital, 200 Springs Rd, Bedford, MA, 01730, USA
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Morales-Raveendran E, Goodman E, West E, Cone JE, Katz C, Weiss J, Feldman JM, Harrison D, Markowitz S, Federman A, Wisnivesky JP. Associations between asthma trigger reports, mental health conditions, and asthma morbidity among world trade center rescue and recovery workers. J Asthma 2018; 56:833-840. [PMID: 30073876 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2018.1502300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Aim: There is limited information regarding asthma triggers in World Trade Center (WTC) rescue and recovery workers (RRW) or how mental health conditions affect the perception of triggers. Methods: We included 372 WTC workers with asthma. The Asthma Trigger Inventory (ATI) assessed triggers along five domains: psychological, allergens, physical activity, infection, and pollution. We administered the Structured Clinical Interview to diagnose post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depression and panic disorder (PD). The Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) and Mini Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ) measured asthma control and quality of life, respectively. Linear regression models were fitted to examine the association of ATI total and subdomain scores with mental health conditions as well as the percent of ACQ and AQLQ variance explained by ATI subscales. Results: The most common triggers were air pollution (75%) and general allergens (68%). PTSD was significantly associated with psychological triggers (partial r2=0.05, p < 0.01), physical activity (partial r2=0.03, p < 0.01) and air pollution (partial r2=0.02, p = 0.04) subscales while PD was significantly associated with air pollution (partial r2=0.03, p = 0.03) and general allergens (partial r2=0.02, p = 0.03). ATI subscales explained a large percentage of variance in asthma control (r2=0.37, p < 0.01) and quality of life scores (r2=0.40, p < 0.01). Psychological subscale scores explained the largest portion of the total variability in ACQ (partial r2= 0.11, p = 0.72) and AQLQ (partial r2=0.14, p = 0.64) scores. Conclusion: RRW with mental health conditions reported more asthma triggers and these triggers were associated with asthma morbidity. These data can help support interventions in RRW with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Morales-Raveendran
- a Division of General Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA.,c Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University , Bronx , NY , USA
| | - E Goodman
- a Division of General Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
| | - E West
- a Division of General Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
| | - J E Cone
- b New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, World Trade Center Health Registry , New York , NY , USA
| | - C Katz
- a Division of General Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
| | - J Weiss
- a Division of General Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
| | - J M Feldman
- c Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University , Bronx , NY , USA.,d Department of Pediatrics (Academic General Pediatrics), Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Children's Hospital at Montefiore , Bronx , NY , USA
| | - D Harrison
- e Department of Medicine, New York University , New York , NY , USA
| | - S Markowitz
- f Queens College, City University of New York , Flushing , NY , USA
| | - Alex Federman
- a Division of General Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
| | - J P Wisnivesky
- a Division of General Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA.,g Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
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McAndrew LM, Markowitz S, Lu SE, Borders A, Rothman D, Quigley KS. Resilience during war: Better unit cohesion and reductions in avoidant coping are associated with better mental health function after combat deployment. Psychol Trauma 2017; 9:52-61. [PMID: 27455138 PMCID: PMC6549499 DOI: 10.1037/tra0000152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The majority of individuals who endure traumatic events are resilient; however, we do not yet understand why some individuals are more resilient than others. We used data from a prospective longitudinal study Army National Guard and Reserve personnel to examine how unit cohesion (military-specific social support) and avoidant coping relate to resilience over the first year after return from deployment. METHOD Soldiers (N = 767) were assessed at 4 phases: predeployment (P1), immediately postdeployment (P2), 3 months' postdeployment (P3), and 1-year postdeployment (P4). RESULTS After controlling for predeployment avoidant coping and overall social support, higher unit cohesion was associated with a reduction in avoidant coping (from P1 to P3). This reduction in avoidant coping (from P1 to P3) mediated the relationship between unit cohesion (P2) and improvement in mental health function (from P1 to P3). CONCLUSIONS The results are consistent with the hypothesis that higher unit cohesion may mitigate increases in avoidant coping in military personnel after a combat deployment and in turn may improve mental health function. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M McAndrew
- NJ War Related Illness & Injury Study Center, Department of Veterans Affairs
| | | | - Shou-En Lu
- Department of Veterans Affairs, NJ War Related Illness & Injury Study Center
| | - Ashley Borders
- Department of Veterans Affairs, NJ War Related Illness & Injury Study Center
| | - David Rothman
- Department of Veterans Affairs, NJ War Related Illness & Injury Study Center
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Mindlis I, Morales-Raveendran E, Goodman E, Xu K, Vila-Castelar C, Keller K, Crawford G, James S, Katz CL, Crowley LE, de la Hoz RE, Markowitz S, Wisnivesky JP. Post-traumatic stress disorder dimensions and asthma morbidity in World Trade Center rescue and recovery workers. J Asthma 2016; 54:723-731. [PMID: 27905829 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2016.1263650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using data from a cohort of World Trade Center (WTC) rescue and recovery workers with asthma, we assessed whether meeting criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), sub-threshold PTSD, and for specific PTSD symptom dimensions are associated with increased asthma morbidity. METHODS Participants underwent a Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual to assess the presence of PTSD following DSM-IV criteria during in-person interviews between December 2013 and April 2015. We defined sub-threshold PTSD as meeting criteria for two of three symptom dimensions: re-experiencing, avoidance, or hyper-arousal. Asthma control, acute asthma-related healthcare utilization, and asthma-related quality of life data were collected using validated scales. Unadjusted and multiple regression analyses were performed to assess the relationship between sub-threshold PTSD and PTSD symptom domains with asthma morbidity measures. RESULTS Of the 181 WTC workers with asthma recruited into the study, 28% had PTSD and 25% had sub-threshold PTSD. Patients with PTSD showed worse asthma control, higher rates of inpatient healthcare utilization, and poorer asthma quality of life than those with sub-threshold or no PTSD. After adjusting for potential confounders, among patients not meeting the criteria for full PTSD, those presenting symptoms of re-experiencing exhibited poorer quality of life (p = 0.003). Avoidance was associated with increased acute healthcare use (p = 0.05). Sub-threshold PTSD was not associated with asthma morbidity (p > 0.05 for all comparisons). CONCLUSIONS There may be benefit in assessing asthma control in patients with sub-threshold PTSD symptoms as well as those with full PTSD to more effectively identify ongoing asthma symptoms and target management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mindlis
- a Division of General Internal Medicine , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
| | - E Morales-Raveendran
- a Division of General Internal Medicine , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
