1
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Martin-Giacalone BA, Li H, Scheurer ME, Casey DL, Dugan-Perez S, Marquez-Do DA, Muzny D, Gibbs RA, Barkauskas DA, Hall D, Stewart DR, Schiffman JD, McEvoy MT, Khan J, Malkin D, Linardic CM, Crompton BD, Shern JF, Skapek SX, Venkatramani R, Hawkins DS, Sabo A, Plon SE, Lupo PJ. Germline Genetic Testing and Survival Outcomes Among Children With Rhabdomyosarcoma: A Report From the Children's Oncology Group. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e244170. [PMID: 38546643 PMCID: PMC10979319 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.4170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Determining the impact of germline cancer-predisposition variants (CPVs) on outcomes could inform novel approaches to testing and treating children with rhabdomyosarcoma. Objective To assess whether CPVs are associated with outcome among children with rhabdomyosarcoma. Design, Setting, and Participants In this cohort study, data were obtained for individuals, aged 0.01-23.23 years, newly diagnosed with rhabdomyosarcoma who were treated across 171 Children's Oncology Group sites from March 15, 1999, to December 8, 2017. Data analysis was performed from June 16, 2021, to May 15, 2023. Exposure The presence of a CPV in 24 rhabdomyosarcoma-associated cancer-predisposition genes (CPGs) or an expanded set of 63 autosomal-dominant CPGs. Main Outcomes and Measures Overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) were the main outcomes, using the Kaplan-Meier estimator to assess survival probabilities and the Cox proportional hazards regression model to adjust for clinical covariates. Analyses were stratified by tumor histology and the fusion status of PAX3 or PAX7 to the FOXO1 gene. Results In this study of 580 individuals with rhabdomyosarcoma, the median patient age was 5.9 years (range, 0.01-23.23 years), and the male-to-female ratio was 1.5 to 1 (351 [60.5%] male). For patients with CPVs in rhabdomyosarcoma-associated CPGs, EFS was 48.4% compared with 57.8% for patients without a CPV (P = .10), and OS was 53.7% compared with 65.3% for patients without a CPV (P = .06). After adjustment, patients with CPVs had significantly worse OS (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 2.49 [95% CI, 1.39-4.45]; P = .002), and the outcomes were not better among patients with embryonal histology (EFS: AHR, 2.25 [95% CI, 1.25-4.06]; P = .007]; OS: AHR, 2.83 [95% CI, 1.47-5.43]; P = .002]). These associations were not due to the development of a second malignant neoplasm, and importantly, patients with fusion-negative rhabdomyosarcoma who harbored a CPV had similarly inferior outcomes as patients with fusion-positive rhabdomyosarcoma without CPVs (EFS: AHR, 1.35 [95% CI, 0.71-2.59]; P = .37; OS: AHR, 1.71 [95% CI, 0.84-3.47]; P = .14). There were no significant differences in outcome by CPV status of the 63 CPG set. Conclusions and Relevance This cohort study identified a group of patients with embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma who had a particularly poor outcome. Other important clinical findings included that individuals with TP53 had poor outcomes independent of second malignant neoplasms and that patients with fusion-negative rhabdomyosarcoma who harbored a CPV had outcomes comparable to patients with fusion-positive rhabdomyosarcoma. These findings suggest that germline CPV testing may aid in clinical prognosis and should be considered in prospective risk-based clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey A. Martin-Giacalone
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - He Li
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael E. Scheurer
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Dana L. Casey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill
| | | | - Deborah A. Marquez-Do
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Donna Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Donald A. Barkauskas
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles
- QuadW Childhood Sarcoma Biostatistics and Annotation Office at the Children’s Oncology Group, Monrovia, California
| | - David Hall
- QuadW Childhood Sarcoma Biostatistics and Annotation Office at the Children’s Oncology Group, Monrovia, California
| | - Douglas R. Stewart
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Joshua D. Schiffman
- Department of Pediatrics, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Matthew T. McEvoy
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Javed Khan
- Oncogenomics Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David Malkin
- Division of Haematology-Oncology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Corinne M. Linardic
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Brian D. Crompton
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jack F. Shern
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stephen X. Skapek
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Rajkumar Venkatramani
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Douglas S. Hawkins
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Aniko Sabo
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Sharon E. Plon
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Philip J. Lupo
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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2
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He F, Bandyopadhyay AM, Klesse LJ, Rogojina A, Chun SH, Butler E, Hartshorne T, Holland T, Garcia D, Weldon K, Prado LNP, Langevin AM, Grimes AC, Sugalski A, Shah S, Assanasen C, Lai Z, Zou Y, Kurmashev D, Xu L, Xie Y, Chen Y, Wang X, Tomlinson GE, Skapek SX, Houghton PJ, Kurmasheva RT, Zheng S. Genomic profiling of subcutaneous patient-derived xenografts reveals immune constraints on tumor evolution in childhood solid cancer. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7600. [PMID: 37990009 PMCID: PMC10663468 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43373-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Subcutaneous patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) are an important tool for childhood cancer research. Here, we describe a resource of 68 early passage PDXs established from 65 pediatric solid tumor patients. Through genomic profiling of paired PDXs and patient tumors (PTs), we observe low mutational similarity in about 30% of the PT/PDX pairs. Clonal analysis in these pairs show an aggressive PT minor subclone seeds the major clone in the PDX. We show evidence that this subclone is more immunogenic and is likely suppressed by immune responses in the PT. These results suggest interplay between intratumoral heterogeneity and antitumor immunity may underlie the genetic disparity between PTs and PDXs. We further show that PDXs generally recapitulate PTs in copy number and transcriptomic profiles. Finally, we report a gene fusion LRPAP1-PDGFRA. In summary, we report a childhood cancer PDX resource and our study highlights the role of immune constraints on tumor evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funan He
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Abhik M Bandyopadhyay
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Laura J Klesse
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Gill Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Health Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Anna Rogojina
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sang H Chun
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Erin Butler
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Gill Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Health Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Taylor Hartshorne
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Trevor Holland
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Dawn Garcia
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Korri Weldon
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Luz-Nereida Perez Prado
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Langevin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Allison C Grimes
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Aaron Sugalski
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Shafqat Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Chatchawin Assanasen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Zhao Lai
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Yi Zou
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Dias Kurmashev
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yang Xie
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yidong Chen
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Gail E Tomlinson
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Stephen X Skapek
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Gill Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Health Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Peter J Houghton
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Raushan T Kurmasheva
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Siyuan Zheng
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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3
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Rogojina A, Klesse LJ, Butler E, Kim J, Zhang H, Xiao X, Guo L, Zhou Q, Hartshorne T, Garcia D, Weldon K, Holland T, Bandyopadhyay A, Prado LP, Wang S, Yang DM, Langevan AM, Zou Y, Grimes AC, Assanasen C, Gidvani-Diaz V, Zheng S, Lai Z, Chen Y, Xie Y, Tomlinson GE, Skapek SX, Kurmasheva RT, Houghton PJ, Xu L. Comprehensive characterization of patient-derived xenograft models of pediatric leukemia. iScience 2023; 26:108171. [PMID: 37915590 PMCID: PMC10616347 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived xenografts (PDX) remain valuable models for understanding the biology and for developing novel therapeutics. To expand current PDX models of childhood leukemia, we have developed new PDX models from Hispanic patients, a subgroup with a poorer overall outcome. Of 117 primary leukemia samples obtained, successful engraftment and serial passage in mice were achieved in 82 samples (70%). Hispanic patient samples engrafted at a rate (51/73, 70%) that was similar to non-Hispanic patient samples (31/45, 70%). With a new algorithm to remove mouse contamination in multi-omics datasets including methylation data, we found PDX models faithfully reflected somatic mutations, copy-number alterations, RNA expression, gene fusions, whole-genome methylation patterns, and immunophenotypes found in primary tumor (PT) samples in the first 50 reported here. This cohort of characterized PDX childhood leukemias represents a valuable resource in that germline DNA sequencing has allowed the unambiguous determination of somatic mutations in both PT and PDX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rogojina
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Laura J. Klesse
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Gill Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children’s Health Children’s Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Erin Butler
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Gill Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children’s Health Children’s Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jiwoong Kim
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Peter O’Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - He Zhang
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Peter O’Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xue Xiao
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Peter O’Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Peter O’Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Qinbo Zhou
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Peter O’Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Taylor Hartshorne
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Dawn Garcia
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Korri Weldon
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Trevor Holland
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Abhik Bandyopadhyay
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Luz Perez Prado
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Shidan Wang
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Peter O’Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Donghan M. Yang
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Peter O’Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Langevan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Yi Zou
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Allison C. Grimes
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Chatchawin Assanasen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Siyuan Zheng
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Zhao Lai
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Yidong Chen
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Yang Xie
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Peter O’Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Gail E. Tomlinson
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Stephen X. Skapek
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Gill Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children’s Health Children’s Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Raushan T. Kurmasheva
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Peter J. Houghton
- Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Peter O’Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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4
