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Otsuki H, Arashi H, Nakazawa M, Inagaki Y, Ebihara S, Tanaka K, Nakao M, Watanabe E, Ogawa H, Yamaguchi J, Hagiwara N. Aggressive lipid lowering therapy with pitavastatin and ezetimibe improve cardiovascular outcomes in patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction: insights from the HIJ-PROPER Study. Eur Heart J 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.1627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Aims
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of aggressive lipid-lowering therapy with pitavastatin and ezetimibe in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) as compared with those with other classification of an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) including non-STEMI (NSTEMI) and unstable angina pectoris (UA).
Methods
This is a post hoc sub-analysis of the HIJ-PROPER study. In the original study, ACS patients with dyslipidemia were randomized to either pitavastatin + ezetimibe therapy or pitavastatin monotherapy. In the present analysis, we divided HIJ-PROPER participants into the STEMI group (n=880) and NSTEMI + UA group (n=841). Cardiovascular events were analyzed between the two groups. The primary endpoint was a composite of major advanced cardiovascular events (MACE; all-cause death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, unstable angina pectoris, and ischemia-driven revascularization)
Result
During median follow-up period of 3.4 years, the cumulative incidence of the primary endpoint in STEMI group was 31.9% in the pitavastatin+ezetimibe therapy, compared with 39.7% in the pitavastatin-monotherapy (HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.62–0.97; p=0.02). However, there was no effect of pitavastatin+ezetimibe therapy on the primary endpoint in the NSTEMI + UA group. Concerning the individual components of the primary endpoint in STEMI group, the percentage of occurrence of all-cause death was significantly lower in the pitavastatin+ezetimibe therapy compared to pitavastatin mono-therapy (14 patients (3.2%) vs. 31 patients (6.9%), respectively; HR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.23–1.84, p=0.01). Multivariate analysis revealed that use of ezetimibe and prevalence of diabetes mellitus at baseline were independent predictors of primary endpoints in STEMI group (HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.63–0.99; p=0.04 for use of ezetimibe, HR 1.54; 95% CI, 1.22–1.94, p=0.0003 for diabetes mellitus).
Conclusion
Patients with pitavastatin+ezetimibe therapy as compared with pitavastatin-monotherapy had lower cardiovascular event in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.
Kaplan-Meier curves for primary endpoint
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding source: None
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Affiliation(s)
- H Otsuki
- Tokyo Women's Medical University, Department of Cardiology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Arashi
- Tokyo Women's Medical University, Department of Cardiology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Nakazawa
- Tokyo Women's Medical University, Department of Cardiology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Inagaki
- Tokyo Women's Medical University, Department of Cardiology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Ebihara
- Tokyo Women's Medical University, Department of Cardiology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Tanaka
- Tokyo Women's Medical University, Department of Cardiology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Nakao
- Tokyo Women's Medical University, Department of Cardiology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - E Watanabe
- Tokyo Women's Medical University, Department of Cardiology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Ogawa
- Tokyo Women's Medical University, Department of Cardiology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - J Yamaguchi
- Tokyo Women's Medical University, Department of Cardiology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Hagiwara
- Tokyo Women's Medical University, Department of Cardiology, Tokyo, Japan
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Freeman S, Neufeld E, Frise Smith T, Fisher K, Ebihara S. WISHFUL THINKING: AN EXAMINATION OF PALLIATIVE HOME CARE CLIENTS WHO EXPRESSED A WISH TO DIE NOW. Innov Aging 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igx004.2154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. Freeman
- School of Nursing, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada,
| | - E. Neufeld
- Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada,
| | | | - K. Fisher
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada,
| | - S. Ebihara
- Toho University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Umemura S, Imai S, Mimura A, Fujiwara M, Ebihara S. Impaired Maternal Behavior in Usp46 Mutant Mice: A Model for Trans-Generational Transmission of Maternal Care. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136016. [PMID: 26284364 PMCID: PMC4540444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Usp46 mutant mice (congenic strain on a B6 genetic background; MT mice) have a low weaning rate and display poor maternal behavior compared to C57BL/6J mice (B6 mice). Based on these observations, we examined how maternal behavior is shaped by cross-fostering and in-fostering MT and B6 mice. The experiments consisted of six groups: B6 mice fostered by their biological mother (B6-CO); MT mice fostered by their biological mother (MT-CO); B6 mice fostered by a different B6 mother (B6-IF); MT mice fostered by a different MT mother (MT-IF); B6 mice fostered by an MT mother (B6-CF); and MT mice fostered by a B6 mother (MT-CF). Maternal behavior was assessed using the pup-retrieval test in adult female offspring, and four parameters, time nursing pups in the nest, time sniffing or licking pups, rearing behavior, and latency to retrieve pups, were measured. Cross-fostering significantly reduced time spent nursing and sniffing/licking pup, and increased the number of instances of rearing in the B6-CF group, and improved three parameters of maternal behaviors (nursing, rearing and latency) in the MT-CF group. These results indicate that the level of maternal care is transmitted to their pups and proper maternal behaviors can be shaped if adequate postpartum maternal care is given, even in genetically vulnerable mice. However, the offspring’s genotype may also influence the development of maternal behaviors in adulthood. Thus, MT mice may prove useful as a model for trans-generational transmission of maternal care, and these findings may provide insight into the mechanisms of maltreating behaviors in human child abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoya Umemura
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Saki Imai
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ayumi Mimura
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mari Fujiwara
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shizufumi Ebihara
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Inoue A, Arima A, Kato H, Ebihara S. Utility of finger maze test for learning and memory abilities in infants of cynomolgus monkeys exposed to thiamazole. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2014; 54:220-4. [PMID: 24854349 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new type of learning and memory test using a finger maze was conducted in infant cynomolgus monkeys that were exposed to thiamazole (2 and 3.5 mg/kg per day to pregnant animals orally) during the fetal period (gestational days 120 to 150). We modified Tsuchida's original finger maze test method by reducing the number of trials per day and simplifying the criteria for achievement of training, and we added a long-term memory test. In the memory test, thiamazole-exposed infants required greater time to complete the finger maze test than the control infants although no effect was noted in the training or learning test. The results suggest that an impaired long-term memory could be detected by our modified finger maze test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Inoue
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories (SNBL) Ltd., Kagoshima, Japan; Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Inoue A, Arima A, Kato H, Yamashita N, Nishida Y, Ooshima Y, Ebihara S. Effects of maternal exposure to thiamazole on behavioral development in infant cynomolgus monkeys. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2013; 53:149-54. [PMID: 24712473 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thiamazole, an anti-hyperthyroidism agent, was administered orally to pregnant cynomolgus monkeys at doses of 2.0 and 3.5 mg/kg per day from GD 120 to GD 150 to investigate effects on behavioral development of their infants. Swelling of the throat region due to enlargement of the thyroid glands was observed at birth in thiamazole-treated infants, and it returned to normal around postnatal day (PND) 30. At necropsy of infants at 12 months of age, thyroidal weight in the thiamazole groups was increased. This finding suggested the likelihood that administration of thiamazole to maternal animals during the late gestational period induced thyroid goiter in fetal/infant monkeys through placental transfer of thiamazole. No clear changes were noted in thyroid histopathology or serum thyroid hormone levels in maternal animals or infants, but goiter formation might have been indicative of exposure to high thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and low T3 or T4 in utero from maternal treatment with thiamazole. Age-related changes were observed in the control in behavioral development tests, while infants at 3.5 mg/kg showed no age-related decrease in contact behavior and no increase in exploratory activity on PND 90 or PND 170. In addition, the number of eye contacts between PND 210 and PND 240 was less frequent. This indicated that maternal exposure to thiamazole induced mental retardation-like behaviors in infants. Thiamazole may directly inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis in the fetus by placental transfer. From these results, it was speculated that oral administration of thiamazole to maternal animals during the late gestational period induced retardation of behavioral development in their infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Inoue