| | - E Goodman
- a Division of General Internal Medicine , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
| | - K Xu
- a Division of General Internal Medicine , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
| | - C Vila-Castelar
- b The Graduate Center, City University of New York , New York , NY , USA.,c Queens College, City University of New York , Flushing , NY , USA
| | - K Keller
- a Division of General Internal Medicine , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
| | - G Crawford
- a Division of General Internal Medicine , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
| | - S James
- a Division of General Internal Medicine , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
| | - C L Katz
- d Department of Psychiatry , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
| | - L E Crowley
- e Department of Preventive Medicine , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
| | - R E de la Hoz
- a Division of General Internal Medicine , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA.,f Division of Pulmonary , Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
| | - S Markowitz
- c Queens College, City University of New York , Flushing , NY , USA
| | - J P Wisnivesky
- a Division of General Internal Medicine , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA.,f Division of Pulmonary , Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
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Gómez MG, Castañeda R, Menduiña PL, Garrido RU, Markowitz S. Estimating medical costs of work-related diseases in the Basque Country (2008). Med Lav 2013; 104:267-276. [PMID: 24228305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the medical costs of work-attributable diseases (WAD) treated by the public health care system for one of the Spanish Autonomous Communities, the Basque Country, in 2008. METHODS We calculated the burden of disease attributable to work for each category of diseases according to ICD-9-CM by using estimates of attributable fractions. Hospital and specialized outpatient care cost data were derived from the Spanish National Health System analytical accountability system. Secondary sources of information were used to estimate primary health care and drug prescriptions. RESULTS Direct costs of work-attributable diseases borne by the Basque Regional Health Service totalled 106 million Euros in 2008, representing 3.3% of Basque public expenditures on health and 0.16% of Basque GDP in 2008. Specialized care, including hospitalizations, absorbed the highest proportion of costs (52%), followed by drug prescriptions and primary health care (27% and 21%, respectively). Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissues accounted for 47.3% of total costs, followed by cardiovascular diseases (19.6%) and cancer (15%). CONCLUSIONS Occupational diseases and accidents are costly in the Basque Region of Spain, generating a severe deviation of public expenditures and overburdening of the Public Health System because they should really be the responsibility of the Social Security System. Proper identification and assignment of costs of work-related diseases would result in significant savings for the National Health System (Spanish and European), would provide an incentive for the prevention of these avoidable causes of illness and thus contribute to the sustainability of social systems.
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Bulgar AD, Weeks LD, Miao Y, Yang S, Xu Y, Guo C, Markowitz S, Oleinick N, Gerson SL, Liu L. Removal of uracil by uracil DNA glycosylase limits pemetrexed cytotoxicity: overriding the limit with methoxyamine to inhibit base excision repair. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e252. [PMID: 22237209 PMCID: PMC3270269 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2011.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG) specifically removes uracil bases from DNA, and its repair activity determines the sensitivity of the cell to anticancer agents that are capable of introducing uracil into DNA. In the present study, the participation of UDG in the response to pemetrexed-induced incorporation of uracil into DNA was studied using isogenic human tumor cell lines with or without UDG (UDG(+/+)/UDG(-/-)). UDG(-/-) cells were very sensitive to pemetrexed. Cell killing by pemetrexed was associated with genomic uracil accumulation, stalled DNA replication, and catastrophic DNA strand breaks. By contrast, UDG(+/+) cells were >10 times more resistant to pemetrexed due to the rapid removal of uracil from DNA by UDG and subsequent repair of the resultant AP sites (abasic sites) via the base excision repair (BER). The resistance to pemetrexed in UDG(+/+) cells could be reversed by the addition of methoxyamine (MX), which binds to AP sites and interrupts BER pathway. Furthermore, MX-bound AP sites induced cell death was related to their cytotoxic effect of dual inactivation of UDG and topoisomerase IIα, two genes that are highly expressed in lung cancer cells in comparison with normal cells. Thus, targeting BER-based therapy exhibits more selective cytotoxicity on cancer cells through a synthetic lethal mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Bulgar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - L D Weeks
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Y Miao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - S Yang
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Y Xu
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - C Guo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - S Markowitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - N Oleinick
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - S L Gerson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - L Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Boccolini P, Chrisman J, Otero U, Markowitz S, Meyer A. P2-231 Stomach cancer mortality among agricultural workers: results from a Brazilian death certificate-based case-control study. Br J Soc Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/jech.2011.142976j.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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9
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Markowitz S, Friedman MA, Arent SM. Understanding the relation between obesity and depression: Causal mechanisms and implications for treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2850.2008.00106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Henschke C, Sone S, Markowitz S, Tockman M, Shaham D, Zulueta J, Fiori E, Kopel S, Rice K, Klippenstein D. PD-055 CT screening for lung cancer: Staging of multiple lung cancerswithout other evidence of metastases. Lung Cancer 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(05)80388-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wei SJ, Metz JM, Coyle C, Hampshire M, Jones HA, Markowitz S, Rustgi AK. Recruitment of patients into an internet-based clinical trials database: the experience of OncoLink and the National Colorectal Cancer Research Alliance. J Clin Oncol 2005; 22:4730-6. [PMID: 15570073 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.07.