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Yang DM, Zhou Q, Furman-Cline L, Cheng X, Luo D, Lai H, Li Y, Jin KW, Yao B, Leavey PJ, Rakheja D, Lo T, Hall D, Barkauskas DA, Shulman DS, Janeway K, Khanna C, Gorlick R, Menzies C, Zhan X, Xiao G, Skapek SX, Xu L, Klesse LJ, Crompton BD, Xie Y. Osteosarcoma Explorer: A Data Commons With Clinical, Genomic, Protein, and Tissue Imaging Data for Osteosarcoma Research. JCO Clin Cancer Inform 2023; 7:e2300104. [PMID: 37956387 PMCID: PMC10681418 DOI: 10.1200/cci.23.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Osteosarcoma research advancement requires enhanced data integration across different modalities and sources. Current osteosarcoma research, encompassing clinical, genomic, protein, and tissue imaging data, is hindered by the siloed landscape of data generation and storage. MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinical, molecular profiling, and tissue imaging data for 573 patients with pediatric osteosarcoma were collected from four public and institutional sources. A common data model incorporating standardized terminology was created to facilitate the transformation, integration, and load of source data into a relational database. On the basis of this database, a data commons accompanied by a user-friendly web portal was developed, enabling various data exploration and analytics functions. RESULTS The Osteosarcoma Explorer (OSE) was released to the public in 2021. Leveraging a comprehensive and harmonized data set on the backend, the OSE offers a wide range of functions, including Cohort Discovery, Patient Dashboard, Image Visualization, and Online Analysis. Since its initial release, the OSE has experienced an increasing utilization by the osteosarcoma research community and provided solid, continuous user support. To our knowledge, the OSE is the largest (N = 573) and most comprehensive research data commons for pediatric osteosarcoma, a rare disease. This project demonstrates an effective framework for data integration and data commons development that can be readily applied to other projects sharing similar goals. CONCLUSION The OSE offers an online exploration and analysis platform for integrated clinical, molecular profiling, and tissue imaging data of osteosarcoma. Its underlying data model, database, and web framework support continuous expansion onto new data modalities and sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghan M. Yang
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Peter O'Donnell Jr School of Public Health, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Qinbo Zhou
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Peter O'Donnell Jr School of Public Health, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Lauren Furman-Cline
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Xian Cheng
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Peter O'Donnell Jr School of Public Health, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Danni Luo
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Peter O'Donnell Jr School of Public Health, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Hongyin Lai
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Peter O'Donnell Jr School of Public Health, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UT Health), Houston, TX
| | - Yueqi Li
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Peter O'Donnell Jr School of Public Health, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Kevin W. Jin
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Peter O'Donnell Jr School of Public Health, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Bo Yao
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Peter O'Donnell Jr School of Public Health, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Patrick J. Leavey
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Tammy Lo
- Children's Oncology Group Statistics and Data Center, Monrovia, CA
| | - David Hall
- Children's Oncology Group Statistics and Data Center, Monrovia, CA
| | - Donald A. Barkauskas
- Children's Oncology Group Statistics and Data Center, Monrovia, CA
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - David S. Shulman
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA
| | - Katherine Janeway
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA
| | | | - Richard Gorlick
- Division of Pediatrics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Xiaowei Zhan
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Peter O'Donnell Jr School of Public Health, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Guanghua Xiao
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Peter O'Donnell Jr School of Public Health, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Bioinformatics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Stephen X. Skapek
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Lin Xu
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Peter O'Donnell Jr School of Public Health, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Laura J. Klesse
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Brian D. Crompton
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA
| | - Yang Xie
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Peter O'Donnell Jr School of Public Health, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Bioinformatics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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5
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Martin-Giacalone BA, Richard MA, Scheurer ME, Khan J, Sok P, Shetty PB, Chanock SJ, Li SA, Yeager M, Marquez-Do DA, Barkauskas DA, Hall D, McEvoy MT, Brown AL, Sabo A, Scheet P, Huff CD, Skapek SX, Hawkins DS, Venkatramani R, Mirabello L, Lupo PJ. Germline genetic variants and pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma outcomes: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. J Natl Cancer Inst 2023; 115:733-741. [PMID: 36951526 PMCID: PMC10248851 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djad055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relative to other pediatric cancers, survival for rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) has not improved in recent decades, suggesting the need to enhance risk stratification. Therefore, we conducted a genome-wide association study for event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) to identify genetic variants associated with outcomes in individuals with RMS. METHODS The study included 920 individuals with newly diagnosed RMS who were enrolled in Children's Oncology Group protocols. To assess the association of each single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with EFS and OS, we estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for clinical covariates. All statistical tests were two sided. We also performed stratified analyses by histological subtype (alveolar and embryonal RMS) and carried out sensitivity analyses of statistically significant SNPs by PAX3/7-FOXO1 fusion status and genetic ancestry group. RESULTS We identified that rs17321084 was associated with worse EFS (HR = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.59 to 2.53, P = 5.39 × 10-9) and rs10094840 was associated with worse OS (HR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.48 to 2.27, P = 2.13 × 10-8). Using publicly available data, we found that rs17321084 lies in a binding region for transcription factors GATA2 and GATA3, and rs10094840 is associated with SPAG1 and RNF19A expression. We also identified that CTNNA3 rs2135732 (HR = 3.75, 95% CI = 2.34 to 5.99, P = 3.54 × 10-8) and MED31 rs74504320 (HR = 3.21, 95% CI = 2.12 to 4.86, P = 3.60 × 10-8) were associated with worse OS among individuals with alveolar RMS. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that common germline variants are associated with EFS and OS among individuals with RMS. Additional replication and investigation of these SNP effects may further support their consideration in risk stratification protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey A Martin-Giacalone
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Melissa A Richard
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael E Scheurer
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Javed Khan
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pagna Sok
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Priya B Shetty
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Meredith Yeager
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Deborah A Marquez-Do
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Donald A Barkauskas
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- QuadW Childhood Sarcoma Biostatistics and Annotation Office, Children’s Oncology Group, Monrovia, CA, USA
| | - David Hall
- QuadW Childhood Sarcoma Biostatistics and Annotation Office, Children’s Oncology Group, Monrovia, CA, USA
| | - Matthew T McEvoy
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Austin L Brown
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Aniko Sabo
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paul Scheet
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chad D Huff
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen X Skapek
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Douglas S Hawkins
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rajkumar Venkatramani
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lisa Mirabello
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MA, USA
| | - Philip J Lupo
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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6
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Weiss AR, Dry S, Maygar C, Cutler A, Lary CW, Khoo C, Fergione JE, Hounchell MM, Glick K, Browning M, Choo SH, Hawkins DS, Lagmay J, Michelle M, Skapek SX, Weigel B, Verwys S, Federman N. A pilot study evaluating the use of sirolimus in children and young adults with desmoid-type fibromatosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2023:e30466. [PMID: 37283290 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.30466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Deregulation of the mTOR pathway may play an important role in tumor biology when the APC/β-catenin pathway is disrupted in desmoid-type fibromatosis (DT). A pilot study was conducted to determine whether sirolimus can block the mTOR pathway (primary aim) as well as determine whether it can safely be given in the preoperative setting, decrease tumor size/recurrence, and decrease tumor-associated pain in children and young adults (secondary aims) with DT. Nine subjects ages 5-28 years were enrolled from 2014 to 2017 across four centers. Sirolimus was feasible and was associated with a nonstatistically significant decrease in pS706K activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R Weiss
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine, USA
| | - Sarah Dry
- Department of Pathology Bone, Soft Tissue and GI Pathology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Clara Maygar
- Department of Pathology Bone, Soft Tissue and GI Pathology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anya Cutler
- MaineHealth Institute for Research, Portland, Maine, USA
| | - Christine W Lary
- Roux Institute and the Bouve College of Health Sciences at Northeastern University, Portland, Maine, USA
| | - Carmen Khoo
- MaineHealth Institute for Research, Portland, Maine, USA
| | - Jillian E Fergione
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine, USA
| | - Melanie M Hounchell
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine, USA
| | - Kathleen Glick
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine, USA
| | - Meghen Browning
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sun Ha Choo
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Douglas S Hawkins
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joanne Lagmay
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida Health Science Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Manalang Michelle
- Department of Pediatrics, Marshfield Marshfield Medical Center, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Stephen X Skapek
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Brenda Weigel
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota/Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Stephanie Verwys
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine, USA
| | - Noah Federman
- Departments of Pediatrics and Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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7
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He F, Bandyopadhyay AM, Klesse L, Rogojina A, Butler E, Hartshorne T, Holland T, Prado LP, Langevan AM, Grimes AC, Assanasen C, Lai Z, Zou Y, Kurmashev D, Xu L, Xie Y, Chen Y, Wang X, Tomlinson GE, Skapek SX, Kurmasheva RT, Houghton PJ, Zheng S. Abstract 3572: Genomic profiling of subcutaneous patient derived xenograft models of solid childhood cancer. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-3572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Cancer causes significant mortality and morbidity in children. Current therapies are effective but can cause long-term health problems for patients. Development of new therapies relies on faithful preclinical models. Patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) are an important tool for pre-clinical testing in childhood cancer research. It remains incompletely understood how well genomically PDXs recapitulate primary patient tumors (PTs), particularly in rare cancers.
Method: To characterize the fidelity of early passage subcutaneous PDXs derived from pediatric solid tumors, we established 70 early passage PDX models from 16 cancer types. The cohort comprises some very rare cancers such as hepatoblastoma (n=13), germ cell tumor (n=10), osteosarcoma (n=13), and Wilms tumor (n=14). We performed low pass whole genome, exome, and RNA sequencing on these PDXs, their matched PTs and germline samples when materials were available.