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories (SNBL), Ltd, Kagoshima, Japan; Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Adachi AA, Fujioka A, Nagano M, Masumoto KH, Takumi T, Yoshimura T, Ebihara S, Mori K, Yokota Y, Shigeyoshi Y. Helix-loop-helix Protein Id2 Stabilizes Mammalian Circadian Oscillation Under Constant Light Conditions. Zoolog Sci 2013; 30:1011-8. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.30.1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kawabata S, Kouno T, Mori T, Shimoda A, Yoshino M, Ebihara S. The Evaluation of Renal Function in Patients Treated with Reduced-Dose Docetaxel, Cisplatin and 5-Fluorouracil. Ann Oncol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0923-7534(20)32434-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Imai S, Mamiya T, Tsukada A, Sakai Y, Mouri A, Nabeshima T, Ebihara S. Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 46 (Usp46) regulates mouse immobile behavior in the tail suspension test through the GABAergic system. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39084. [PMID: 22720038 PMCID: PMC3375232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The tail suspension test (TST) is widely recognized as a useful experimental paradigm for assessing antidepressant activity and depression-like behavior. We have previously identified ubiquitin-specific peptidase 46 (Usp46) as a quantitative trait gene responsible for decreasing immobility time in the TST in mice. This Usp46 mutation has a 3-bp deletion coding for lysine in the open reading frame, and we indicated that Usp46 is implicated in the regulation of the GABAergic system. However, it is not known precisely how the immobile behavior is regulated by the GABAergic system. Therefore, in the present study, we examined whether the immobility time is influenced by drugs affecting the action mediated by GABAA receptor using both 3-bp deleted (the Usp46 mutant) and null Usp46 (Usp46 KO) mice. Nitrazepam, an agonist at the benzodiazepine-binding site of the GABAA receptor, which potentiates the action of GABA, produced a dose-dependent increase in TST immobility time in the Usp46 mutant mice without affecting general behaviors. The Usp46 KO mice exhibited short immobility times comparable to the Usp46 mutant mice, which was also increased by nitrazepam administration. The effects of nitrazepam in the Usp46 mutant and KO mice were antagonized by flumazenil. These results indicate that the 3-bp deleted Usp46 mutation causes a loss-of-function phenotype, and that the GABAA receptor might participate in the regulation of TST immobility time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Imai
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Mamiya
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akira Tsukada
- Division of Applied Genetics and Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akihiro Mouri
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shizufumi Ebihara
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Nakamura TJ, Ebihara S, Shinohara K. Reduced light response of neuronal firing activity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and optic nerve of cryptochrome-deficient mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28726. [PMID: 22216107 PMCID: PMC3244417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine roles of the Cryptochromes (Cry1 and Cry2) in mammalian circadian photoreception, we recorded single-unit neuronal firing activity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a primary circadian oscillator, and optic nerve fibers in vivo after retinal illumination in anesthetized Cry1 and Cry2 double-knockout (Cry-deficient) mice. In wild-type mice, most SCN neurons increased their firing frequency in response to retinal illumination at night, whereas only 17% of SCN neurons responded during the daytime. However, 40% of SCN neurons responded to light during the daytime, and 31% of SCN neurons responded at night in Cry-deficient mice. The magnitude of the photic response in SCN neurons at night was significantly lower (1.3-fold of spontaneous firing) in Cry-deficient mice than in wild-type mice (4.0-fold of spontaneous firing). In the optic nerve near the SCN, no difference in the proportion of light-responsive fibers was observed between daytime and nighttime in both genotypes. However, the response magnitude in the light-activated fibers (ON fibers) was high during the nighttime and low during the daytime in wild-type mice, whereas this day-night difference was not observed in Cry-deficient mice. In addition, we observed day-night differences in the spontaneous firing rates in the SCN in both genotypes and in the fibers of wild-type, but not Cry-deficient mice. We conclude that the low photo response in the SCN of Cry-deficient mice is caused by a circadian gating defect in the retina, suggesting that Cryptochromes are required for appropriate temporal photoreception in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro J Nakamura
- Division of Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
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Nakane Y, Ikegami K, Ono H, Yamamoto N, Yoshida S, Kamei Y, Higashi SI, Hirunagi K, Ebihara S, Kubo Y, Yoshimura T. Opsin 5 as a deep brain photoreceptor regulating photoperiodism. Neurosci Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2011.07.740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Kawahara-Miki R, Tsuda K, Shiwa Y, Arai-Kichise Y, Matsumoto T, Kanesaki Y, Oda SI, Ebihara S, Yajima S, Yoshikawa H, Kono T. Whole-genome resequencing shows numerous genes with nonsynonymous SNPs in the Japanese native cattle Kuchinoshima-Ushi. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:103. [PMID: 21310019 PMCID: PMC3048544 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Because the Japanese native cattle Kuchinoshima-Ushi have been isolated in a small island and their lineage has been intensely protected, it has been assumed to date that numerous and valuable genomic variations are conserved in this cattle breed. Results In this study, we evaluated genetic features of this breed, including single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) information, by whole-genome sequencing using a Genome Analyzer II. A total of 64.2 Gb of sequence was generated, of which 86% of the obtained reads were successfully mapped to the reference sequence (Btau 4.0) with BWA. On an average, 93% of the genome was covered by the reads and the number of mapped reads corresponded to 15.8-fold coverage across the covered region. From these data, we identified 6.3 million SNPs, of which more than 5.5 million (87%) were found to be new. Out of the SNPs annotated in the bovine sequence assembly, 20,432 were found in protein-coding regions containing 11,713 nonsynonymous SNPs in 4,643 genes. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis using sequence data from 10 genes (more than 10 kbp) showed that Kuchinoshima-Ushi is clearly distinct from European domestic breeds of cattle. Conclusions These results provide a framework for further genetic studies in the Kuchinoshima-Ushi population and research on functions of SNP-containing genes, which would aid in understanding the molecular basis underlying phenotypic variation of economically important traits in cattle and in improving intrinsic defects in domestic cattle breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryouka Kawahara-Miki
- Genome Research Center, NODAI Research Institute, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Harada Y, Goto M, Ebihara S, Fujisawa H, Kegasawa K, Oishi T. Circadian Locomotor Activity Rhythms in the African Clawed Frog, Xenopus laevis: The Role of the Eye and the Hypothalamus. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2010. [DOI: 10.1076/brhm.29.1.30.3043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Ono H, Nakao N, Yamamura T, Kinoshita K, Mizutani M, Namikawa T, Iigo M, Ebihara S, Yoshimura T. Red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) as a model for studying the molecular mechanism of seasonal reproduction. Anim Sci J 2010; 80:328-32. [PMID: 20163644 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2009.00628.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Photoperiodism is an adaptation mechanism that enables animals to predict seasonal changes in the environment. Japanese quail is the best model organism for studying photoperiodism. Although the recent availability of chicken genome sequences has permitted the expansion from single gene to genome-wide transcriptional analysis in this organism, the photoperiodic response of the domestic chicken is less robust than that of the quail. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the photoperiodic response of the red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus), a predecessor of the domestic chicken, to test whether this animal could be developed as an ideal model for studying the molecular mechanisms of seasonal reproduction. When red jungle fowls were transferred from short-day- to long-day conditions, gonadal development and an increase in plasma LH concentration were observed. Furthermore, rapid induction of thyrotropin beta subunit, a master regulator of photoperiodism, was observed at 16 h after dawn on the first long day. In addition, the long-day condition induced the expression of type 2 deiodinase, the key output gene of photoperiodism. These results were consistent with the results obtained in quail and suggest that the red jungle fowl could be an ideal model animal for the genome-wide transcriptional analysis of photoperiodism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Ono
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