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In March 2001, the National Colorectal Cancer Research Alliance (NCCRA) and OncoLink (http://www.oncolink.org) established a database to facilitate patient enrollment onto clinical trials. This study describes the population registering with the database and identifies discrepancies between individuals registering through the Internet and those registering through a telephone call center. METHODS Participants registered with the NCCRA/OncoLink database through the Internet or a telephone call center. All participants entering the database completed a questionnaire regarding basic demographics, colon cancer risk factors, and indicated how they became aware of the database. Comparisons were made between individuals registering through the Internet and those registering through the telephone call center. RESULTS A total of 2,162 participants registered during the first 16 months of the database. Most patients registered through the Internet rather than the telephone call center (88% v 12%; P < .001). More females than males registered (73% v 27%; P < .001). The majority (89%) were white. Participants registering through the Internet were younger than those registering through the call center (mean, 48.8 v 55.0 years; P < .001). There was no difference between the two groups with regard to sex or ethnicity. CONCLUSION The Internet has the potential to increase the likelihood that interested individuals find appropriate clinical trials. Some of the discrepancies that are known to exist for access to the Internet were also seen for those registering with the database through the Internet. Despite these differences, the potential to increase clinical trial enrollment with this type of Internet-based database is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Wei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Biederman J, Kwon A, Wozniak J, Mick E, Markowitz S, Fazio V, Faraone SV. Absence of gender differences in pediatric bipolar disorder: findings from a large sample of referred youth. J Affect Disord 2004; 83:207-14. [PMID: 15555715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2004.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2004] [Accepted: 08/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because little is known about gender differences in pediatric bipolar disorder, we evaluated whether gender moderates the expression of pediatric bipolar disorder in a large clinical sample. METHODS Subjects were consecutively referred youth aged 18 years or less who met full criteria for DSM-III-R bipolar disorder (BPD) (females, n=74; BD males, n=224). All subjects were assessed with a structured diagnostic interview and measures of psychosocial and family functioning. RESULTS Most of the bipolar subjects (91% of males, 70% of females) also had ADHD. Bipolar disorder was equally prevalent in both genders. Among females and males, severe irritability (83% and 80%, respectively), mixed presentation (87% and 84%, respectively), chronic course (84% and 77%, respectively) and prepubertal onset (78% and 93%, respectively) predominated the clinical picture. We found no meaningful differences between genders in the number of BPD symptoms, type of treatment for BPD (counseling, medication, hospitalization), severity of educational deficits, severity of family and interpersonal functioning or patterns of psychiatric comorbidity. CONCLUSIONS Because gender does not moderate the clinical expression of pediatric bipolar disorder, our data does not suggest that gender specific criteria for the disorder are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Biederman
- Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology of the Child Psychiatry Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Pediatric Psychopharmacology Unit (WACC 725), 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Chatterji P, Markowitz S. The impact of maternal alcohol and illicit drug use on children's behavior problems: evidence from the children of the national longitudinal survey of youth. J Health Econ 2001; 20:703-731. [PMID: 11558645 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-6296(01)00090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study uses Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to test for evidence of a causal relationship between maternal alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine use, and children's behavior problems. Ordinary least squares (OLS) results provide strong evidence that substance use is associated with behavior problems. However, OLS estimation fails to account for unobserved factors that may be correlated with substance use and child behavior. To account for this problem, mother-child and family fixed-effects models are tested. The results suggest that maternal illicit drug use is positively associated with children's behavior problems, while alcohol use has a less consistent impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chatterji
- Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467, USA.
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Hahm KB, Im YH, Parks TW, Park SH, Markowitz S, Jung HY, Green J, Kim SJ. Loss of transforming growth factor beta signalling in the intestine contributes to tissue injury in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 2001; 49:190-8. [PMID: 11454793 PMCID: PMC1728415 DOI: 10.1136/gut.49.2.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract caused by an abnormal and uncontrolled immune response to one or more normally occurring gut constituents. AIM Given the effects of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) on both the immune system and extracellular matrix, we postulated that alterations in TGF-beta signalling in intestinal epithelial cells may play an important role in the development of IBD. METHODS TGF-beta signalling was inactivated in mouse intestine by expressing a dominant negative mutant form of the TGF-beta type II receptor under the control of the mouse intestinal trefoil peptide (ITF)/TFF3 promoter. Transgenic mice (ITF-dnRII) developed spontaneous colitis presenting with diarrhoea, haematochezia, and anal prolapse when not maintained under specific pathogen free (SPF) conditions. Under SPF conditions we induced colitis by mixing dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) in drinking water to examine the significance of loss of TGF-beta signalling in the pathogenesis of IBD. RESULTS Transgenic mice showed increased susceptibility to DSS induced IBD, and elicited increased expression of major histocompatibility complex class II, generation of autoantibodies against intestinal goblet cells, and increased activity of matrix metalloproteinase in intestinal epithelial cells compared with wild-type littermates challenged with DSS. CONCLUSIONS Deficiency of TGF-beta signalling specifically in the intestine contributes to the development of IBD. Maintenance of TGF-beta signalling may be important in regulating immune homeostasis in the intestine
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Hahm
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Library Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Forgacs E, Wren JD, Kamibayashi C, Kondo M, Xu XL, Markowitz S, Tomlinson GE, Muller CY, Gazdar AF, Garner HR, Minna JD. Searching for microsatellite mutations in coding regions in lung, breast, ovarian and colorectal cancers. Oncogene 2001; 20:1005-9. [PMID: 11314036 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2000] [Revised: 12/28/2000] [Accepted: 01/03/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
RepX represents a new informatics approach to probe the UniGene database for potentially polymorphic repeat sequences in the open reading frame (ORF) of genes, 56% of which were found to be actually polymorphic. We now have performed mutational analysis of 17 such sites in genes not found to be polymorphic (<0.03 frequency) in a large panel of human cancer genomic DNAs derived from 31 lung, 21 breast, seven ovarian, 21 (13 microsatellite instability (MSI)+ and eight MSI-) colorectal cancer cell lines. In the lung, breast and ovarian tumor DNAs we found no mutations (<0.03-0.04 rate of tumor associated open reading frame mutations) in these sequences. By contrast, 18 MSI+ colorectal cancers (13 cancer cell lines and five primary tumors) with mismatch repair defects exhibited six mutations in three of the 17 genes (SREBP-2, TAN-1, GR6) (P<0.000003 compared to all other cancers tested). We conclude that coding region microsatellite alterations are rare in lung, breast, ovarian carcinomas and MSI (-) colorectal cancers, but are relatively frequent in MSI (+) colorectal cancers with mismatch repair deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Forgacs
- The Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX 75390-8593, USA