Result: Overall, we observed low somatic mutation rates in these tumors; however, prior chemotherapy was associated with higher mutation rate. Of the 25 PT/PDX pairs, 20 showed high mutation similarity. The five pairs with low mutation similarity showed evidence of clonal selection. We observed high genomic instability in osteosarcoma. Consistently, more fusions were identified in this cancer type. PTs and PDXs showed high similarity in the copy number pattern, including both broad and focal events. GISTIC analysis identified recurrently amplified or deleted genes including MYC, CCNE1, TP53, PTEN, and BCL2. On the transcriptional level, though PTs and PDXs were generally similar, their expression is more reflective of tissue of origin. We identified fusions that are characteristic of the cancer type such as BCOR-CCND3 in an Ewing like sarcoma. We also identified an NTRK fusion in an osteosarcoma. In summary, we show that PDXs generally recapitulate PTs in mutations, copy number changes, and expression. The dataset represents a valuable resource for future preclinical and mechanistic studies.
Citation Format: Funan He, Abhik M. Bandyopadhyay, Laura Klesse, Anna Rogojina, Erin Butler, Taylor Hartshorne, Trevor Holland, Luz Perez Prado, Anne-Marie Langevan, Allison C. Grimes, Chatchawin Assanasen, Zhao Lai, Yi Zou, Dias Kurmashev, Lin Xu, Yang Xie, Yidong Chen, Xiaojing Wang, Gail E. Tomlinson, Stephen X. Skapek, Raushan T. Kurmasheva, Peter J. Houghton, Siyuan Zheng. Genomic profiling of subcutaneous patient derived xenograft models of solid childhood cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 3572.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funan He
- 1Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Abhik M. Bandyopadhyay
- 1Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Laura Klesse
- 2University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Anna Rogojina
- 1Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Erin Butler
- 2University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | | | - Trevor Holland
- 1Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Luz Perez Prado
- 1Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | | | | | | | - Zhao Lai
- 1Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Yi Zou
- 1Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Dias Kurmashev
- 1Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Lin Xu
- 4Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Yang Xie
- 4Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Yidong Chen
- 1Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- 1Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Gail E. Tomlinson
- 1Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | | | - Raushan T. Kurmasheva
- 1Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Peter J. Houghton
- 1Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Siyuan Zheng
- 1Greehey Children’s Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
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8
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Milewski D, Jung H, Brown GT, Liu Y, Somerville B, Lisle C, Ladanyi M, Rudzinski ER, Choo-Wosoba H, Barkauskas DA, Lo T, Hall D, Linardic CM, Wei JS, Chou HC, Skapek SX, Venkatramani R, Bode PK, Steinberg SM, Zaki G, Kuznetsov IB, Hawkins DS, Shern JF, Collins J, Khan J. Predicting Molecular Subtype and Survival of Rhabdomyosarcoma Patients Using Deep Learning of H&E Images: A Report from the Children's Oncology Group. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:364-378. [PMID: 36346688 PMCID: PMC9843436 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-1663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is an aggressive soft-tissue sarcoma, which primarily occurs in children and young adults. We previously reported specific genomic alterations in RMS, which strongly correlated with survival; however, predicting these mutations or high-risk disease at diagnosis remains a significant challenge. In this study, we utilized convolutional neural networks (CNN) to learn histologic features associated with driver mutations and outcome using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) images of RMS. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Digital whole slide H&E images were collected from clinically annotated diagnostic tumor samples from 321 patients with RMS enrolled in Children's Oncology Group (COG) trials (1998-2017). Patches were extracted and fed into deep learning CNNs to learn features associated with mutations and relative event-free survival risk. The performance of the trained models was evaluated against independent test sample data (n = 136) or holdout test data. RESULTS The trained CNN could accurately classify alveolar RMS, a high-risk subtype associated with PAX3/7-FOXO1 fusion genes, with an ROC of 0.85 on an independent test dataset. CNN models trained on mutationally-annotated samples identified tumors with RAS pathway with a ROC of 0.67, and high-risk mutations in MYOD1 or TP53 with a ROC of 0.97 and 0.63, respectively. Remarkably, CNN models were superior in predicting event-free and overall survival compared with current molecular-clinical risk stratification. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that high-risk features, including those associated with certain mutations, can be readily identified at diagnosis using deep learning. CNNs are a powerful tool for diagnostic and prognostic prediction of rhabdomyosarcoma, which will be tested in prospective COG clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyun Jung
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - G. Thomas Brown
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
- Artificial Intelligence Resource, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yanling Liu
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | | | - Curtis Lisle
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
- KnowledgeVis, LLC, Altamonte Springs, Florida
| | - Marc Ladanyi
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Erin R. Rudzinski
- Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - Hyoyoung Choo-Wosoba
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Donald A. Barkauskas
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Children's Oncology Group, Monrovia, California
| | - Tammy Lo
- Children's Oncology Group, Monrovia, California
| | - David Hall
- Children's Oncology Group, Monrovia, California
| | - Corinne M. Linardic
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jun S. Wei
- Genetics Branch, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Stephen X. Skapek
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Rajkumar Venkatramani
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Peter K. Bode
- Institut für Pathologie, Kantonsspital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Seth M. Steinberg
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - George Zaki
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Igor B. Kuznetsov
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Rensselaer, New York
| | - Douglas S. Hawkins
- Chair of Children's Oncology Group, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jack F. Shern
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jack Collins
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Javed Khan
- Genetics Branch, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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9
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Liu YT, Romero C, Xiao X, Guo L, Zhou X, Applebaum MA, Xu L, Skapek SX. Methyltransferase Inhibition Enables Tgf β Driven Induction of CDKN2A and B in Cancer Cells. Mol Cell Biol 2023; 43:115-129. [PMID: 36941772 PMCID: PMC10038032 DOI: 10.1080/10985549.2023.2186074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
CDKN2A/B deletion or silencing is common across human cancer, reinforcing the general importance of bypassing its tumor suppression in cancer formation or progression. In rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) and neuroblastoma, two common childhood cancers, the three CDKN2A/B transcripts are independently expressed to varying degrees, but one, ARF, is uniformly silenced. Although TGFβ induces certain CDKN2A/B transcripts in HeLa cells, it was unable to do so in five tested RMS lines unless the cells were pretreated with a broadly acting methyltransferase inhibitor, DZNep, or one targeting EZH2. CDKN2A/B induction by TGFβ correlated with de novo appearance of three H3K27Ac peaks within a 20 kb cis element ∼150 kb proximal to CDKN2A/B. Deleting that segment prevented their induction by TGFβ but not a basal increase driven by methyltransferase inhibition alone. Expression of two CDKN2A/B transcripts was enhanced by dCas9/CRISPR activation targeting either the relevant promoter or the 20 kb cis elements, and this "precise" manipulation diminished RMS cell propagation in vitro. Our findings show crosstalk between methyltransferase inhibition and TGFβ-dependent activation of a remote enhancer to reverse CDKN2A/B silencing. Though focused on CDKN2A/B here, such crosstalk may apply to other TGFβ-responsive genes and perhaps govern this signaling protein's complex effects promoting or blocking cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ting Liu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Celeste Romero
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Xue Xiao
- Department of Population and Data Sciences, Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Population and Data Sciences, Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Zhou
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Mark A. Applebaum
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lin Xu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Population and Data Sciences, Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Stephen X. Skapek
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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10
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Butler E, Xu L, Rakheja D, Schwettmann B, Toubbeh S, Guo L, Kim J, Skapek SX, Zheng Y. Exon skipping in genes encoding lineage-defining myogenic transcription factors in rhabdomyosarcoma. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2022; 8:mcs.a006190. [PMID: 35933111 PMCID: PMC9528969 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a006190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a childhood sarcoma composed of myoblast-like cells, which suggests a defect in terminal skeletal muscle differentiation. To explore potential defects in the differentiation program, we searched for mRNA splicing variants in genes encoding transcription factors driving skeletal muscle lineage commitment and differentiation. We studied two RMS cases and identified altered splicing resulting in "skipping" the second of three exons in MYOD1. RNA-Seq data from 42 tumors and additional RMS cell lines revealed exon 2 skipping in both MYOD1 and MYF5 but not in MYF6 or MYOG. Complementary molecular analysis of MYOD1 mRNA found evidence for exon skipping in 5 additional RMS cases. Functional studies showed that so-called MYODΔEx2 protein failed to robustly induce muscle-specific genes, and its ectopic expression conferred a selective advantage in cultured fibroblasts and an RMS xenograft. In summary, we present previously unrecognized exon skipping within MYOD1 and MYF5 in RMS, and we propose that alternative splicing can represent a mechanism to alter the function of these two transcription factors in RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Butler
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center;
| | - Lin Xu
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
| | | | | | | | - Lei Guo
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
| | - Jiwoon Kim
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
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11
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Mitra AP, Mitra SA, Buckley JD, Skapek SX, Hawkins DS, Triche TJ. Abstract 5170: Coding and non-coding gene meta-features predict outcome in pediatric rhabdomyosarcomas. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-5170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) has varying outcomes, particularly in intermediate-risk disease (IR-RMS) due to the limited ability of clinical staging to accurately risk-stratify a large proportion of patients. This study aimed to identify prognostic signatures in IR-RMS, the clinical subgroup with the most heterogeneous outcomes, which can potentially improve risk stratification compared with routine clinicopathologic metrics. Signature performance was validated on an independent set of RMS patients.