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Nakamura TJ, Sellix MT, Kudo T, Nakao N, Yoshimura T, Ebihara S, Colwell CS, Block GD. Influence of the estrous cycle on clock gene expression in reproductive tissues: effects of fluctuating ovarian steroid hormone levels. Steroids 2010; 75:203-12. [PMID: 20096720 PMCID: PMC2835461 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms in physiology and behavior are known to be influenced by the estrous cycle in female rodents. The clock genes responsible for the generation of circadian oscillations are widely expressed both within the central nervous system and peripheral tissues, including those that comprise the reproductive system. To address whether the estrous cycle affects rhythms of clock gene expression in peripheral tissues, we first examined rhythms of clock gene expression (Per1, Per2, Bmal1) in reproductive (uterus, ovary) and non-reproductive (liver) tissues of cycling rats using quantitative real-time PCR (in vivo) and luminescent recording methods to measure circadian rhythms of PER2 expression in tissue explant cultures from cycling PER2::LUCIFERASE (PER2::LUC) knockin mice (ex vivo). We found significant estrous variations of clock gene expression in all three tissues in vivo, and in the uterus ex vivo. We also found that exogenous application of estrogen and progesterone altered rhythms of PER2::LUC expression in the uterus. In addition, we measured the effects of ovarian steroids on clock gene expression in a human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7 cells) as a model for endocrine cells that contain both the steroid hormone receptors and clock genes. We found that progesterone, but not estrogen, acutely up-regulated Per1, Per2, and Bmal1 expression in MCF-7 cells. Together, our findings demonstrate that the timing of the circadian clock in reproductive tissues is influenced by the estrous cycle and suggest that fluctuating steroid hormone levels may be responsible, in part, through direct effects on the timing of clock gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro J Nakamura
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
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Ebihara S, Tomida S. [Identification of a gene regulating "behavioral despair" in mice]. Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi 2010; 30:19-22. [PMID: 20297739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We found that CS mice exhibit an extremely low immobility time (almost no immobility) in both the tail suspension test (TST) and forced swimming test (FST). In these tests, animals are subjected to the short-term, inescapable stress of being suspended by their tail or being forced to swim in a water-filled cylinder. In such situations, the animals rapidly adopt a characteristic immobile posture that has been named "behavioral despair" on the assumption that the animals have given up hope of escaping. These tests have been widely used for assessing antidepressant activity and depression-like behavior. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping using CS and C57BL/6J mice revealed significant QTLs on chromosomes (Chrs) 4 (FST) and 5 (TST and FST). To identify the quantitative trait gene on Chr 5, we narrowed the QTL interval to 0.5 Mb using several congenic and subcongenic strains. Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 46 (Usp46) with a lysine codon deletion was located in this region. This deletion affected nest-building, muscimol-induced righting reflex and anti-immobility effects of imipramine. The muscimol-induced current in the hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons and hippocampal expression of the 67-kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase significantly decreased in the Usp46 mutant mice compared to control mice. All these phenotypes were rescued in transgenic mice with bacterial artificial chromosomes containing wild-type Usp46. Thus, Usp46 affects "behavioral despair" and it is implicated in the regulation of GABA action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizufumi Ebihara
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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Yasuo S, Yoshimura T, Ebihara S, Korf HW. Photoperiodic control of TSH-beta expression in the mammalian pars tuberalis has different impacts on the induction and suppression of the hypothalamo-hypopysial gonadal axis. J Neuroendocrinol 2010; 22:43-50. [PMID: 19912473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2009.01936.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal reproduction depends on photoperiod-regulated activation or suppression of the gonadal axis. Recent studies in quail have identified long-day induced TSH-beta expression in the pars tuberalis (PT) as a rapid trigger of gonadal activation. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) induces type 2 deiodinase (Dio2) in the ependymal cell layer (EC) of the infundibular recess to stimulate the gonadal axis. A similar mechanism is proposed in sheep and mice, but the experimental data on the temporal patterns of induction and suppression of TSH-beta and Dio2 expression are incomplete. In the present study, we examined the expression of TSH-beta and Dio2 in hamsters transferred from short- to long-day conditions for 9 days, and demonstrate the induction of TSH-beta and Dio2 on day 8 after transition. These data demonstrate the close relationship between TSH-beta and Dio2 expression in the inductive pathway. The temporal expression of TSH-beta and Dio2 in the suppressive pathway was also examined by s.c. melatonin injection, which mimics the transition from long to short days. Importantly, Dio2 expression in the EC is suppressed on day 1 after the onset of injection, whereas TSH-beta expression in the PT was not suppressed until day 10. These data suggest that regulated transcription of TSH-beta is involved in the induction of the gonadal axis in mammals, whereas the suppression of this axis is mediated by different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yasuo
- Dr Senckenbergische Anatomie, Institute of Anatomie II, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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17
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Yamanda S, Ebihara S, Ebihara T, Yamasaki M, Arai H, Kohzuki M. Bacteriology of aspiration pneumonia due to delayed triggering of the swallowing reflex in elderly patients. J Hosp Infect 2009; 74:399-401. [PMID: 19819587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2009.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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18
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Wang Y, Kakizaki T, Sakagami H, Saito K, Ebihara S, Kato M, Hirabayashi M, Saito Y, Furuya N, Yanagawa Y. Fluorescent labeling of both GABAergic and glycinergic neurons in vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT)-venus transgenic mouse. Neuroscience 2009; 164:1031-43. [PMID: 19766173 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory neurons play important roles in a number of brain functions. They are composed of GABAergic neurons and glycinergic neurons, and vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT) is specifically expressed in these neurons. Since the inhibitory neurons are scattered around in the CNS, it is difficult to identify these cells in living brain preparations. The glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) 67-GFP knock-in mouse has been widely used for the identification of GABAergic neurons, but their GAD67 expression was decreased compared to the wild-type mice. To overcome such a problem and to highlight the function and morphology of inhibitory neurons, we generated four lines of VGAT-Venus transgenic mice (lines #04, #29, #39 and #49) expressing Venus fluorescent protein under the control of mouse VGAT promoter. We found higher expression level of Venus transcripts and proteins as well as brighter fluorescent signal in line #39 mouse brains, compared to brains of other lines examined. By Western blots and spectrofluorometric measurements of forebrain, the line #39 mouse showed stronger GFP immunoreactivity and brighter fluorescent intensity than the GAD67-GFP knock-in mouse. In addition, Venus was present not only in somata, but also in neurites in the line #39 mouse by histological studies. In situ hybridization analysis showed that the expression pattern of Venus in the line #39 mouse was similar to that of endogenous VGAT. Double immunostaining analysis in line #39 mouse showed that Venus-expressing cells are primarily immunoreactive for GABA in cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellar cortex and for GABA or glycine in dorsal cochlear nucleus. These results demonstrate that the VGAT-Venus line #39 mouse should be useful for studies on function and morphology of inhibitory neurons in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
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Yasuo S, Yoshimura T, Ebihara S, Korf HW. Melatonin transmits photoperiodic signals through the MT1 melatonin receptor. J Neurosci 2009; 29:2885-9. [PMID: 19261884 PMCID: PMC6666200 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0145-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin transmits photoperiodic signals that regulate reproduction. Two melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) have been cloned in mammals and additional melatonin binding sites suggested, but the receptor that mediates the effects of melatonin on the photoperiodic gonadal response has not yet been identified. We therefore investigated in mice whether and how targeted disruption of MT1, MT2, or both receptor types affects the expression level of two key genes for the photoperiodic gonadal regulation, type 2 and 3 deiodinase (Dio2 and Dio3, respectively). These are expressed in the ependymal cell layer lining the infundibular recess of the third ventricle and regulated by thyrotropin produced in the pars tuberalis. In wild-type C3H mice, Dio2 expression was constantly low, and no photoperiodic changes were observed, whereas Dio3 expression was upregulated under short-day conditions. In C3H with targeted disruption of MT1 and MT1/MT2, Dio2 expression was constitutively upregulated, Dio3 expression was constitutively downregulated, and the photoperiodic effect on Dio3 expression was abolished. Under short-day conditions, C3H with targeted disruption of MT2 displayed similar expression levels of Dio2 and Dio3 as wild-type animals, but they responded to long-day condition with a stronger suppression of Dio3 than wild-type mice. Melatonin injections into wild-type C57BL mice suppressed Dio2 expression and induced Dio3 expression under long-day conditions. These effects were abolished in C57BL mice with targeted disruption of MT1. All data suggest that the melatonin signal that transmits photoperiodic information to the hypothalamo-hypophysial axis acts on the MT1 receptor.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- In Situ Hybridization