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Fink SP, Swinler SE, Lutterbaugh JD, Massagué J, Thiagalingam S, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Willson JK, Markowitz S. Transforming growth factor-beta-induced growth inhibition in a Smad4 mutant colon adenoma cell line. Cancer Res 2001; 61:256-60. [PMID: 11196171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of colon epithelial cells. Binding of TGF-beta to its receptor induces phosphorylation of the Smad proteins Smad2 and Smad3, which then form heteromeric complexes with Smad4, translocate to the nucleus, and activate gene transcription. Smad4 function has been considered an obligate requirement for TGF-beta signaling, and Smad4 mutations present in some cancers have been considered sufficient to inactivate TGF-beta signaling. In this work, we describe studies with a nontransformed human colon epithelial cell line that is mutant for Smad4 but remains growth-inhibited by TGF-beta. The colon cell line VACO-235 has lost one of its Smad4 alleles via a chromosome 18q deletion. The remaining allele bears two missense point mutations located in regions important for Smad4 trimer formation, which is thought necessary for Smad4 function. As expected, pSBE4-BV/Luc, a Smad4-activated transcriptional reporter, was inactive in VACO-235. Nonetheless, VACO-235 demonstrated 80% growth inhibition in response to TGF-beta, as well as retention of some TGF-beta-mediated activation of the p3TP-Lux transcriptional reporter. Transient transfection of the VACO-235 Smad4 mutant allele into a Smad4-null cell line confirmed that this allele is functionally inactive as assayed by both the pSBE4-BV and p3TP-Lux reporters. The simplest explanation of these results is that there is a non-Smad4-dependent pathway for TGF-beta-mediated signaling and growth inhibition in VACO-235 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Fink
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Markowitz S. DNA repair defects inactivate tumor suppressor genes and induce hereditary and sporadic colon cancers. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18:75S-80S. [PMID: 11060332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S Markowitz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Laboratory, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Grady WM, Willis J, Guilford PJ, Dunbier AK, Toro TT, Lynch H, Wiesner G, Ferguson K, Eng C, Park JG, Kim SJ, Markowitz S. Methylation of the CDH1 promoter as the second genetic hit in hereditary diffuse gastric cancer. Nat Genet 2000; 26:16-7. [PMID: 10973239 DOI: 10.1038/79120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant promoter methylation and the associated loss of gene expression is a common accompaniment of human cancers. Nonetheless, it has been challenging to demonstrate in any given tumour that methylation of a specific gene was causal and not consequent to malignant transformation. In this regard, our attention was drawn to the genesis of gastric cancers in individuals with hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC). These individuals harbour germline mutations in the gene encoding E-cadherin, CDH1, but their cancers have consistently demonstrated absence of loss of heterozygosity at the CDH1 locus. These findings suggested the hypothesis that CDH1 promoter methylation might function as the 'second genetic hit' in the genesis of these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Grady
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is thought to arise from the mesothelial cells that line the pleural cavities. Most patients initially experience the insidious onset of chest pain or shortness of breath, and it rarely presents as spontaneous pneumothorax. CASE REPORTS We report four patients who presented in this manner. Three of the patients were exposed to asbestos directly or indirectly at shipyards during World War II; the fourth was exposed as an insulator's wife. Two of our cases were not recognized to have MPM on histologic examination at first thoracotomy and remained asymptomatic for 12 and 22 months, respectively. In none of the patients described herein, was spontaneous pneumothorax the cause of death. CONCLUSIONS Since many people were exposed to asbestos during and after World War II, spontaneous pneumothorax in a patient with the possibility of such exposure should raise the suspicion of malignant pleural mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Alkhuja
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Catholic Medical Center of Brooklyn and Queens, Jamaica, NY, USA.
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Markowitz S, López-Cervantes M. Building an international community in environmental and occupational health. Salud Publica Mex 2000; 41 Suppl 2:S69-71. [PMID: 10850127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
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21
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Myeroff LL, Markowitz S. Detection of TGF-beta type II receptor hot-spot mutations: the BAT-RII assay. Methods Mol Biol 2000; 142:133-7. [PMID: 10806619 DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-053-5:133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L L Myeroff
- Ireland Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Myeroff
- Ireland Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of alcohol regulation on physical child abuse. Given the positive relationship between alcohol consumption and violence, and the negative relationship between consumption and price, the principal hypothesis to be tested is that an increase in the price of alcohol will lead to a reduction in the incidence of violence. We also examine the effects of illegal drug prices and alcohol availability on the incidence of child abuse. Equations are estimated separately for mothers and fathers, and include state fixed effects. Results indicate that increases in the beer tax may decrease the incidence of violence committed by females but not by males.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Markowitz
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark 07102-1982, USA.
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Yan H, Papadopoulos N, Marra G, Perrera C, Jiricny J, Boland CR, Lynch HT, Chadwick RB, de la Chapelle A, Berg K, Eshleman JR, Yuan W, Markowitz S, Laken SJ, Lengauer C, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. Conversion of diploidy to haploidy. Nature 2000; 403:723-4. [PMID: 10693791 DOI: 10.1038/35001659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Yan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Oncology Center, Department of Mathematical Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- S Markowitz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ireland Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Abstract
Colon cancer results from the accumulation of genetic alterations. Genomic instability creates a permissive state in which a potential cancer cell is allowed to acquire enough mutations to become a cancer cell. Several forms of genomic instability are common in colon cancer: microsatellite instability (MSI), chromosome instability (CIN), and chromosome translocations. MSI occurs in approximately 15% of colon cancers and results from inactivation of the mutation mismatch repair (MMR) system secondary to either MMR gene mutations or hypermethylation of the hMLH1 promoter. It promotes tumorigenesis by generating mutations in target genes that possess coding microsatellite repeats, such as the transforming growth factor-beta receptor type II gene. CIN occurs in most other colon cancers and leads to a different pattern of gene alterations that culminate in tumor formation. It seems to result from mutations in genes that control mitosis, DNA damage repair, centrosome structure and function, and other fundamental processes in DNA replication. The clinical significance of genomic instability is now under investigation, and it is hoped that this research will soon yield results that have an immediate effect on the treatment of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Grady