METHODS: Prospectively obtained primary tumor specimens from 80 IR-RMS patients on Children’s Oncology Group clinical trial protocols formed the training set. Tumors from 54 RMS patients across all clinical risk groups formed the validation set. Whole transcriptome profiling was performed using oligonucleotide microarrays employing nearly 1.4 million probe selection regions (PSRs) and used to derive weighted meta-features. Accuracies of protein-coding and non-coding meta-features to predict overall (OS) and event-free (EFS) survival were compared using areas under receiver operating characteristic curves. Associated biological processes were analyzed using curated pathway analysis tools.
RESULTS: PAX-FKHR status was able to predict OS (p=0.041) and EFS (p=0.008) in the validation set, but not in the training set. Histologic subtype followed a similar predictive pattern. Cox regression on over 17,000 coding genes on the training set identified a prognostic 30-coding gene meta-feature (gMF; OS p=0.001, EFS p=0.012). A similar analysis on non-coding transcripts identified a 39-PSR meta-feature (ncMF; OS, EFS p<0.001). Both gMF and ncMF were able to predict OS and EFS (p≤0.023) in the validation cohort. Based on OS, predictive accuracy of ncMF was higher than gMF (96% vs. 71%, p<0.001). Analysis of biological processes using gMF showed enrichment for functions associated with musculoskeletal development and signaling pathways. Similar analysis of non-coding meta-features revealed enrichment for cellular assembly, cell cycle, apoptosis, and cancer-associated functions.
CONCLUSIONS: A non-coding RNA meta-feature was able to better predict outcome in IR-RMS than a coding gene meta-feature, where most standard clinical prognosticators failed. The meta-features were independently validated in IR and non-IR RMS. This suggests that non-coding transcripts can regulate and determine RMS biology and aggressiveness, and be used as novel prognostic indicators.
Citation Format: Anirban P. Mitra, Sheetal A. Mitra, Jonathan D. Buckley, Stephen X. Skapek, Douglas S. Hawkins, Timothy J. Triche. Coding and non-coding gene meta-features predict outcome in pediatric rhabdomyosarcomas [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 5170.
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12
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Martin-Giacalone BA, Scheurer ME, Khan J, Chanock SJ, Li SA, Yeager M, Marquez-Do DA, Barkauskas DA, Hall D, McEvoy MT, Richard MA, Sok P, Brown AL, Sabo A, Skapek SX, Hawkins DS, Venkatramani R, Mirabello L, Lupo PJ. Abstract 683: Identification of common germline variants associated with pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma survival: A report from the Children's Oncology Group (COG). Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children and has one of the poorest survival rates among pediatric cancers, underscoring the need to identify factors which may be leveraged to improve therapeutic options for these individuals.
Methods: We carried out a genome-wide association study of overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) in 920 RMS patients from COG protocols and randomly divided them into discovery (n=642) and replication (n=278) cohorts. Genotyping was conducted using the Illumina OmniExpress or Global Screening Array and imputed using the Haplotype Reference Consortium. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to calculate an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) and P value for each common variant (minor allele frequency [MAF]>5%) for OS and EFS while adjusting for age at diagnosis, tumor stage, histological subtype, and the top five principal components. Analyses were also conducted by histological subtype: embryonal RMS (ERMS, n=544) and alveolar RMS (ARMS, n=268). Finally, we performed a meta-analysis of the results from the discovery and replication cohorts to generate a summary aHR and P value for each single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP).
Results: We identified an intergenic SNP at chr8q21.13 associated with worse RMS EFS across subtypes (aHR=2.08, P=2.80x10-9), which had consistent effects across the discovery (aHR=1.91, P=5.05x10-6) and replication (aHR=2.62, P=7.16x10-5) cohorts. This SNP lies in a region which spans the genomic binding site for GATA2 and GATA3, transcription factors that are recognized to contribute to cancer development. We also identified a significant association between a SNP at chr12q21.1 and worse EFS (aHR=2.04, P=3.35x10-8) with consistent effects across the discovery and replication cohorts. Based on data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression project (GTEx), this SNP is associated with expression of SLCO1B1, a gene which encodes a liver anion transporter linked to RMS treatment-related toxicities. In subtype-specific analyses, we identified a SNP at chr17q21.32 that was significantly associated with worse ARMS OS (129 events; aHR=3.18, P=3.12x10-8; discovery: aHR=3.19, P=6.23x10-4; replication: aHR=3.16, P=1.43x10-3). In GTEx, this SNP is associated with expression and splicing of genes including PITPNM3, KIAA0753, and MED31 across various tissues. No SNPs were significantly associated with ERMS OS or EFS.
Conclusion: In the first GWAS of RMS survival outcomes, we identified two SNPs that were significantly associated with worse EFS across RMS subtypes. Further, we identified a SNP that was associated with OS in ARMS patients, a subtype that is associated with worse outcomes. Additional investigation of the impact of these SNPs may further support their consideration for novel risk stratification protocols.
Citation Format: Bailey A. Martin-Giacalone, Michael E. Scheurer, Javed Khan, Stephen J. Chanock, Shengchao Alfred Li, Meredith Yeager, Deborah A. Marquez-Do, Donald A. Barkauskas, David Hall, Matthew T. McEvoy, Melissa A. Richard, Pagna Sok, Austin L. Brown, Aniko Sabo, Stephen X. Skapek, Douglas S. Hawkins, Rajkumar Venkatramani, Lisa Mirabello, Philip J. Lupo. Identification of common germline variants associated with pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma survival: A report from the Children's Oncology Group (COG) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 683.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Javed Khan
- 2National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | - Meredith Yeager
- 4Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | | | | | - David Hall
- 6Children’s Oncology Group, Monrovia, CA
| | | | | | - Pagna Sok
- 1Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - Aniko Sabo
- 1Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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13
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Shern JF, Selfe J, Izquierdo E, Patidar R, Chou HC, Song YK, Yohe ME, Sindiri S, Wei J, Wen X, Rudzinski ER, Barkauskas DA, Lo T, Hall D, Linardic CM, Hughes D, Jamal S, Jenney M, Chisholm J, Brown R, Jones K, Hicks B, Angelini P, George S, Chesler L, Hubank M, Kelsey A, Gatz SA, Skapek SX, Hawkins DS, Shipley JM, Khan J. Genomic Classification and Clinical Outcome in Rhabdomyosarcoma: A Report From an International Consortium. J Clin Oncol 2021; 39:2859-2871. [PMID: 34166060 PMCID: PMC8425837 DOI: 10.1200/jco.20.03060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of childhood. Despite aggressive therapy, the 5-year survival rate for patients with metastatic or recurrent disease remains poor, and beyond PAX-FOXO1 fusion status, no genomic markers are available for risk stratification. We present an international consortium study designed to determine the incidence of driver mutations and their association with clinical outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS Tumor samples collected from patients enrolled on Children's Oncology Group trials (1998-2017) and UK patients enrolled on malignant mesenchymal tumor and RMS2005 (1995-2016) trials were subjected to custom-capture sequencing. Mutations, indels, gene deletions, and amplifications were identified, and survival analysis was performed. RESULTS DNA from 641 patients was suitable for analyses. A median of one mutation was found per tumor. In FOXO1 fusion-negative cases, mutation of any RAS pathway member was found in > 50% of cases, and 21% had no putative driver mutation identified. BCOR (15%), NF1 (15%), and TP53 (13%) mutations were found at a higher incidence than previously reported and TP53 mutations were associated with worse outcomes in both fusion-negative and FOXO1 fusion-positive cases. Interestingly, mutations in RAS isoforms predominated in infants < 1 year (64% of cases). Mutation of MYOD1 was associated with histologic patterns beyond those previously described, older age, head and neck primary site, and a dismal survival. Finally, we provide a searchable companion database (ClinOmics), containing all genomic variants, and clinical annotation including survival data. CONCLUSION This is the largest genomic characterization of clinically annotated rhabdomyosarcoma tumors to date and provides prognostic genetic features that refine risk stratification and will be incorporated into prospective trials.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Databases, Genetic
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Gene Amplification
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genomics
- Humans
- INDEL Mutation
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Male
- Phenotype
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Progression-Free Survival
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar/genetics
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar/mortality
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar/pathology
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar/therapy
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal/genetics
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal/mortality
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal/pathology
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal/therapy
- Risk Assessment
- Risk Factors
- Time Factors
- Transcriptome
- United Kingdom
- United States
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack F. Shern
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Joanna Selfe
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Izquierdo
- Molecular Diagnostics Department, The Institute of Cancer Research and Clinical Genomics, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rajesh Patidar
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Hsien-Chao Chou
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Young K. Song
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Marielle E. Yohe
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sivasish Sindiri
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jun Wei
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Xinyu Wen
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Erin R. Rudzinski
- Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Donald A. Barkauskas
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Children's Oncology Group, Monrovia, CA
| | - Tammy Lo
- Children's Oncology Group, Monrovia, CA
| | | | | | - Debbie Hughes
- Paediatric Tumour Biology, Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sabri Jamal
- Molecular Diagnostics Department, The Institute of Cancer Research and Clinical Genomics, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Meriel Jenney
- Cardiff and Vale UHB, Paeds Oncology, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Chisholm
- Children and Young People's Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Brown
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Kristine Jones
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Belynda Hicks
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Paola Angelini
- Children and Young People's Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sally George
- Paediatric Tumour Biology, Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- Children and Young People's Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louis Chesler
- Paediatric Tumour Biology, Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Hubank
- Molecular Diagnostics Department, The Institute of Cancer Research and Clinical Genomics, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Kelsey
- Department of Paediatric Histopathology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust Royal Manchester Childrens Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne A. Gatz
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen X. Skapek
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Douglas S. Hawkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Janet M. Shipley
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Javed Khan