- Iodide Peroxidase/biosynthesis
- Iodide Peroxidase/genetics
- Male
- Melatonin/pharmacology
- Melatonin/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Knockout
- Photoperiod
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/drug effects
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/genetics
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/physiology
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/drug effects
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/genetics
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/physiology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Iodothyronine Deiodinase Type II
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Yasuo
- Dr. Senckenbergische Anatomie, Institute of Anatomie II, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Takashi Yoshimura
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology
- Avian Bioscience Research Center, and
| | - Shizufumi Ebihara
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Horst-Werner Korf
- Dr. Senckenbergische Anatomie, Institute of Anatomie II, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Watanabe T, Suzuki T, Ishikawa A, Yokota Y, Ueda HR, Yamada RG, Tei H, Imai S, Tomida S, Kobayashi J, Naito E, Yasuo S, Nakao N, Namikawa T, Yoshimura T, Ebihara S. Genetic and molecular analysis of wild-derived arrhythmic mice. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4301. [PMID: 19173005 PMCID: PMC2628734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A new circadian variant was isolated by screening the intercross offspring of wild-caught mice (Mus musculus castaneus). This variant was characterized by an initial maintenance of damped oscillations and subsequent loss of rhythmicity after being transferred from light-dark (LD) cycles to constant darkness (DD). To map the genes responsible for the persistence of rhythmicity (circadian ratio) and the length of free-running period (tau), quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis was performed using F(2) mice obtained from an F(1) cross between the circadian variant and C57BL/6J mice. As a result, a significant QTL with a main effect for circadian ratio (Arrhythmicity; Arrh-1) was mapped on Chromosome (Chr) 8. For tau, four significant QTLs, Short free-running period (Sfp-1) (Chr 1), Sfp-2 (Chr 6), Sfp-3 (Chr 8), Sfp-4 (Chr 11) were determined. An epistatic interaction was detected between Chr 3 (Arrh-2) and Chr 5 (Arrh-3). An in situ hybridization study of clock genes and mouse Period1::luciferase (mPer1::luc) real-time monitoring analysis in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) suggested that arrhythmicity in this variant might not be attributed to core circadian mechanisms in the SCN neurons. Our strategy using wild-derived variant mice may provide a novel opportunity to evaluate circadian and its related disorders in human that arise from the interaction between multiple variant genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Watanabe
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tohru Suzuki
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Akira Ishikawa
- Division of Applied Genetics and Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuki Yokota
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroki R. Ueda
- Laboratory for Systems Biology, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Hyogo, Japan
- Functional Genomics Subunit, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Rikuhiro G. Yamada
- Laboratory for Systems Biology, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hajime Tei
- Research Group of Chronogenomics, Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saki Imai
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shigeru Tomida
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Junya Kobayashi
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Emiko Naito
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinobu Yasuo
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nakao
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takao Namikawa
- Division of Applied Genetics and Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshimura
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shizufumi Ebihara
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail: .
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21
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Nakane Y, Higashi K, Iigo M, Ebihara S, Yoshimura T. Effect of dorsal hypothalamic lesion on seasonal reproduction in Japanese quail. Neurosci Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.1302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Ono H, Hoshino Y, Yasuo S, Watanabe M, Nakane Y, Murai A, Ebihara S, Korf HW, Yoshimura T. Involvement of thyrotropin in photoperiodic signal transduction in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:18238-42. [PMID: 19015516 PMCID: PMC2587639 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0808952105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Local thyroid hormone catabolism within the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) by thyroid hormone-activating (DIO2) and -inactivating (DIO3) enzymes regulates seasonal reproduction in birds and mammals. Recent functional genomics analysis in birds has shown that long days induce thyroid-stimulating hormone production in the pars tuberalis (PT) of the pituitary gland, which triggers DIO2 expression in the ependymal cells (EC) of the MBH. In mammals, nocturnal melatonin secretion provides an endocrine signal of the photoperiod to the PT that contains melatonin receptors in high density, but the interface between the melatonin signal perceived in the PT and the thyroid hormone levels in the MBH remains unclear. Here we provide evidence in mice that TSH participates in this photoperiodic signal transduction. Although most mouse strains are considered to be nonseasonal, a robust photoperiodic response comprising induced expression of TSHB (TSH beta subunit), CGA (TSH alpha subunit), and DIO2, and reduced expression of DIO3, was observed in melatonin-proficient CBA/N mice. These responses could not be elicited in melatonin-deficient C57BL/6J, but treatment of C57BL/6J mice with exogenous melatonin elicited similar effects on the expression of the above-mentioned genes as observed in CBA/N after transfer to short-day conditions. The EC was found to express TSH receptor (TSHR), and ICV injection of TSH induced DIO2 expression. Finally, we show that melatonin administration did not affect the expression of TSHB, DIO2, and DIO3 in TSHR-null mice. Taken together, our findings suggest that melatonin-dependent regulation of thyroid hormone levels in the MBH appears to involve TSH in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Ono
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences
| | - Yuta Hoshino
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences
| | - Shinobu Yasuo
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences
- Dr. Senckenbergische Anatomie, Institute of Anatomie II, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Miwa Watanabe
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences
| | - Yusuke Nakane
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences
| | | | | | - Horst-Werner Korf
- Dr. Senckenbergische Anatomie, Institute of Anatomie II, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Takashi Yoshimura
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences
- Avian Bioscience Research Center, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; and
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23
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Hada N, Kobayashi M, Fujiyoshi M, Ishikawa A, Kuga M, Nishimura M, Ebihara S, Ohno T, Horio F. Quantitative trait loci for impaired glucose tolerance in nondiabetic SM/J and A/J mice. Physiol Genomics 2008; 35:65-74. [PMID: 18628340 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00027.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The SMXA-5 recombinant inbred strain, which was established from nondiabetic parental SM/J and A/J mice, develops diabetic phenotypes such as impaired glucose tolerance. The combination of diabetogenic genes in the SM/J and A/J genomes impairs glucose tolerance in SMXA-5 mice. Using (SM/J x SMXA-5)F2 mice fed a high-fat diet, we previously detected a diabetogenic locus, T2dm2sa, on chromosome (Chr) 2. The A/J allele at this locus is diabetogenic. The SM.A-T2dm2sa congenic mouse, in which the Chr 2 region of A/J including T2dm2sa was introgressed into SM/J, showed obviously impaired glucose tolerance. These results indicate that SM.A-T2dm2sa mice develop diabetogenic traits due to T2dm2sa with the A/J allele and unknown diabetogenic loci with the SM/J allele. The aim of this study was to dissect these unknown loci, using quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis in the (A/J x SM.A-T2dm2sa) F2 intercross fed a high-fat diet. The results revealed a highly significant QTL, T2dm4sa, for glucose tolerance on Chr 6 and a significant QTL, T2dm5sa, for glucose tolerance on Chr 11. These loci with the SM/J allele were diabetogenic. The diabetogenic effect of T2dm4sa or T2dm5sa was verified by the impairment of glucose tolerance in the A/J-6(SM) or A/J-11(SM) consomic strain, in which Chr 6 or Chr 11 of SM/J is introgressed into A/J, respectively. These results demonstrate that diabetogenic loci exist in the genomes of nondiabetic A/J and SM/J mice and suggest that T2dm2sa with the A/J allele and T2dm4sa and/or T2dm5sa with the SM/J allele elicit impaired glucose tolerance in SM.A-T2dm2sa mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Hada
- Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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24
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Nakao N, Ono H, Yamamura T, Anraku T, Takagi T, Higashi K, Yasuo S, Katou Y, Kageyama S, Uno Y, Kasukawa T, Iigo M, Sharp PJ, Iwasawa A, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Niimi T, Mizutani M, Namikawa T, Ebihara S, Ueda HR, Yoshimura T. Thyrotrophin in the pars tuberalis triggers photoperiodic response. Nature 2008; 452:317-22. [PMID: 18354476 DOI: 10.1038/nature06738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2007] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms regulating animal seasonal breeding in response to changing photoperiod are not well understood. Rapid induction of gene expression of thyroid-hormone-activating enzyme (type 2 deiodinase, DIO2) in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) of the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) is the earliest event yet recorded in the photoperiodic signal transduction pathway. Here we show cascades of gene expression in the quail MBH associated with the initiation of photoinduced secretion of luteinizing hormone. We identified two waves of gene expression. The first was initiated about 14 h after dawn of the first long day and included increased thyrotrophin (TSH) beta-subunit expression in the pars tuberalis; the second occurred approximately 4 h later and included increased expression of DIO2. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of TSH to short-day quail stimulated gonadal growth and expression of DIO2 which was shown to be mediated through a TSH receptor-cyclic AMP (cAMP) signalling pathway. Increased TSH in the pars tuberalis therefore seems to trigger long-day photoinduced seasonal breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Nakao
- Division of Biomodelling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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25
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Abstract
In mammals, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the circadian pacemaker, receives light information via the retina and functions in the entrainment of circadian rhythms and in phasing the seasonal responses of behavioral and physiological functions. To better understand photoperiod-related alterations in the SCN physiology, we analyzed the clock gene expression in the mouse SCN by performing in situ hybridization and real-time monitoring of the mPer1::luc bioluminescence. Under long photoperiod (LP) conditions, the expression rhythms of mPer1 and Bmal1 in the caudal SCN phase-led those in the rostral SCN; further, within the middle SCN, the rhythms in the ventrolateral (VL)-like subdivision advanced compared with those in the dorsomedial (DM)-like subdivision. The mPer1::luc rhythms in the entire coronal slice obtained from the middle SCN exhibited 2 peaks with a wide peak width under LP conditions. Imaging analysis of the mPer1::luc rhythms in several subdivisions of the rostral, middle, caudal, and horizontal SCN revealed wide regional variations in the peak time in the rostral half of the SCN under LP conditions. These variations were not due to alterations in the waveform of a single SCN neuronal rhythm. Our results indicate that LP conditions induce phase changes in the rhythms in multiple regions in the rostral half of the SCN; this leads to different circadian waveforms in the entire SCN, coding for day length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Naito
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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26
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Ebihara S, Aida J, Freeman S, Osaka K. Infection and its control in group homes for the elderly in Japan. J Hosp Infect 2008; 68:185-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2007.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN A simple method for preparing mouse eosinophils was established, and the characteristics of the eosinophils were assessed including their responses to anti-allergic drugs. MATERIALS OR SUBJECTS Mouse eosinophils were prepared from peritoneal exudate cells of BALB/c mice primed and boosted with antigen ovalbumin (OVA). METHODS Surface phenotypes, migration activities and leukotriene C(4) (LTC(4)) production abilities of these eosinophils were examined. In addition, the effects of anti-allergic drugs, oxatomide and tranilast, on generation of LTC(4) from mouse eosinophils were examined. RESULTS Eosinophils of mice boosted with OVA were phenotypically and functionally identical with human eosinophils. Around 1 x 10(7) eosinophils were obtained from mouse peritoneal exudate. It was found that these mouse eosinophils enabled to migrate in response to eotaxin as well as platelet-activating factor (PAF), and generated LTC(4) by IL-5 stimulation. Moreover, it was revealed that clinically used anti-allergic drugs inhibited LTC(4)-production dose-dependently. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides a convenient method to obtain fully functional mouse eosinophils that are useful for drug screening and for evaluating implications of eosinophils in allergic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ebihara
- Japan Tobacco Inc., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute,1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan.
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Ebihara S, Yasuo S, Nakao N, Yoshimura T. Molecular mechanisms of vertebrate photoperiodism. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
In many species living in temperate zones, reproduction is controlled by the photoperiod. Recent findings have clarified that type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (Dio2) plays a significant role in the photoperiodic response of gonads in the mediobasal hypothalamus, converting the prohormone T(4) into bioactive T(3). In mammals, Dio2 expression is suppressed by long-term melatonin injections, although the signal transduction pathways that link the melatonin signal to Dio2 expression are unknown. As a first step to approach the problem, we have here investigated the temporal dynamics of the melatonin effect on Dio2 expression using male Syrian hamsters. Dio2 mRNA levels were found to show diurnal rhythms under long-day conditions in an area adjacent to the tuberoinfundibular sulcus and in the ependymal cell layer lining the ventrobasal walls of the third ventricle. Daily sc melatonin injections given in the late afternoon under long-day condition suppressed the Dio2 mRNA levels already at the first day after the onset of the treatment in the ependymal cell layer lining the ventrobasal walls of the third ventricle, and 1 d later in an area adjacent to the tuberoinfundibular sulcus. These suppressive effects were sustained for at least 2 d after a single injection. Furthermore, we examined the temporal changes of the Dio2 expression after the onset of the treatment, showing that the suppression did not occur until midday of the next day. These data suggest that melatonin is involved in the signal transduction mechanisms controlling the photoperiodic response of gonads by acting on Dio2 expression rather rapidly through indirect pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Yasuo
- Dr. Senckenbergische Anatomie, Institute of Anatomy II, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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30
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Aoki Y, Ono H, Yasuo S, Masuda T, Yoshimura T, Ebihara S, Iigo M, Yanagisawa T. Molecular Evolution of Prepro-Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone in the Chicken (Gallus gallus) and Its Expression in the Brain. Zoolog Sci 2007; 24:686-92. [PMID: 17824776 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.24.686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 01/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA encoding prepro-thyrotropin-relaesing hormone (ppTRH) in chicken (Gallus gallus) was isolated and the sites of expression in the brain were determined. The chicken ppTRH cDNA encodes 260 amino acids, including four TRH progenitor sequences (-Lys/Arg-Arg-Gln-His-Pro-Gly-Lys/Arg-Arg-). It is interesting to note that chicken ppTRH harbors four TRH progenitor-like sequences. According to the hydropathy profile of chicken ppTRH, not only the TRH progenitor sequences but also the TRH progenitor-like sequences are localized in hydrophilic regions. The TRH progenitor-like sequences might be related to structural conservation in the evolution of ppTRH, although they cannot be processed into TRH due to the mutation of several amino acids. According to the alignment of the deduced amino-acid sequences of known vertebrate ppTRHs and the molecular phylogenetic tree we constructed, we speculate on the molecular evolution of ppTRH in vertebrates. In situ hybridization demonstrated experession of the ppTRH gene in the nucleus preopticus periventricularis, nucleus preopticus medialis, regio lateralis hypothalami, paraventricular nucleus, nucleus periventricularis hypothalami, and nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami in the chicken brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Aoki