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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Markowitz S, Merino R. Innovation in international training in occupational and environmental health: challenging unspoken assumptions. Int J Occup Environ Health 1999; 5:237-40. [PMID: 10441266 DOI: 10.1179/oeh.1999.5.3.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The Department of Community and Preventive Medicine of the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, in collaboration with Queens College of the City University of New York, is conducting a research training program in cooperation with partner institutions in Mexico, Brazil, and Chile to assist them to develop an enhanced capacity to identify, document, and ameliorate environmental and occupational health problems of major public significance. The Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health sponsors the program, which focuses on tailoring training to the host countries' needs and conditions. The program's centerpiece is the Selikoff Fellowship, which had been awarded to 15 Fellows by 1998. Each Fellow spends three one-month training periods in New York, interspersed with distance learning, and, with the help of a mentor, completes a research project in the home country. Details of the program are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Markowitz
- Center for the Biology of Natural Systems, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
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Grady WM, Myeroff LL, Swinler SE, Rajput A, Thiagalingam S, Lutterbaugh JD, Neumann A, Brattain MG, Chang J, Kim SJ, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Willson JK, Markowitz S. Mutational inactivation of transforming growth factor beta receptor type II in microsatellite stable colon cancers. Cancer Res 1999; 59:320-4. [PMID: 9927040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that mutational inactivation of transforming growth factor beta type II receptors (RIIs) is very common among the 13% of human colon cancers with microsatellite instability. These mutations principally cluster in the BAT-RII polyadenine sequence repeat. Among microsatellite stable (MSS) colon cancers, we now find that non-BAT-RII point mutations inactivate RII in another 15% of cases, thus doubling the known number of colon cancers in which RII mutations are pathogenetic. Functional analysis confirms that these mutations inactivate RII signaling. Moreover, another 55% of MSS colon cancers demonstrate a transforming growth factor beta signaling blockade distal to RII. The transforming growth factor beta pathway and RII in particular are major targets for inactivation in MSS colon cancers as well as in colon cancers with microsatellite instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Grady
- Department of Medicine, Ireland Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Wang C, Ding X, Ni L, Sheng R, Wang L, Markowitz S. [Investigation of the genetic instability of tumor cells by transfection of RER+ cell lines with exogenous microsatellite sequence]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Yi Chuan Xue Za Zhi 1998; 15:246-9. [PMID: 9691137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Frequent alterations of microsatellite sequence of cancer cells were found recently in a substantial fraction of human cancers including hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer. This paper aimed to investigate the genetic instability of tumor cells by using microsatellite instability(MI) as the marker in vitro. METHODS Two RER+ cell lines (replication error phenotype), RKO and HCT116 and one RER- cell line, sw480, were used as the hosts for transfection with an episomal plasmid, pCMV-CAR, containing an exogenous (CA)14 repeat which was inserted within the coding sequence of lacZ reporter gene and thus made lacZ misreading. The transfectant clones were selected and established by hygromicin. Expression and production of lacZ reporter gene of restored reading frame were detected with X-gal staining assay. RESULTS After hygromicin selection, stable pCMV-CAR transfectant clones were established. It was shown that mutation of deletion of insertion within(CA)14 occurred in the transfectant RER+ cells but not in the RER-cells. The mutation restored normal reading frame of lacZ gene, and resulted in expression and production of bio-active beta galactosidase which was detected with X-gal staining. This feature of the transfectant clones was maintained during culture passages. CONCLUSION The alterations of the exogenous(CA)14 repeat in the transfectant RER+ clones revealed genetic instability and complicated mutation status of cancer cells. It is suggested that the exogenous (CA)14 in transfectant clones could be a useful target sequence for monitoring the effects of environmental agents on MI of human cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wang
- Central Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029 P. R. China. wang
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Grady WM, Rajput A, Myeroff L, Liu DF, Kwon K, Willis J, Markowitz S. Mutation of the type II transforming growth factor-beta receptor is coincident with the transformation of human colon adenomas to malignant carcinomas. Cancer Res 1998; 58:3101-4. [PMID: 9679977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) type II receptor (RII) is a colon cancer suppressor gene that is inactivated by mutation in 90% of human colon cancers arising via the microsatellite instability (MSI) pathway of carcinogenesis. To determine the pathophysiological consequence of RII mutations, we have determined the timing of their onset among 22 MSI human colon adenomas of varying stages. No RII mutations were detected in any early MSI adenoma, including all those with simple tubular or villous histology. The earliest RII mutation detected was in a region of high-grade dysplasia but was absent from the surrounding simple adenoma. Six additional RII mutations were all found in highly progressed adenomas that contained regions of frankly invasive adenocarcinoma. These RII mutations were detected in both the advanced adenomas and their adjacent regions of carcinoma. RII mutation is a late event in MSI adenomas and correlates tightly with progression of these adenomas to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Grady
- Department of Internal Medicine and Ireland Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals of Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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31
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Herman JG, Umar A, Polyak K, Graff JR, Ahuja N, Issa JP, Markowitz S, Willson JK, Hamilton SR, Kinzler KW, Kane MF, Kolodner RD, Vogelstein B, Kunkel TA, Baylin SB. Incidence and functional consequences of hMLH1 promoter hypermethylation in colorectal carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:6870-5. [PMID: 9618505 PMCID: PMC22665 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.12.6870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1339] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of the genes involved in DNA mismatch repair is associated with microsatellite instability (MSI) in colorectal cancer. We report that hypermethylation of the 5' CpG island of hMLH1 is found in the majority of sporadic primary colorectal cancers with MSI, and that this methylation was often, but not invariably, associated with loss of hMLH1 protein expression. Such methylation also occurred, but was less common, in MSI- tumors, as well as in MSI+ tumors with known mutations of a mismatch repair gene (MMR). No hypermethylation of hMSH2 was found. Hypermethylation of colorectal cancer cell lines with MSI also was frequently observed, and in such cases, reversal of the methylation with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine not only resulted in reexpression of hMLH1 protein, but also in restoration of the MMR capacity in MMR-deficient cell lines. Our results suggest that microsatellite instability in sporadic colorectal cancer often results from epigenetic inactivation of hMLH1 in association with DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Herman