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Kim J, Light N, Subasri V, Young EL, Wegman-Ostrosky T, Barkauskas DA, Hall D, Lupo PJ, Patidar R, Maese LD, Jones K, Wang M, Tavtigian SV, Wu D, Shlien A, Telfer F, Goldenberg A, Skapek SX, Wei JS, Wen X, Catchpoole D, Hawkins DS, Schiffman JD, Khan J, Malkin D, Stewart DR. Pathogenic Germline Variants in Cancer Susceptibility Genes in Children and Young Adults With Rhabdomyosarcoma. JCO Precis Oncol 2021; 5:PO.20.00218. [PMID: 34095712 PMCID: PMC8169077 DOI: 10.1200/po.20.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common pediatric soft-tissue sarcoma and accounts for 3% of all pediatric cancer. In this study, we investigated germline sequence and structural variation in a broad set of genes in two large, independent RMS cohorts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Genome sequencing of the discovery cohort (n = 273) and exome sequencing of the secondary cohort (n = 121) were conducted on germline DNA. Analyses were performed on 130 cancer susceptibility genes (CSG). Pathogenic or likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants were predicted using the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) criteria. Structural variation and survival analyses were performed on the discovery cohort. RESULTS We found that 6.6%-7.7% of patients with RMS harbored P/LP variants in dominant-acting CSG. An additional approximately 1% have structural variants (ATM, CDKN1C) in CSGs. CSG variants did not influence survival, although there was a significant correlation with an earlier age of tumor onset. There was a nonsignificant excess of P/LP variants in dominant inheritance genes in the patients with FOXO1 fusion-negative RMS patients versus the patients with FOXO1 fusion-positive RMS. We identified pathogenic germline variants in CSGs previously (TP53, NF1, DICER1, mismatch repair genes), rarely (BRCA2, CBL, CHEK2, SMARCA4), or never (FGFR4) reported in RMS. Numerous genes (TP53, BRCA2, mismatch repair) were on the ACMG Secondary Findings 2.0 list. CONCLUSION In two cohorts of patients with RMS, we identified pathogenic germline variants for which gene-specific therapies and surveillance guidelines may be beneficial. In families with a proband with an RMS-risk P/LP variant, genetic counseling and cascade testing should be considered, especially for ACMG Secondary Findings genes and/or with gene-specific surveillance guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Kim
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Nicholas Light
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vallijah Subasri
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
- Vector Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Erin L. Young
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Talia Wegman-Ostrosky
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
- Basic Research Subdirection, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Donald A. Barkauskas
- QuadW-COG Childhood Sarcoma Biostatistics and Annotation Office, Children's Oncology Group, Monrovia, CA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - David Hall
- QuadW-COG Childhood Sarcoma Biostatistics and Annotation Office, Children's Oncology Group, Monrovia, CA
| | - Philip J. Lupo
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology-Oncology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Rajesh Patidar
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Luke D. Maese
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Kristine Jones
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Mingyi Wang
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Sean V. Tavtigian
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Dongjing Wu
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Adam Shlien
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Frank Telfer
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anna Goldenberg
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Vector Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jun S. Wei
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Xinyu Wen
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Daniel Catchpoole
- The Tumour Bank, Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kids Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Douglas S. Hawkins
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Joshua D. Schiffman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Javed Khan
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - David Malkin
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Douglas R. Stewart
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
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15
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Li H, Sisoudiya SD, Martin-Giacalone BA, Khayat MM, Dugan-Perez S, Marquez-Do DA, Scheurer ME, Muzny D, Boerwinkle E, Gibbs RA, Chi YY, Barkauskas DA, Lo T, Hall D, Stewart DR, Schiffman JD, Skapek SX, Hawkins DS, Plon SE, Sabo A, Lupo PJ. Germline Cancer Predisposition Variants in Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma: A Report From the Children's Oncology Group. J Natl Cancer Inst 2020; 113:875-883. [PMID: 33372952 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djaa204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several cancer-susceptibility syndromes are reported to underlie pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS); however, to our knowledge there have been no systematic efforts to characterize the heterogeneous genetic etiologies of this often-fatal malignancy. METHODS We performed exome-sequencing on germline DNA from 615 patients with newly diagnosed RMS consented through the Children's Oncology Group. We compared the prevalence of cancer predisposition variants in 63 autosomal-dominant cancer predisposition genes in these patients with population controls (n = 9963). All statistical tests were 2-sided. RESULTS We identified germline cancer predisposition variants in 45 RMS patients (7.3%; all FOXO1 fusion negative) across 15 autosomal dominant genes, which was statistically significantly enriched compared with controls (1.4%, P = 1.3 × 10-22). Specifically, 73.3% of the predisposition variants were found in predisposition syndrome genes previously associated with pediatric RMS risk, such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome (TP53) and neurofibromatosis type I (NF1). Notably, 5 patients had well-described oncogenic missense variants in HRAS (p.G12V and p.G12S) associated with Costello syndrome. Also, genetic etiology differed with histology, as germline variants were more frequent in embryonal vs alveolar RMS patients (10.0% vs 3.0%, P = .02). Although patients with a cancer predisposition variant tended to be younger at diagnosis (P = 9.9 × 10-4), 40.0% of germline variants were identified in those older than 3 years of age, which is in contrast to current genetic testing recommendations based on early age at diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that genetic risk of RMS results from germline predisposition variants associated with a wide spectrum of cancer susceptibility syndromes. Germline genetic testing for children with RMS should be informed by RMS subtypes and not be limited to only young patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Saumya D Sisoudiya
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bailey A Martin-Giacalone
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael M Khayat
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shannon Dugan-Perez
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Deborah A Marquez-Do
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael E Scheurer
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Donna Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,School of Public Health, the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yueh-Yun Chi
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Donald A Barkauskas
- QuadW Childhood Sarcoma Biostatistics and Annotation Office at the Children's Oncology Group, Monrovia, CA, USA.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tammy Lo
- QuadW Childhood Sarcoma Biostatistics and Annotation Office at the Children's Oncology Group, Monrovia, CA, USA
| | - David Hall
- QuadW Childhood Sarcoma Biostatistics and Annotation Office at the Children's Oncology Group, Monrovia, CA, USA
| | - Douglas R Stewart
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Joshua D Schiffman
- Departments of Pediatrics and Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Stephen X Skapek
- Department of Pediatrics, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Douglas S Hawkins
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sharon E Plon
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Aniko Sabo
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Philip J Lupo
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Butler E, Schwettmann B, Geboers S, Hao G, Kim J, Nham K, Sun X, Laetsch TW, Xu L, Williams NS, Skapek SX. Functional imaging of RAS pathway targeting in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor cells and xenografts. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67:e28639. [PMID: 32975370 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is an aggressive form of soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) in children. Despite intensive therapy, relatively few children with metastatic and unresectable disease survive beyond three years. RAS pathway activation is common in MPNST, suggesting MEK pathway inhibition as a targeted therapy, but the impact on clinical outcome has been small to date. PROCEDURE We conducted preclinical pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic studies of two MEK inhibitors, trametinib and selumetinib, in two MPNST models and analyzed tumors for intratumor drug levels. We then investigated 3'-deoxy-3'-[18 F]fluorothymidine (18 F-FLT) PET imaging followed by 18 F-FDG PET/CT imaging of MPNST xenografts coupled to short-term or longer-term treatment with selumetinib focusing on PET-based imaging as a biomarker of MEK inhibition. RESULTS Trametinib decreased pERK expression in MPNST xenografts but did not prolong survival or decrease Ki67 expression. In contrast, selumetinib prolonged survival of animals bearing MPNST xenografts, and this correlated with decreased pERK and Ki67 staining. PK studies revealed a significantly higher fraction of unbound selumetinib within a responsive MPNST xenograft model. Thymidine uptake, assessed by 18 F-FLT PET/CT, positively correlated with Ki67 expression in different xenograft models and in response to selumetinib. CONCLUSION The ability of MEK inhibitors to control MPNST growth cannot simply be predicted by serum drug levels or drug-induced changes in pERK expression. Tumor cell proliferation assessed by 18 F-FLT PET imaging might be useful as an early response marker to targeted therapies, including MEK inhibition, where a primary effect is cell-cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Butler
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Blake Schwettmann
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Sophie Geboers
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Guiyang Hao
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jiwoong Kim
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kien Nham
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Xiankai Sun
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,The Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Theodore W Laetsch
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,The Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,The Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Noelle S Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Stephen X Skapek
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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17