- Department of Biotechnology, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Nakao N, Yasuo S, Nishimura A, Yamamura T, Watanabe T, Anraku T, Okano T, Fukada Y, Sharp PJ, Ebihara S, Yoshimura T. Circadian clock gene regulation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein gene expression in preovulatory ovarian follicles. Endocrinology 2007; 148:3031-8. [PMID: 17431006 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is now known that circadian clocks are localized not only in the central pacemaker but also in peripheral organs. An example of a clock-dependent peripheral organ is the ovary of domestic poultry in which ovulation is induced by the positive feedback action of ovarian progesterone on the neuroendocrine system to generate a preovulatory release of LH during a daily 6-10 h "open period" of the ovulatory cycle. It has been assumed previously that the timing of ovulation in poultry is controlled solely by a clock-dependent mechanism within the neuroendocrine system. Here, we question this assumption by demonstrating the expression of the clock genes, Per2 (Period 2) and Per3, Clock, and Bmal1 (brain and muscle Arnt-like protein 1), in preovulatory follicles in laying quail. Diurnal changes in Per2 and Per3 expression were seen in the largest preovulatory follicle (F1) but not in smaller follicles. We next sought to identify clock-driven genes in preovulatory follicles focusing on those involved in the synthesis of progesterone. One such gene was identified, encoding steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), which showed 24-h changes in expression in the F1 follicle coinciding with those of Per2. Evidence that StAR gene expression is clock driven was obtained by showing that its 5' flanking region contains E-box enhancers that bind to CLOCK/BMAL1 heterodimers to activate gene transcription. We also showed that LH administration increased the promoter activity of chicken StAR. We therefore suggest that the timing of ovulation in poultry involves an LH-responsive F1 follicular clock that is involved in the timing of the preovulatory release of progesterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Nakao
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Anraku T, Takagi T, Nakao N, Watanabe M, Yasuo S, Katou Y, Ueda Y, Murai A, Iigo M, Ebihara S, Yoshimura T. Photoperiodic changes in hypothalamic insulin receptor gene expression are regulated by gonadal testosterone. Brain Res 2007; 1163:86-90. [PMID: 17618942 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2007] [Revised: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In order to adapt to seasonal changes, animals exhibit robust changes in their reproductive status, body weight, and molt. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating such seasonal changes in physiology and behavior are not fully understood. Here, we report the photoperiodic regulation of the insulin receptor (IR) gene in the infundibular nucleus (anatomically homologous to the mammalian arcuate nucleus) of the Japanese quail. When the birds were transferred from short-day to long-day conditions, a significant increase in the level of IR mRNA was observed on the 10th long day, whereas that in testicular length was observed on the 5th long day. Castration abolished IR mRNA expression induced by long-day conditions, whereas the testosterone administration mimicked induction of IR mRNA expression induced by long-day conditions. These results suggested that the photoperiodic regulation of the IR mRNA in the infundibular nucleus is mediated by testosterone from the testes. It has been known that the central administration of insulin increases luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion, and neuron-specific disruption of IR gene causes impaired gonadal function due to the dysregulation of LH and increased food intake and body weight. Together with these results, the photoperiodic regulation of the IR mRNA in the hypothalamus may enhance the effect of long days in the seasonal response of reproduction and body weight changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Anraku
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Takagi T, Yamamura T, Anraku T, Yasuo S, Nakao N, Watanabe M, Iigo M, Ebihara S, Yoshimura T. Involvement of transforming growth factor alpha in the photoperiodic regulation of reproduction in birds. Endocrinology 2007; 148:2788-92. [PMID: 17363456 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism underlying photoperiodism is not well understood in any organism. Long-day-induced conversion of prohormone T(4) to bioactive T(3) within the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) is critical for the photoperiodic regulation of reproduction. However, because thyroidectomy does not completely block the photoperiodic response in some species, the existence of a thyroid hormone-independent regulatory mechanism appears certain. To identify this novel mechanism, differential subtractive hybridization analysis was performed using MBH of quail kept under short-day and long-day conditions. This analysis identified a gene encoding TGFalpha. Expression of TGFalpha mRNA was induced in the median eminence by the stimulus of long days, and this induction was observed at dusk on the first long day. This rapid induction of TGFalpha mRNA was similar to induction of the thyroid hormone-activating enzyme gene [Dio2 (type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase)], which is the earliest event yet determined in the photo-induction process. Expression analysis of epidermal growth factor receptors revealed strong expression of erbB4 and weak expression of erbB1 and erbB2 in the median eminence. Intracerebroventricular infusion of physiological dose of TGFalpha induced LH secretion and testicular growth under short-day conditions. Finally, we demonstrate that T(3) implantation and TGFalpha infusion into the MBH, either of which causes testicular growth, do not affect the expression of TGFalpha and Dio2, respectively. Thus, long-day-induced activation of the TGFalpha signaling pathway appears to mediate a thyroid hormone-independent pathway for the photoperiodic regulation of reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Takagi
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Sarukawa S, Sakuraba M, Asano T, Yano T, Kimata Y, Hayashi R, Ebihara S. Immediate maxillary reconstruction after malignant tumor extirpation. Eur J Surg Oncol 2007; 33:518-23. [PMID: 17125962 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2006.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Immediate maxillary reconstruction after malignant tumor extirpation differs from other types of maxillary reconstruction. Our reconstruction algorithm is described in this article. METHODS One hundred ninety-four patients who had undergone maxillectomy for malignant tumors were reviewed, and maxillectomy defects were classified with the method of Cordeiro and Santamaria. RESULTS Mean total blood loss was 848 ml, and 71 patients died within 2 years after surgery. For type IIIa defects of the orbital floor, titanium mesh or vascularized bone or cartilage was used for reconstruction, but the rate of postoperative complications did not differ between titanium and autografts. Therefore, to reconstruct orbital floor defects we have recently used only titanium mesh. For type I or II defects, we use autografts for only selected cases. CONCLUSIONS We strive to perform less-invasive reconstructive surgery after resection for maxillary malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sarukawa
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Head and Neck Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan.
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Watanabe T, Naito E, Nakao N, Tei H, Yoshimura T, Ebihara S. Bimodal clock gene expression in mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus and peripheral tissues under a 7-hour light and 5-hour dark schedule. J Biol Rhythms 2007; 22:58-68. [PMID: 17229925 DOI: 10.1177/0748730406295435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Using the mPer1::luc real-time monitoring technique, the authors observed the bimodal patterns of mPer1 bioluminescence on each side of the SCN, in parallel with maintaining synchronization between the left and right sides of the SCN under an artificial light:dark:light:dark (LDLD) 7:5:7:5 condition. In situ hybridization analysis of mPer1 and mBmal1 mRNA distribution in the SCN showed that in 1 photophase (morning photophase; M) of LDLD, the mPer1 level in the ventrolateral-like (VL-like) subdivision of the SCN was higher than that in the dorsomedial-like (DM-like) subdivision, and this regional distribution pattern was reversed in another photophase (evening photophase; E). In contrast, the mBmal1 level was higher in the DM-like subdivision than in the VL-like subdivision in the M phase, and this distribution changed in the E phase. The prokineticin 2 (PK2) mRNA that encodes an SCN output molecule that is thought to transmit the circadian locomotor rhythms was reduced in both the DM-like and VL-like SCN and did not clearly correlate with the activity under the LDLD condition. The expression of mPer1 and mPer2 in the liver was clearly bimodal, whereas the expressions of other clock genes were not synchronized to the LDLD condition. These results may provide important insights into the mechanism underlying the splitting or bimodal rhythms that may in turn facilitate the understanding of the ability to measure the seasonal day length in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Watanabe
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Nagoya, Japan
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Yasuo S, Watanabe M, Iigo M, Nakamura TJ, Watanabe T, Takagi T, Ono H, Ebihara S, Yoshimura T. Differential response of type 2 deiodinase gene expression to photoperiod between photoperiodic Fischer 344 and nonphotoperiodic Wistar rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 292:R1315-9. [PMID: 17110533 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00396.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The molecular basis of seasonal or nonseasonal breeding remains unknown. Although laboratory rats are generally regarded as photoperiod-insensitive species, the testicular weight of the Fischer 344 (F344) strain responds to photoperiod. Recently, it was clarified that photoperiodic regulation of type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase ( Dio2) in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) is critical in photoperiodic gonadal regulation. Strain-dependent differences in photoperiod sensitivity may now provide the opportunity to address the regulatory mechanism of seasonality by studying Dio2 expression. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the effect of photoperiod on Dio2 expression in photoperiod-sensitive F344 and photoperiod-insensitive Wistar rats. A statistically significant difference was observed between short and long days in terms of testicular weight and Dio2 expression in the F344 strain, while no difference was observed in the Wistar strain. These results suggest that differential responses of the Dio2 gene to photoperiod may determine the strain-dependent differences in photoperiod sensitivity in laboratory rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Yasuo