- The Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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Wu GS, Burns TF, McDonald ER, Jiang W, Meng R, Krantz ID, Kao G, Gan DD, Zhou JY, Muschel R, Hamilton SR, Spinner NB, Markowitz S, Wu G, el-Deiry WS. KILLER/DR5 is a DNA damage-inducible p53-regulated death receptor gene. Nat Genet 1997; 17:141-3. [PMID: 9326928 DOI: 10.1038/ng1097-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 750] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Liu L, Markowitz S, Gerson SL. Mismatch repair mutations override alkyltransferase in conferring resistance to temozolomide but not to 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)nitrosourea. Cancer Res 1996; 56:5375-9. [PMID: 8968088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cells with the mutator phenotype are tolerant to methylating damage from N-methylnitrosourea and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanine, exhibit replication repair errors, and have recently been found to be mutant in mismatch repair (MMR). However, resistance of cell lines with these defects to clinically used chemotherapeutic agents and the relationship of this resistance to expression of O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT), which repairs DNA damage caused by methylating agents, has not been demonstrated. We compared resistance to the methylating agent temozolomide (TMZ) and to the chloroethylating agent 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU), with and without AGT inhibition by 06-bG in several colorectal carcinoma cell lines. Two cell lines had known microsatellite instability (replication repair error-positive) and high levels of AGT, as well as a mutation in one of two MMR genes, hMLH1 (HCT116) or GTBP (HCT15). Cell line SW480 had wild-type MMR genes and high AGT, and HCT116+Ch3 has previously been transduced with chromosome 3 (carrying wild-type hMLH1) and thus has a "corrected" MMR phenotype. SW480 exhibited the expected sensitivity to TMZ and BCNU and marked potentiation of cytotoxicity by O6-bG. In contrast, HCT15 and HCT116 were markedly resistant to TMZ and were not sensitized by O6-bG-mediated inhibition of AGT, whereas the sensitivity pattern in HCT116+Ch3 cells was similar to that in SW480. All cell lines were sensitized to BCNU by O6-bG. Thus, tumor cells with defects in MMR appear particularly resistant to methylating agents in a manner that overrides dependence on AGT and its inhibition by O6-bG. However, these cells use AGT for resistance to chloroethylating agents, providing an alternative strategy for alkylating agent therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Liu
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4937, USA
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Ciraulo DL, Nikkanen HE, Palter M, Markowitz S, Gabram S, Cowell V, Luk S, Jacobs L. Clinical analysis of the utility of repeat computed tomographic scan before discharge in blunt hepatic injury. J Trauma 1996; 41:821-4. [PMID: 8913210 DOI: 10.1097/00005373-199611000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nonoperative management of hemodynamically stable blunt hepatic injury has emerged as an acceptable and safe treatment. Surveillance of this population's injuries is costly. As a prelude to establishing practice guidelines, the utility of repeat computed tomographic (CT) scans was investigated. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted on 243 hepatic injuries. The CT scans of 95 patients managed nonoperatively who did not have ongoing transfusion requirements were reviewed and graded according to the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) hepatic injury scale. Patients were grouped according to injury grade, assigned to two subgroups (patients with one CT scan versus more than one CT scan) and compared with respect to several physiologic and clinical variables. RESULTS Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between subgroups with the same grade of injury. No significant difference was demonstrated between subgroups' length of stay. CONCLUSIONS No patients failed nonoperative treatment or succumbed to their injuries. Findings on repeat CT scan have not altered the decision to discharge the clinically stable patient having suffered a grade III or lower liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Ciraulo
- Department of Trauma/EMS, Hartford Hospital, Connecticut 06102-5037, USA
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Liu D, Pearlman E, Diaconu E, Guo K, Mori H, Haqqi T, Markowitz S, Willson J, Sy MS. Expression of hyaluronidase by tumor cells induces angiogenesis in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:7832-7. [PMID: 8755562 PMCID: PMC38834 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.15.7832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid is a proteoglycan present in the extracellular matrix and is important for the maintenance of tissue architecture. Depolymerization of hyaluronic acid may facilitate tumor invasion. In addition, oligosaccharides of hyaluronic acid have been reported to induce angiogenesis. We report here that a hyaluronidase similar to the one on human sperm is expressed by metastatic human melanoma, colon carcinoma, and glioblastoma cell lines and by tumor biopsies from patients with colorectal carcinomas, but not by tissues from normal colon. Moreover, angiogenesis is induced by hyaluronidase+ tumor cells but not hyaluronidase- tumor cells and can be blocked by an inhibitor of hyaluronidase. Tumor cells thus use hyaluronidase as one of the "molecular saboteurs" to depolymerize hyaluronic acid to facilitate invasion. As a consequence, breakdown products of hyaluronic acid can further promote tumor establishment by inducing angiogenesis. Hyaluronidase on tumor cells may provide a target for anti-neoplastic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Liu
- Institute of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Wang C, Eshleman J, Lutterbaugh J, Bin Y, Willson J, Markowitz S. Spontaneous apoptosis in human colon tumor cell lines and the relation of wt p53 to apoptosis. Chin Med J (Engl) 1996; 109:537-41. [PMID: 9206101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine spontaneous apoptosis of cultured human colon tumor cell lines in vitro and to investigate the role of wild type (wt) p53 in regulation of apoptosis induced by DNA-damaging treatment. METHODS A model system of human tumor progression involving three cell lines was used in this study for examination of apoptosis. They were originally established from human colon villous adenoma, including an early passage of non-tumorigenic cell line, V235E; a late passage of weakly tumorigenic cell line, V235L; and a spontaneous progressing highly tumorigenic cell line. V411. All of them maintain wt p53 expression. For identification of apoptosis, two tests were performed: 1. morphology study using acridine orange (AO)/ethidium bromide (EB) stainning by fluorescence microscopy; 2. DNA electrophoresis on agarose gel. P53 and WAF-1 (a downstream gene of p53) expressions were analysed at mRNA level using Northern blot technique. Apoptotic index of cell lines examined was measured by DNA fluorescence assay. RESULTS Spontaneous apoptosis was demonstrated in cell lines of all stages of progression by both morphology and DNA agarose gel electrophoresis. Apoptosis was further induced in V411 after treatment of cells with 137Cs gamma-irradiation and accompanied by increases in p53 and WAF-1 expression. In contrast, a mutant p53 bearing human colon cancer cell line, sw480, lacked spontaneous apoptosis, and upon irradiation neither induction of apoptosis nor increase expression of p53 and WAF-1 were seen. CONCLUSIONS Apoptosis can be maintained in some human tumor cell lines despite transformation and carcinogenesis. Wt p53 and WAF-1 products are two of the potential mediators which effect apoptosis. Additionally, since apoptosis was enhanced by irradiation in V411, but not in sw480, it suggests that wt p53 cancer cells are more sensitive to DNA-damaging treatment than mutant p53 cancer cells. These finding may have implications for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wang
- Internal Medicine Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University