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Hingorani P, Dinu V, Zhang X, Lei H, Shern JF, Park J, Steel J, Rauf F, Parham D, Gastier-Foster J, Hall D, Hawkins DS, Skapek SX, Labaer J, McEachron TA. Transcriptome analysis of desmoplastic small round cell tumors identifies actionable therapeutic targets: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12318. [PMID: 32703985 PMCID: PMC7378211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69015-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To further understand the molecular pathogenesis of desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT), a fatal malignancy occurring primarily in adolescent/young adult males, we used next-generation RNA sequencing to investigate the gene expression profiles intrinsic to this disease. RNA from DSRCT specimens obtained from the Children's Oncology Group was sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq 2000 system and subjected to bioinformatic analyses. Validation and functional studies included WT1 ChIP-seq, EWS-WT1 knockdown using JN-DSRCT-1 cells and immunohistochemistry. A panel of immune signature genes was also evaluated to identify possible immune therapeutic targets. Twelve of 14 tumor samples demonstrated presence of the diagnostic EWSR1-WT1 translocation and these 12 samples were used for the remainder of the analysis. RNA sequencing confirmed the lack of full-length WT1 in all fusion positive samples as well as the JN-DSRCT-1 cell line. ChIP-seq for WT1 showed significant overlap with genes found to be highly expressed, including IGF2 and FGFR4, which were both highly expressed and targets of the EWS-WT1 fusion protein. In addition, we identified CD200 and CD276 as potentially targetable immune checkpoints whose expression is independent of the EWS-WT1 fusion gene in cultured DSCRT cells. In conclusion, we identified IGF2, FGFR4, CD200, and CD276 as potential therapeutic targets with clinical relevance for patients with DSRCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Hingorani
- UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Valentin Dinu
- The Biodesign Institute, OKED Genomics Core, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Xiyuan Zhang
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Haiyan Lei
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jack F Shern
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jin Park
- The Biodesign Institute, OKED Genomics Core, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jason Steel
- The Biodesign Institute, OKED Genomics Core, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Femina Rauf
- The Biodesign Institute, OKED Genomics Core, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - David Parham
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julie Gastier-Foster
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Departments of Pathology and Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - David Hall
- Division of Biostatistics, Children's Oncology Group, Monrovia, CA, USA
| | - Douglas S Hawkins
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen X Skapek
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joshua Labaer
- The Biodesign Institute, OKED Genomics Core, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Troy A McEachron
- Department of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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18
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Ci B, Yang DM, Krailo M, Xia C, Yao B, Luo D, Zhou Q, Xiao G, Xu L, Skapek SX, Murray MJ, Amatruda JF, Klosterkemper L, Shaikh F, Faure-Conter C, Fresneau B, Volchenboum SL, Stoneham S, Lopes LF, Nicholson J, Frazier AL, Xie Y. Development of a Data Model and Data Commons for Germ Cell Tumors. JCO Clin Cancer Inform 2020; 4:555-566. [PMID: 32568554 PMCID: PMC7328105 DOI: 10.1200/cci.20.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Germ cell tumors (GCTs) are considered a rare disease but are the most common solid tumors in adolescents and young adults, accounting for 15% of all malignancies in this age group. The rarity of GCTs in some groups, particularly children, has impeded progress in treatment and biologic understanding. The most effective GCT research will result from the interrogation of data sets from historical and prospective trials across institutions. However, inconsistent use of terminology among groups, different sample-labeling rules, and lack of data standards have hampered researchers' efforts in data sharing and across-study validation. To overcome the low interoperability of data and facilitate future clinical trials, we worked with the Malignant Germ Cell International Consortium (MaGIC) and developed a GCT clinical data model as a uniform standard to curate and harmonize GCT data sets. This data model will also be the standard for prospective data collection in future trials. Using the GCT data model, we developed a GCT data commons with data sets from both MaGIC and public domains as an integrated research platform. The commons supports functions, such as data query, management, sharing, visualization, and analysis of the harmonized data, as well as patient cohort discovery. This GCT data commons will facilitate future collaborative research to advance the biologic understanding and treatment of GCTs. Moreover, the framework of the GCT data model and data commons will provide insights for other rare disease research communities into developing similar collaborative research platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ci
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Donghan M. Yang
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Mark Krailo
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Children’s Oncology Group, Monrovia, CA
| | | | - Bo Yao
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Danni Luo
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Qinbo Zhou
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Guanghua Xiao
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Lin Xu
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Stephen X. Skapek
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Matthew J. Murray
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James F. Amatruda
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Furqan Shaikh
- Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Brice Fresneau
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Gustave Roussy, University of Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Samuel L. Volchenboum
- Center for Research Informatics, Division of Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Sara Stoneham
- Department of Paediatrics, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - James Nicholson
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - A. Lindsay Frazier
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Blood and Cancer Disorders Center, Boston, MA
| | - Yang Xie
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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19
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Spunt SL, Million L, Chi YY, Anderson J, Tian J, Hibbitts E, Coffin C, McCarville MB, Randall RL, Parham DM, Black JO, Kao SC, Hayes-Jordan A, Wolden S, Laurie F, Speights R, Kawashima E, Skapek SX, Meyer W, Pappo AS, Hawkins DS. A risk-based treatment strategy for non-rhabdomyosarcoma soft-tissue sarcomas in patients younger than 30 years (ARST0332): a Children's Oncology Group prospective study. Lancet Oncol 2019; 21:145-161. [PMID: 31786124 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(19)30672-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumour grade, tumour size, resection potential, and extent of disease affect outcome in paediatric non-rhabdomyosarcoma soft-tissue sarcoma (NRSTS), but no risk stratification systems exist and the standard of care is poorly defined. We developed a risk stratification system from known prognostic factors and assessed it in the context of risk-adapted therapy for young patients with NRSTS. METHODS In this prospective study, eligible patients enrolled in 159 hospitals in three countries were younger than 30 years, had a Lansky (patients ≤16 years) or Karnofsky (patients >16 years) performance status score of at least 50, and a new diagnosis of a WHO (2002 criteria) intermediate (rarely metastasising) or malignant soft-tissue tumour (apart from tumour types eligible for other Children's Oncology Group studies and tumours for which the therapy in this trial was deemed inappropriate), malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour, non-metastatic and grossly resected dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma of the liver, or unclassified malignant soft-tissue sarcoma. Each patient was assigned to one of three risk groups and one of four treatment groups. Risk groups were: low (non-metastatic R0 or R1 low-grade, or ≤5 cm R1 high-grade tumour); intermediate (non-metastatic R0 or R1 >5 cm high-grade, or unresected tumour of any size or grade); or high (metastatic tumour). The treatment groups were surgery alone, radiotherapy (55·8 Gy), chemoradiotherapy (chemotherapy and 55·8 Gy radiotherapy), and neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (chemotherapy and 45 Gy radiotherapy, then surgery and radiotherapy boost based on margins with continued chemotherapy). Chemotherapy included six cycles of ifosfamide 3 g/m2 per dose intravenously on days 1-3 and five cycles of doxorubicin 37·5 mg/m2 per dose intravenously on days 1-2 every 3 weeks with sequence adjusted on the basis of timing of surgery or radiotherapy. The primary outcomes were event-free survival, overall survival, and the pattern of treatment failure. Analysis was done per protocol. This study has been completed and is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00346164. FINDINGS Between Feb 5, 2007, and Feb 10, 2012, 550 eligible patients were enrolled, of whom 21 were treated in the incorrect group and excluded from this analysis. 529 evaluable patients were included in the analysis: low-risk (n=222), intermediate-risk (n=227), high-risk (n=80); surgery alone (n=205), radiotherapy (n=17), chemoradiotherapy (n=111), and neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (n=196). At a median follow-up of 6·5 years (IQR 4·9-7·9), 5-year event-free survival and overall survival were: 88·9% (95% CI 84·0-93·8) and 96·2% (93·2-99·2) in the low-risk group; 65·0% (58·2-71·8) and 79·2% (73·4-85·0) in the intermediate-risk group; and 21·2% (11·4-31·1) and 35·5% (23·6-47·4) in the high-risk group, respectively. Risk group predicted event-free survival and overall survival (p<0·0001). No deaths from toxic events during treatment were reported. Nine patients had unexpected grade 4 adverse events (chemoradiotherapy group, n=2; neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy group, n=7), including three wound complications that required surgery (all in the neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy group). INTERPRETATION Pre-treatment clinical features can be used to effectively define treatment failure risk and to stratify young patients with NRSTS for risk-adapted therapy. Most low-risk patients can be cured without adjuvant therapy, thereby avoiding known long-term treatment complications. Survival remains suboptimal for intermediate-risk and high-risk patients and novel therapies are needed. FUNDING National Institutes of Health, St Baldrick's Foundation, Seattle Children's Foundation, American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheri L Spunt
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| | - Lynn Million
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Jing Tian
- University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Cheryl Coffin
- Vanderbilt University Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - M Beth McCarville
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - David M Parham
- Children's Hospital of Los Angeles and USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Simon C Kao
- University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Andrea Hayes-Jordan
- University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Suzanne Wolden
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fran Laurie
- Imaging and Radiation Oncology Core Rhode Island, Lincoln, RI, USA
| | - Roseanne Speights
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Stephen X Skapek
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - William Meyer
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Alberto S Pappo
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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20
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Zheng Y, Xu L, Hassan M, Zhou X, Zhou Q, Rakheja D, Skapek SX. Bayesian Modeling Identifies PLAG1 as a Key Regulator of Proliferation and Survival in Rhabdomyosarcoma Cells. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 18:364-374. [PMID: 31757836 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We recently developed a novel computational algorithm that incorporates Bayesian methodology to identify rhabdomyosarcoma disease genes whose expression level correlates with copy-number variations, and we identified PLAG1 as a candidate oncogenic driver. Although PLAG1 has been shown to contribute to other type of cancers, its role in rhabdomyosarcoma has not been elucidated. We observed that PLAG1 mRNA is highly expressed in rhabdomyosarcoma and is associated with PLAG1 gene copy-number gain. Knockdown of PLAG1 dramatically decreased cell accumulation and induced apoptosis in rhabdomyosarcoma cells, whereas its ectopic expression increased cell accumulation in vitro and as a xenograft and promoted G1 to S-phase cell-cycle progression. We found that PLAG1 regulates IGF2 expression and influences AKT and MAPK pathways in rhabdomyosarcoma, and IGF2 partially rescues cell death triggered by PLAG1 knockdown. The expression level of PLAG1 correlated with the IC50 of rhabdomyosarcoma cells to BMS754807, an IGF receptor inhibitor. IMPLICATIONS: Our data demonstrate that PLAG1 contributes to proliferation and survival of rhabdomyosarcoma cells at least partially by inducing IGF2, and this new understanding may have the potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. .,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Population & Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Mohammed Hassan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Xiaoyun Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Qinbo Zhou