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Watanabe T, Yamamura T, Watanabe M, Yasuo S, Nakao N, Dawson A, Ebihara S, Yoshimura T. Hypothalamic expression of thyroid hormone-activating and -inactivating enzyme genes in relation to photorefractoriness in birds and mammals. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 292:R568-72. [PMID: 17197645 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00521.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Photorefractoriness is the insensitivity of gonadal development to the stimulatory effects of long photoperiods in birds and to the inhibitory effects of short photoperiods in small mammals. Its molecular mechanism remains unknown. Recently, it has been shown that reciprocal expression of thyroid hormone-activating enzyme [type 2 deiodinase (Dio2)] and -inactivating enzyme [type 3 deiodinase (Dio3)] genes in the mediobasal hypothalamus is critical for photoperiodically induced gonadal growth. Since thyroid hormones are required not only for photoinduction, but also for the induction of photorefractoriness, we examined the expression of these genes in relation to photorefractoriness in birds and mammals. Transfer of birds to long photoperiods induced strong expression of Dio2. This was maintained in tree sparrow when they later became photorefractory, but decreased somewhat in quail. In hamsters, transfer to long photoperiods also induced strong expression of Dio2. High values were not maintained under long photoperiods, and, indeed, expression decreased at the same rate as in animals transferred to short photoperiods. There was no renewed expression of Dio2 associated with testicular growth as animals became refractory to short photoperiods. Expression of Dio3 was high under short photoperiods and low under long photoperiods in all the animals examined, except for the short photoperiod-refractory hamsters. Our present study revealed complex regulation of deiodinase genes in the photoinduction and photorefractory processes in birds and mammals. These gene changes may be involved in the regulation of photorefractoriness, as well as photoinduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Watanabe
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Nakayama K, Kikuchi A, Yasuda H, Ebihara S, Sasaki T, Ebihara T, Yamaya M. Heme oxygenase-1 gene promoter polymorphism and decline in lung function in Japanese men. Thorax 2006; 61:921. [PMID: 17008486 PMCID: PMC2104761 DOI: 10.1136/thx.2006.066423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Yasuo S, Watanabe M, Iigo M, Yamamura T, Nakao N, Takagi T, Ebihara S, Yoshimura T. Molecular mechanism of photoperiodic time measurement in the brain of Japanese quail. Chronobiol Int 2006; 23:307-15. [PMID: 16687304 DOI: 10.1080/07420520500521913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In most organisms living in temperate zones, reproduction is under photoperiodic control. Although photoperiodic time measurement has been studied in organisms ranging from plants to vertebrates, the underlying molecular mechanism is not well understood. The Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) represents an excellent model to study this problem because of the rapid and dramatic photoperiodic response of its hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Recent investigations of Japanese quail show that long-day-induced type 2 deiodinase (Dio2) expression in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) plays an important role in the photoperiodic gonadal regulation by catalyzing the conversion of the prohormone thyroxine (T(4)) to bioactive 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3). The T3 content in the MBH is approximately 10-fold higher under long than short days and conditions, and the intracerebroventricular infusion of T3 under short days and conditions mimics the photoperiodic gonadal response. While Dio2 generates active T3 from T4 by outer ring deiodination, type 3 deiodinase (Dio3) catalyzes the conversion of both T3 and T4 into inactive forms by inner ring deiodination. In contrast to Dio2 expression, Dio3 expression in the MBH is suppressed under the long-day condition. Photoperiodic changes in the expression of both genes during the photoinduction process occur before the changes in the level of luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion, suggesting that the reciprocal changes in Dio2 and Dio3 expression act as gene switches of the photoperiodic molecular cascade to trigger induction of LH secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Yasuo
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences & Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Watanabe T, Kojima M, Tomida S, Nakamura TJ, Yamamura T, Nakao N, Yasuo S, Yoshimura T, Ebihara S. Peripheral clock gene expression in CS mice with bimodal locomotor rhythms. Neurosci Res 2006; 54:295-301. [PMID: 16442179 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2005.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2005] [Revised: 12/15/2005] [Accepted: 12/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CS mice show unique properties of circadian rhythms: unstable free-running periods and distinct bimodal rhythms (similar to rhythm splitting, but hereafter referred to as bimodal rhythms) under constant darkness. In the present study, we compared clock-related gene expression (mPer1, mBmal1 and Dbp) in the SCN and peripheral tissues (liver, adrenal gland and heart) between CS and C57BL/6J mice. In spite of normal robust oscillation in the SCN of both mice, behavioral rhythms and peripheral rhythms of clock-related genes were significantly different between these mice. However, when daytime restricted feeding was given, no essential differences between the two strains were observed. These results indicate that unusual circadian behaviors and peripheral gene expression in CS mice do not depend on the SCN but rather mechanisms outside of the SCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Watanabe
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate school of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya-shi, Japan
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Nakao N, Takagi T, Iigo M, Tsukamoto T, Yasuo S, Masuda T, Yanagisawa T, Ebihara S, Yoshimura T. Possible involvement of organic anion transporting polypeptide 1c1 in the photoperiodic response of gonads in birds. Endocrinology 2006; 147:1067-73. [PMID: 16293658 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The photoperiodic response of the gonads requires T3, which is generated photoperiodically from T4 by type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase in the hypothalamus. Although thyroid hormones were long thought to traverse the plasma membrane by passive diffusion due to their lipophilic nature, it is now known that several organic anion transporting polypeptides (Oatp) transport thyroid hormones into target cells. In this study, we have used database searches to isolate DNA sequences encoding members of the chicken Oatp family and constructed a molecular phylogenetic tree. Comprehensive expression analyses using in situ hybridization revealed strong expression of cOatp1c1 and weak expression of cOatp1b1 in the ventro-lateral walls of basal tuberal hypothalamus, whereas expression of four genes (cOatp1a1, cOatp1b1, cOatp1c1, and cOatp3a2) was observed in the choroid plexus. Expression levels of all these genes in both regions were not different between short-day and long-day conditions. Functional expression of cOatp1c1 in Chinese hamster ovary cells revealed that cOatp1c1 is a highly specific transporter for T4 with an apparent Km of 6.8 nm and a Vmax of 1.50 pmol per milligram of protein per minute. These results suggest that cOatp1c1 could be involved in the thyroxine transport necessary for the avian photoperiodic response of the gonads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Nakao
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Yamamura T, Yasuo S, Hirunagi K, Ebihara S, Yoshimura T. T3 implantation mimics photoperiodically reduced encasement of nerve terminals by glial processes in the median eminence of Japanese quail. Cell Tissue Res 2006; 324:175-9. [PMID: 16432711 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-005-0126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2005] [Accepted: 11/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Photoperiodically generated triiodothyronin (T(3)) in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) has critical roles in the photoperiodic response of the gonads in Japanese quail. In a previous study, we demonstrated seasonal morphological changes in the neuro-glial interaction between gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) nerve terminals and glial endfeet in the median eminence (ME). However, a direct relationship between photoperiodically generated T(3) and seasonal neuro-glial plasticity in the ME remained unclear. In the present study, we examined the effect of T(3) implantation into the MBH on the neuro-glial interaction in the ME. T(3) implantation caused testicular growth and reduced encasement of nerve terminals in the external zone of the ME. In contrast, no morphological changes were observed in birds given an excessive dose of T(3), which did not cause testicular growth. These results support the hypothesis that thyroid hormone regulates photoperiodic GnRH secretion via neuro-glial plasticity in the ME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamamura
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, 464-8601, Nagoya, Japan