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Thiagalingam S, Lengauer C, Leach FS, Schutte M, Hahn SA, Overhauser J, Willson JK, Markowitz S, Hamilton SR, Kern SE, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. Evaluation of candidate tumour suppressor genes on chromosome 18 in colorectal cancers. Nat Genet 1996; 13:343-6. [PMID: 8673134 DOI: 10.1038/ng0796-343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome deletions are the most common genetic events observed in cancer. These deletions are generally thought to reflect the existence of a tumour suppressor gene within the lost region. However, when the lost region does not precisely coincide with a hereditary cancer locus, identification of the putative tumour suppressor gene (target of the deletion) can be problematic. For example, previous studies have demonstrated that chromosome 18q is lost in over 60% of colorectal as well as in other cancers, but the lost region could not be precisely determined. Here we present a rigorous strategy for mapping and evaluating allelic deletions in sporadic tumours, and apply it to the evaluation of chromosome 18 in colorectal cancers. Using this approach, we define a minimally lost region (MLR) on chromosome 18q21, which contains at least two candidate tumour suppressor genes, DPC4 and DCC. The analysis further suggested genetic heterogeneity, with DPC4 the deletion target in up to a third of the cases and DCC or a neighbouring gene the target in the remaining tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Thiagalingam
- Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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39
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Riggins GJ, Markowitz S, Wilson JK, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW. Absence of secretory phospholipase A2 gene alterations in human colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 1995; 55:5184-6. [PMID: 7585570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A potent modifying locus of intestinal tumorigenesis in the mouse was recently identified as secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2). The human homologue of sPLA2 maps to chromosome 1p35, a region frequently lost in human tumors. To evaluate the possibility that sPLA2 was a tumor suppressor gene that was the target of the 1p loss events, we identified polymorphisms within the human sPLA2 gene. Using these polymorphisms, 31% of 16 colorectal carcinomas were found to lose a sPLA2 allele. However, sequence analysis of the complete coding region of sPLA2 revealed no somatic mutations in the remaining allele of those tumors with allelic loss, nor in 18 additional colorectal cancers. Thus, sPLA2 is within the chromosomal region often lost during colorectal tumorigenesis, but mutations of this gene do not appear to play a major role in colorectal cancer development, and sPLA2 is unlikely to be the 1p35 tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Riggins
- Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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40
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Wang CY, Eshleman JR, Willson JK, Markowitz S. Both transforming growth factor-beta and substrate release are inducers of apoptosis in a human colon adenoma cell line. Cancer Res 1995; 55:5101-5. [PMID: 7585558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
VACO-330, a nontransformed cell line established from a human colon adenoma, undergoes spontaneous apoptosis and shedding of cells into the culture medium. Shed cells were shown to be apoptotic, both by nuclear morphology and by generation of a typical "laddered" pattern of degraded DNA. Quantitation of DNA released into the medium, compared with the amount retained on the plate, demonstrated that 6.2 +/- 1.1% of the total cell mass underwent apoptotic death daily. The addition of transforming growth factor beta (20 ng/ml) accelerated this spontaneous apoptotic rate 3.2-fold. Moreover, apoptosis could be rapidly induced in up to 45% of the VACO-330 cells by using brief exposure to a calcium chelating medium to release the cells from the substratum. We suggest that transforming growth factor beta is a likely physiological regulator of apoptosis during maturation of the colonic epithelial cells. We additionally suggest the existence of an alternate pathway, which at the time of shedding from the crypt induces apoptosis in colonic epithelial cells that have escaped earlier apoptotic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Wang
- Ireland Cancer Center, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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41
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Wang J, Sun L, Myeroff L, Wang X, Gentry LE, Yang J, Liang J, Zborowska E, Markowitz S, Willson JK. Demonstration that mutation of the type II transforming growth factor beta receptor inactivates its tumor suppressor activity in replication error-positive colon carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:22044-9. [PMID: 7665626 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.37.22044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Escape from negative growth regulation by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) as a result of the loss of TGF-beta type II receptor (RII) expression has been found to be associated with the replication error (RER) colorectal cancer genotype, which is characteristic of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancers. The RER-positive HCT 116 colon carcinoma cell line was examined for RII mutations. A 1-base deletion was found within a sequence of 10 repeating adenines (nucleotides 709-718), which resulted in a frameshift mutation. Although it is reasonable to predict that the loss of RII function would be an important determinant of malignancy, the large number of potential mutations in cells of this phenotype raises the possibility that an RII mutation may not be a key event in the tumorigenic phenotype of these cells. One way to test directly the importance of RII mutations in determining the malignant phenotype would be to restore its expression. If restoration of expression leads to diminished tumorigenicity, it would indicate that RII mutation is an important determinant of malignancy in the RER phenotype. To determine whether restoration of RII would lead to reversal of malignancy in RER colon cancers, an RII expression vector was transfected into the HCT 116 cell line. RII stable clones showed mRNA and protein expression of transfected RII. The fibronectin mRNA level was increased by exogenous TGF-beta 1 treatment in a dose-dependent manner in RII-positive clones, whereas the control cells remained insensitive. The RII transfectants showed reduced clonogenicity in both monolayer culture and soft agarose. They were growth arrested at a lower saturation density than control cells. TGF-beta 1-neutralizing antibody stimulated the proliferation of RII-transfected but not control cells, indicating that the alterations in the growth parameters of the transfected cells were due to the acquisition of autocrine-negative activity. Tumorigenicity in athymic mice was reduced and delayed in RII transfectants. These results indicate that reconstitution of TGF-beta autocrine activity by reexpression of RII can reverse malignancy in RER colon cancers, thus verifying that the malignancy of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer can be directly associated with the loss of RII expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43699, USA
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42
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Papadopoulos N, Nicolaides NC, Liu B, Parsons R, Lengauer C, Palombo F, D'Arrigo A, Markowitz S, Willson JK, Kinzler KW. Mutations of GTBP in genetically unstable cells. Science 1995; 268:1915-7. [PMID: 7604266 DOI: 10.1126/science.7604266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The molecular defects responsible for tumor cell hypermutability in humans have not yet been fully identified. Here the gene encoding a G/T mismatch-binding protein (GTBP) was localized to within 1 megabase of the related hMSH2 gene on chromosome 2 and was found to be inactivated in three hypermutable cell lines. Unlike cells defective in other mismatch repair genes, which display widespread alterations in mononucleotide, dinucleotide, and other simple repeated sequences, the GTBP-deficient cells showed alterations primarily in mononucleotide tracts. These results suggest that GTBP is important for maintaining the integrity of the human genome and document molecular defects accounting for variation in mutator phenotype.