- Department of Population & Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Stephen X Skapek
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. .,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Gill Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Health Children's Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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21
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Hassan M, Butler E, Wilson R, Roy A, Zheng Y, Liem P, Rakheja D, Pavlick D, Young LL, Rosenzweig M, Erlich R, Ali SM, Leavey PJ, Parsons DW, Skapek SX, Laetsch TW. Novel PDGFRB rearrangement in multifocal infantile myofibromatosis is tumorigenic and sensitive to imatinib. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2019; 5:mcs.a004440. [PMID: 31645346 PMCID: PMC6824247 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a004440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Infantile myofibromatosis (IM) is an aggressive neoplasm composed of myofibroblast-like cells in children. Although typically localized, it can also present as multifocal disease, which represents a challenge for effective treatment. IM has previously been linked to activating somatic and germline point mutations in the PDGFRβ tyrosine kinase encoded by the PDGFRB gene. Clinical panel-based targeted tumor sequencing of a tumor from a newborn with multifocal IM revealed a novel PDGFRB rearrangement, which was reported as being of unclear significance. Additional sequencing of cDNA from tumor and germline DNA confirmed a complex somatic/mosaic PDGFRB rearrangement with an apparent partial tandem duplication disrupting the juxtamembrane domain. Ectopic expression of cDNA encoding the mutant form of PDGFRB markedly enhanced cell proliferation of mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) compared to wild-type PDGFRB and conferred tumor-forming capacity on nontumorigenic 10T1/2 fibroblasts. The mutated protein enhanced MAPK activation and retained sensitivity to the PDGFRβ inhibitor imatinib. Our findings reveal a new mechanism by which PDGFRB can be activated in IM, suggest that therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors including imatinib may be beneficial, and raise the possibility that this receptor tyrosine kinase might be altered in a similar fashion in additional cases that would similarly present annotation challenges in clinical DNA sequencing analysis pipelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Hassan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Departments of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Erin Butler
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Departments of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Pauline Allen Gill Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Health, Dallas, Texas 75235, USA
| | - Raphael Wilson
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Departments of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Angshumoy Roy
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yanbin Zheng
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Departments of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Priscilla Liem
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Departments of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Dean Pavlick
- Foundation Medicine, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA
| | - Lauren L Young
- Foundation Medicine, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA.,Beam Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Mark Rosenzweig
- Foundation Medicine, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA
| | - Rachel Erlich
- Foundation Medicine, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA
| | - Siraj M Ali
- Foundation Medicine, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA
| | - Patrick J Leavey
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Departments of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Pauline Allen Gill Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Health, Dallas, Texas 75235, USA
| | | | - Stephen X Skapek
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Departments of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Pauline Allen Gill Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Health, Dallas, Texas 75235, USA
| | - Theodore W Laetsch
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Departments of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Pauline Allen Gill Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Health, Dallas, Texas 75235, USA
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22
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Hibbitts E, Chi YY, Hawkins DS, Barr FG, Bradley JA, Dasgupta R, Meyer WH, Rodeberg DA, Rudzinski ER, Spunt SL, Skapek SX, Wolden SL, Arndt CAS. Refinement of risk stratification for childhood rhabdomyosarcoma using FOXO1 fusion status in addition to established clinical outcome predictors: A report from the Children's Oncology Group. Cancer Med 2019; 8:6437-6448. [PMID: 31456361 PMCID: PMC6797586 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies of the prognostic importance of FOXO1 fusion status in patients with rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) have had conflicting results. We re‐examined risk stratification by adding FOXO1 status to traditional clinical prognostic factors in children with localized or metastatic RMS. Methods Data from six COG clinical trials (D9602, D9802, D9803, ARST0331, ARTS0431, ARST0531; two studies each for low‐, intermediate‐ and high‐risk patients) accruing previously untreated patients with RMS from 1997 to 2013 yielded 1727 evaluable patients. Survival tree regression for event‐free survival (EFS) was conducted to recursively select prognostic factors for branching and split. Factors included were age, FOXO1, clinical group, histology, nodal status, number of metastatic sites, primary site, sex, tumor size, and presence of metastases in bone/bone marrow, soft tissue, effusions, lung, distant lymph nodes, and other sites. Definition and outcome of the proposed risk groups were compared to existing systems and cross‐validated results. Results The 5‐year EFS and overall survival (OS) for evaluable patients were 69% and 79%, respectively. Extent of disease (localized versus metastatic) was the first split (EFS 73% vs 30%; OS 84% vs. 42%). FOXO1 status (positive vs negative) was significant in the second split both for localized (EFS 52% vs 78%; OS 65% vs 88%) and metastatic disease (EFS 6% vs 46%; OS 19% vs 58%). Conclusions After metastatic status, FOXO1 status is the most important prognostic factor in patients with RMS and improves risk stratification of patients with localized RMS. Our findings support incorporation of FOXO1 status in risk stratified clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Hibbitts
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Yueh-Yun Chi
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Douglas S Hawkins
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Frederic G Barr
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Julie A Bradley
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Health Science Center, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Roshni Dasgupta
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - William H Meyer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - David A Rodeberg
- Department of Surgery, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Erin R Rudzinski
- Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sheri L Spunt
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Stephen X Skapek
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Suzanne L Wolden
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York
| | - Carola A S Arndt
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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23
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Liu YT, Xu L, Bennett L, Hooks JC, Liu J, Zhou Q, Liem P, Zheng Y, Skapek SX. Identification of De Novo Enhancers Activated by TGFβ to Drive Expression of CDKN2A and B in HeLa Cells. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:1854-1866. [PMID: 31189690 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of the CDKN2A (INK4A/ARF) and B (INK4B) genes, which encode three function-independent tumor suppressors, is one of the most common events in human cancer. Because their relative importance in tumor prevention appears to be species- and context-specific, studying their regulation can shed light on mechanisms by which they are bypassed in malignant transformation. We previously unveiled a new pathway in which TGFβ selectively induces Arf at mouse Cdkn2a in eye development and cultured fibroblasts. As TGFβ signaling is often derailed in cancer development or progression, we investigated its control of CDKN2A/B in human cancer. Computational analyses of sequencing and array data from nearly 11,000 patients with cancer in TCGA showed discordant expression of ARF and INK4A in most cancer subtypes, with gene copy-number loss and promoter methylation involved in only a subset. Using HeLa cells as a model, we found that exogenous TGFβ induced ARF mRNA and protein, and ARF knockdown limited TGFβ-mediated growth suppression. TGFβ-mediated ARF mRNA induction required SMAD2/3, p38MAPK, and SP1, and ARF mRNA was induced without added RNAPII recruitment. Chromatin immunoprecipitation unveiled a remote enhancer element engaged by TGFβ by a mechanism that partially depended on p38MAPK. CRISPR-based editing of this enhancer limited induction of ARF and INK4B by TGFβ, but not by oncogenic RAS. IMPLICATIONS: Our findings reveal new molecular mechanisms by which CDKN2A/B regulation is coupled to external cues, and those findings represent entry points to further explore pharmacologic strategies to restore their expression in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ting Liu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Lin Xu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Lynda Bennett
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jared C Hooks
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jing Liu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Qinbo Zhou
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Priscilla Liem
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Yanbin Zheng
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Stephen X Skapek
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. .,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Li S, Chen K, Zhang Y, Barnes SD, Jaichander P, Zheng Y, Hassan M, Malladi VS, Skapek SX, Xu L, Bassel-Duby R, Olson EN, Liu N. Twist2 amplification in rhabdomyosarcoma represses myogenesis and promotes oncogenesis by redirecting MyoD DNA binding. Genes Dev 2019; 33:626-640. [PMID: 30975722 PMCID: PMC6546057 DOI: 10.1101/gad.324467.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Li et al. show that TWIST2 shapes the epigenetic landscape to drive chromatin opening at oncogenic loci and chromatin closing at myogenic loci. These epigenetic changes redirect MyoD binding from myogenic genes toward oncogenic, metabolic, and growth genes. Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is an aggressive pediatric cancer composed of myoblast-like cells. Recently, we discovered a unique muscle progenitor marked by the expression of the Twist2 transcription factor. Genomic analyses of 258 RMS patient tumors uncovered prevalent copy number amplification events and increased expression of TWIST2 in fusion-negative RMS. Knockdown of TWIST2 in RMS cells results in up-regulation of MYOGENIN and a decrease in proliferation, implicating TWIST2 as an oncogene in RMS. Through an inducible Twist2 expression system, we identified Twist2 as a reversible inhibitor of myogenic differentiation with the remarkable ability to promote myotube dedifferentiation in vitro. Integrated analysis of genome-wide ChIP-seq and RNA-seq data revealed the first dynamic chromatin and transcriptional landscape of Twist2 binding during myogenic differentiation. During differentiation, Twist2 competes with MyoD at shared DNA motifs to direct global gene transcription and repression of the myogenic program. Additionally, Twist2 shapes the epigenetic landscape to drive chromatin opening at oncogenic loci and chromatin closing at myogenic loci. These epigenetic changes redirect MyoD binding from myogenic genes toward oncogenic, metabolic, and growth genes. Our study reveals the dynamic interplay between two opposing transcriptional regulators that control the fate of RMS and provides insight into the molecular etiology of this aggressive form of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Kenian Chen