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Yasuo S, Nakao N, Ohkura S, Iigo M, Hagiwara S, Goto A, Ando H, Yamamura T, Watanabe M, Watanabe T, Oda SI, Maeda KI, Lincoln GA, Okamura H, Ebihara S, Yoshimura T. Long-day suppressed expression of type 2 deiodinase gene in the mediobasal hypothalamus of the Saanen goat, a short-day breeder: implication for seasonal window of thyroid hormone action on reproductive neuroendocrine axis. Endocrinology 2006; 147:432-40. [PMID: 16195409 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-0507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In most animals that live in temperate regions, reproduction is under photoperiodic control. In long-day breeders such as Japanese quail and Djungarian hamsters, type 2 deiodinase (Dio2) plays an important role in the mediobasal hypothalamus, catalyzing the conversion of prohormone T4 to bioactive T3 to regulate the photoperiodic response of the gonads. However, the molecular basis for seasonal reproduction in short-day breeders remains unclear. Because thyroid hormones are also known to be involved in short-day breeders, we examined the effect of an artificial long-day stimulus on Dio2 expression in the male Saanen goat (Capra hircus), a short-day breeder. Dio2 expression was observed in the caudal continuation of the arcuate nucleus, known as the target site for both melatonin and T4 action. In addition, expression of Dio2 and T3 content in the mediobasal hypothalamus was suppressed by artificial long-day conditions, which is the opposite of the results of long-day breeders. Thyroid hormone action on the development of neuroendocrine anestrus is known to be limited to a specific seasonal window. This long-day suppression of Dio2 may provide a mechanism that accounts for the lack of responsiveness to thyroxine during the mid to late anestrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Yasuo
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Yasuo S, Watanabe M, Nakao N, Takagi T, Follett BK, Ebihara S, Yoshimura T. The reciprocal switching of two thyroid hormone-activating and -inactivating enzyme genes is involved in the photoperiodic gonadal response of Japanese quail. Endocrinology 2005; 146:2551-4. [PMID: 15746251 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying photoperiodic time measurement are not well understood in any organism. Relatively recently, however, it has become clear that thyroid hormones play an important role in photoperiodism, and in a previous study we reported that long daylengths in Japanese quail increase hypothalamic levels of T(3) and of the thyroid hormone-activating enzyme, type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase. The present study extends these observations to measure gene levels of the thyroid hormone-inactivating enzyme, type 3 deiodinase. Levels decreased after exposure to long days, but increased under short days. Changes in the two genes were then analyzed during the precisely timed photoinduction that occurs in quail exposed to a single long day. The two gene switches are the earliest events yet recorded in the photoinduction process, and overall, these reciprocal changes offer the potential to regulate active brain thyroid hormone concentrations rather precisely at the site in the brain where photoinduction is triggered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Yasuo
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Nakamura TJ, Fujimura K, Ebihara S, Shinohara K. Light response of the neuronal firing activity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of mice. Neurosci Lett 2005; 371:244-8. [PMID: 15519766 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2004] [Revised: 08/30/2004] [Accepted: 09/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the neural mechanisms underlying the mammalian photic entrainment of circadian rhythms, the response of neuronal extracellular firing activity to retinal light stimulation was investigated in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of anesthetized mice during nighttime and daytime. In nighttime, most recorded SCN cells (83%) increased their firing frequency in response to retinal illumination. Some SCN cells (11%) responded by decreasing their firing rate. In daytime, the retinal illumination increased the firing rate in only 26% of the SCN cells, and no response was observed in the remaining cells. The light intensity threshold for the activation of SCN cells at zeitgeber time (ZT) 16 was approximately 3 x 10(11) photons cm(-2)s(-1) and the maximum response was observed at approximately 1 x 10(14) photons cm(-2)s(-1). Therefore, photic response in the firing of mouse SCN cells may be phase-dependent and have a higher threshold, which corresponds to properties of the photic entrainment in locomotor activity of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro J Nakamura
- Division of Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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Nakamura TJ, Moriya T, Inoue S, Shimazoe T, Watanabe S, Ebihara S, Shinohara K. Estrogen differentially regulates expression ofPer1 andPer2 genes between central and peripheral clocks and between reproductive and nonreproductive tissues in female rats. J Neurosci Res 2005; 82:622-30. [PMID: 16273538 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although it has long been established that estrogen alters circadian rhythms in behavior, physiology, and reproductive functions in mammals, the molecular mechanism for these effects remains unknown. To explore the possibility that estrogen affects circadian rhythms by changing the expression of clock-related genes, we investigated the effects of chronic treatment with 17beta-estradiol (E2) on the expression of Per1 and Per2 genes in the brain (suprachiasmatic nucleus and cerebral cortex) and periphery (liver, kidney, and uterus) of ovariectomized rats by means of in situ hybridization and northern blotting. In the brain, E2 treatment advanced the peak of Per2 mRNA expression in the SCN; however, it failed to affect the rhythm of Per2 mRNA expression in the CX and Per1 mRNA expression in both the SCN and the CX. In nonreproductive peripheral tissues (liver and kidney), E2 delayed the phase and increased the amplitude of Per1 mRNA expression. In the reproductive tissues (uterus), biphasic rhythms in Per1 and Per2 mRNA were observed after E2 treatment. These findings suggest that the effects of estrogen are different between central and peripheral clock in the brain, and between reproductive and nonreproductive tissues in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro J Nakamura
- Division of Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Yamamura T, Hirunagi K, Ebihara S, Yoshimura T. Seasonal morphological changes in the neuro-glial interaction between gonadotropin-releasing hormone nerve terminals and glial endfeet in Japanese quail. Endocrinology 2004; 145:4264-7. [PMID: 15178649 DOI: 10.1210/en.2004-0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study we showed that photoperiodically generated T3 in the hypothalamus is critical for the photoperiodic response of gonads in Japanese quail. The expression of thyroid hormone receptors in the median eminence (ME) suggested that photoperiodically generated T3 acts on the ME. Because thyroid hormone is known to play a critical role in the development and plasticity of the central nervous system, in the present study we have examined ultrastructure of the ME in Japanese quail kept in short-day and long-day environments. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that GnRH nerve terminals are in close proximity to the basal lamina under long-day conditions, and conventional transmission electron microscopy demonstrated the encasement of the terminals by the endfeet of glia under short-day conditions. These morphological changes may regulate photoperiodic GnRH secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamamura
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Yasuda H, Ebihara S, Yamaya M, Asada M, Sasaki H, Aoki M. Increased arterial carboxyhaemoglobin concentrations in patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75:1076-7. [PMID: 15201381 PMCID: PMC1739118 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2003.027532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abstract
The physiological activity of avian optic tectum (TeO) is known to be regulated by the circadian system. In a previous study, we found clock gene expression in the TeO of Japanese quail. Here we report rhythmic expression of the Per2 gene in the stratum griseum et fibrosum (SGF) of the TeO under a light--dark (LD) cycle, constant darkness (DD), and constant light (LL) conditions. However, light pulse did not affect Per2 expression in the TeO. These results suggest that light stimulus and melatonin rhythm are not essential for rhythmic expression of Per2 in the avian TeO in spite of the localization of melatonin receptors and retinal input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Yasuo
- Division of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Funada M, Yasuo S, Yoshimura T, Ebihara S, Sasagawa H, Kitagawa Y, Kadowaki T. Characterization of the two distinct subtypes of metabotropic glutamate receptors from honeybee, Apis mellifera. Neurosci Lett 2004; 359:190-4. [PMID: 15050695 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2003] [Revised: 01/26/2004] [Accepted: 02/02/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
L-Glutamate is a major neurotransmitter at the excitatory synapses in the vertebrate brain. It is also the excitatory neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions in insects, however its functions in their brains remain to be established. We identified and characterized two different subtypes (AmGluRA and AmGluRB) of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) from an eusocial insect, honeybee. Both AmGluRA and AmGluRB form homodimers independently on disulfide bonds, and bind [3H]glutamate with K(D) values of 156.7 and 80.7 nM, respectively. AmGluRB is specifically expressed in the brain, while AmGluRA is expressed in the brain and other body parts, suggesting that AmGluRA is also present at the neuromuscular junctions. Both mGluRs are expressed in the mushroom bodies and the brain regions of honeybees, where motor neurons are clustered. Their expression in the brain apparently overlaps, suggesting that they may interact with each other to modulate the glutamatergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Funada
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, School of Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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