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43
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Markowitz S, Wang J, Myeroff L, Parsons R, Sun L, Lutterbaugh J, Fan RS, Zborowska E, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. Inactivation of the type II TGF-beta receptor in colon cancer cells with microsatellite instability. Science 1995; 268:1336-8. [PMID: 7761852 DOI: 10.1126/science.7761852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1575] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a potent inhibitor of epithelial cell growth. Human colon cancer cell lines with high rates of microsatellite instability were found to harbor mutations in the type II TGF-beta receptor (RII) gene. Eight such examples, due to three different mutations, were identified. The mutations were clustered within small repeated sequences in the RII gene, were accompanied by the absence of cell surface RII receptors, and were usually associated with small amounts of RII transcript. RII mutation, by inducing the escape of cells from TGF-beta-mediated growth control, links DNA repair defects with a specific pathway of tumor progression.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Colonic Neoplasms/genetics
- Colonic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Colonic Neoplasms/pathology
- Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis/genetics
- Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis/metabolism
- Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis/pathology
- DNA Repair
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA, Satellite/genetics
- Disease Progression
- Frameshift Mutation
- Humans
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Phenotype
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Sequence Deletion
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- S Markowitz
- Department of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland, OH, USA
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44
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da Costa LT, Liu B, el-Deiry W, Hamilton SR, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Markowitz S, Willson JK, de la Chapelle A, Downey KM. Polymerase delta variants in RER colorectal tumours. Nat Genet 1995; 9:10-1. [PMID: 7704014 DOI: 10.1038/ng0195-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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45
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Liu B, Nicolaides NC, Markowitz S, Willson JK, Parsons RE, Jen J, Papadopolous N, Peltomäki P, de la Chapelle A, Hamilton SR. Mismatch repair gene defects in sporadic colorectal cancers with microsatellite instability. Nat Genet 1995; 9:48-55. [PMID: 7704024 DOI: 10.1038/ng0195-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 581] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Microsatellite instability has been observed in both sporadic and hereditary forms of colorectal cancer. In the hereditary form, this instability is generally due to germline mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes. However, only one in ten patients with sporadic tumours exhibiting microsatellite instability had a detectable germline mutation. Moreover, only three of seven sporadic tumour cell lines with microsatellite instability had mutations in a MMR gene, and these mutations could occur somatically. These results demonstrate that tumours can acquire somatic mutations that presumably do not directly affect cell growth but result only in genetic instability. They also suggest that many sporadic tumours with microsatellite instability have alterations in genes other than the four now known to participate in MMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Liu
- Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
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46
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Jen J, Harper JW, Bigner SH, Bigner DD, Papadopoulos N, Markowitz S, Willson JK, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. Deletion of p16 and p15 genes in brain tumors. Cancer Res 1994; 54:6353-8. [PMID: 7987828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have used molecular genetic methods to examine the status of cell cycle-inhibitory genes in human brain tumors. We found that p16 and a neighboring gene, p15, were often homozygously deleted in glioblastoma multiformes but not in medulloblastomas or ependymomas. The deletions occurred in both primary tumors and their derived xenografts, but no intragenic mutations in either of the two genes were found. The p15 gene was expressed in a more widespread pattern in normal tissues than p16, but the products of both genes had similar capacities to bind to cyclin D-dependent kinases 4 and 6. These data suggest that the target of deletion in glioblastoma multiforme includes both p15 and p16 genes. The reason that homozygous deletions, rather than intragenic mutations, are so common in these tumors may be that deletion is a more efficient mechanism for simultaneous inactivation of both genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jen
- Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
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47
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Liu B, Parsons RE, Hamilton SR, Petersen GM, Lynch HT, Watson P, Markowitz S, Willson JK, Green J, de la Chapelle A. hMSH2 mutations in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer kindreds. Cancer Res 1994; 54:4590-4. [PMID: 8062247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
It has recently been shown that hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is caused by hereditable defects in DNA mismatch repair genes. However, the fraction of HNPCC due to defects in any one repair gene and the nature of these mutations are not known. We analyzed 29 HNPCC kindreds for mutations in the prototype DNA mismatch repair gene hMSH2 by a combination of linkage analysis, polymerase chain reaction-based screening, and sequencing of the coding region. The complete intron/exon structure of the gene was ascertained to facilitate this analysis. The results suggest that at least 40% of classic HNPCC kindreds are associated with germline mutations in hMSH2 and that most of these mutations produce drastic alterations in the predicted protein product.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Liu
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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48
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Pietenpol JA, Papadopoulos N, Markowitz S, Willson JK, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. Paradoxical inhibition of solid tumor cell growth by bcl2. Cancer Res 1994; 54:3714-7. [PMID: 8033089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The BCL2 gene product has been demonstrated to prevent apoptosis and provide a selective growth advantage to many cell types. We report an unexpected effect of bcl2 expression on the in vitro growth of several solid tumor cell lines. Expression of bcl2 in these cell lines resulted in growth inhibition similar to that seen with p53. In contrast, a COOH-terminal deletion mutant of bcl2 was unable to suppress growth. Thus, the bcl2 protein may exert distinct biological effects in different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Pietenpol
- Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
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49
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Abstract
We have described a patient with eastern equine encephalomyelitis acquired in central Virginia, an area in which EEE is not ordinarily considered endemic. The unusual presenting features of our patient's encephalomyelitis were bladder dysfunction and hematuria as well as prominent mood and affect disturbances, which are usually seen in association with St. Louis encephalitis. The diagnosis of arboviral encephalomyelitis was considered because of the severe CNS manifestations and spinal cord involvement, and was facilitated by the detection of specific IgM antibodies in both the CSF and serum. A high index of suspicion is required to make the diagnosis of EEE, especially in nonendemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Lavoie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond 23298
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50
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Leach FS, Elledge SJ, Sherr CJ, Willson JK, Markowitz S, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. Amplification of cyclin genes in colorectal carcinomas. Cancer Res 1993; 53:1986-9. [PMID: 8481900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The genetic status of cyclin genes was examined in a panel of 47 colorectal carcinoma cell lines. Cyclin D2 was found to be amplified in one tumor and cyclin E in another. In each of the two cases, the amplified cyclin gene was overexpressed at the protein or mRNA level. Cyclin D1, previously shown to be amplified in breast and other tumors, was not amplified in these cancers. These data suggest that a variety of cyclin genes can play a role in human tumorigenesis and that cyclins D2 and E are particularly important in a subset of colorectal neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Leach
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
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