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Yichi Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Spencer D Barnes
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Priscilla Jaichander
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Yanbin Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Mohammed Hassan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Venkat S Malladi
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Stephen X Skapek
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Lin Xu
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Rhonda Bassel-Duby
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Eric N Olson
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children and represents a high-grade neoplasm of skeletal myoblast-like cells. Decades of clinical and basic research have gradually improved our understanding of the pathophysiology of RMS and helped to optimize clinical care. The two major subtypes of RMS, originally characterized on the basis of light microscopic features, are driven by fundamentally different molecular mechanisms and pose distinct clinical challenges. Curative therapy depends on control of the primary tumour, which can arise at many distinct anatomical sites, as well as controlling disseminated disease that is known or assumed to be present in every case. Sophisticated risk stratification for children with RMS incorporates various clinical, pathological and molecular features, and that information is used to guide the application of multifaceted therapy. Such therapy has historically included cytotoxic chemotherapy as well as surgery, ionizing radiation or both. This Primer describes our current understanding of RMS epidemiology, disease susceptibility factors, disease mechanisms and elements of clinical care, including diagnostics, risk-based care of newly diagnosed and relapsed disease and the prevention and management of late effects in survivors. We also outline potential opportunities to further translate new biological insights into improved clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen X Skapek
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Andrea Ferrari
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Abha A Gupta
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip J Lupo
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Erin Butler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Janet Shipley
- Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Belmont, UK
| | - Frederic G Barr
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Douglas S Hawkins
- Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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26
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Hawkins DS, Chi YY, Anderson JR, Tian J, Arndt CAS, Bomgaars L, Donaldson SS, Hayes-Jordan A, Mascarenhas L, McCarville MB, McCune JS, McCowage G, Million L, Morris CD, Parham DM, Rodeberg DA, Rudzinski ER, Shnorhavorian M, Spunt SL, Skapek SX, Teot LA, Wolden S, Yock TI, Meyer WH. Addition of Vincristine and Irinotecan to Vincristine, Dactinomycin, and Cyclophosphamide Does Not Improve Outcome for Intermediate-Risk Rhabdomyosarcoma: A Report From the Children's Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 2018; 36:2770-2777. [PMID: 30091945 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2018.77.9694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Intermediate-risk rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) includes patients with either nonmetastatic, unresected embryonal RMS (ERMS) with an unfavorable primary site or nonmetastatic alveolar RMS (ARMS). The primary aim of this study was to improve the outcome of patients with intermediate-risk RMS by substituting vincristine and irinotecan (VI) for half of vincristine, dactinomycin, and cyclophosphamide (VAC) courses. All patients received a lower dose of cyclophosphamide and earlier radiation therapy than in previous trials. Patients and Methods Patients were randomly assigned at study entry to either VAC (cumulative cyclophosphamide dose, 16.8 g/m2) or VAC/VI (cumulative cyclophosphamide dose, 8.4 g/m2) for 42 weeks of therapy. Radiation therapy started at week 4, with individualized local control plans permitted for patients younger than 24 months. The primary study end point was event-free survival (EFS). The study design had an 80% power (5% one-sided α-level) to detect an improved long-term EFS from 65% (with VAC) to 76% (with VAC/VI). Results A total of 448 eligible patients were enrolled in the study. At a median follow-up of 4.8 years, the 4-year EFS was 63% with VAC and 59% with VAC/VI ( P = .51), and 4-year overall survival was 73% for VAC and 72% for VAC/VI ( P = .80). Within the ARMS and ERMS subgroups, no difference in outcome by treatment arm was found. Severe hematologic toxicity was less common with VAC/VI therapy. Conclusion The addition of VI to VAC did not improve EFS or OS for patients with intermediate-risk RMS. VAC/VI had less hematologic toxicity and a lower cumulative cyclophosphamide dose, making VAC/VI an alternative standard therapy for intermediate-risk RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S Hawkins
- Douglas S. Hawkins, Erin R. Rudzinski, and Margarett Shnorhavorian, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA; Yueh-Yun Chi and Jing Tian, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; James R. Anderson, Merck Research Laboratories, North Wales, PA; Carola A.S. Arndt, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Lisa Bomgaars, Texas Children's Hospital; Andrea Hayes-Jordan, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Stephen X. Skapek, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX; Sarah S. Donaldson, Lynn Million, and Sheri L. Spunt, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; Leo Mascarenhas and David M. Parham, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Jeannine S. McCune, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; Mary Beth McCarville, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Geoff McCowage, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Carol D. Morris, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, David A. Rodeberg, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Lisa A. Teot, Boston Children's Hospital; Torunn I. Yock, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Suzanne Wolden, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; and William H. Meyer, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Yueh-Yun Chi
- Douglas S. Hawkins, Erin R. Rudzinski, and Margarett Shnorhavorian, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA; Yueh-Yun Chi and Jing Tian, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; James R. Anderson, Merck Research Laboratories, North Wales, PA; Carola A.S. Arndt, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Lisa Bomgaars, Texas Children's Hospital; Andrea Hayes-Jordan, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Stephen X. Skapek, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX; Sarah S. Donaldson, Lynn Million, and Sheri L. Spunt, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; Leo Mascarenhas and David M. Parham, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Jeannine S. McCune, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; Mary Beth McCarville, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Geoff McCowage, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Carol D. Morris, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, David A. Rodeberg, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Lisa A. Teot, Boston Children's Hospital; Torunn I. Yock, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Suzanne Wolden, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; and William H. Meyer, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - James R Anderson
- Douglas S. Hawkins, Erin R. Rudzinski, and Margarett Shnorhavorian, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA; Yueh-Yun Chi and Jing Tian, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; James R. Anderson, Merck Research Laboratories, North Wales, PA; Carola A.S. Arndt, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Lisa Bomgaars, Texas Children's Hospital; Andrea Hayes-Jordan, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Stephen X. Skapek, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX; Sarah S. Donaldson, Lynn Million, and Sheri L. Spunt, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; Leo Mascarenhas and David M. Parham, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Jeannine S. McCune, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; Mary Beth McCarville, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Geoff McCowage, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Carol D. Morris, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, David A. Rodeberg, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Lisa A. Teot, Boston Children's Hospital; Torunn I. Yock, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Suzanne Wolden, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; and William H. Meyer, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Jing Tian
- Douglas S. Hawkins, Erin R. Rudzinski, and Margarett Shnorhavorian, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA; Yueh-Yun Chi and Jing Tian, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; James R. Anderson, Merck Research Laboratories, North Wales, PA; Carola A.S. Arndt, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Lisa Bomgaars, Texas Children's Hospital; Andrea Hayes-Jordan, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Stephen X. Skapek, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX; Sarah S. Donaldson, Lynn Million, and Sheri L. Spunt, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; Leo Mascarenhas and David M. Parham, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Jeannine S. McCune, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; Mary Beth McCarville, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Geoff McCowage, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Carol D. Morris, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, David A. Rodeberg, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Lisa A. Teot, Boston Children's Hospital; Torunn I. Yock, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Suzanne Wolden, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; and William H. Meyer, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Carola A S Arndt
- Douglas S. Hawkins, Erin R. Rudzinski, and Margarett Shnorhavorian, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA; Yueh-Yun Chi and Jing Tian, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; James R. Anderson, Merck Research Laboratories, North Wales, PA; Carola A.S. Arndt, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Lisa Bomgaars, Texas Children's Hospital; Andrea Hayes-Jordan, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Stephen X. Skapek, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX; Sarah S. Donaldson, Lynn Million, and Sheri L. Spunt, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; Leo Mascarenhas and David M. Parham, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Jeannine S. McCune, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; Mary Beth McCarville, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Geoff McCowage, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Carol D. Morris, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, David A. Rodeberg, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Lisa A. Teot, Boston Children's Hospital; Torunn I. Yock, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Suzanne Wolden, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; and William H. Meyer, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Lisa Bomgaars
- Douglas S. Hawkins, Erin R. Rudzinski, and Margarett Shnorhavorian, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA; Yueh-Yun Chi and Jing Tian, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; James R. Anderson, Merck Research Laboratories, North Wales, PA; Carola A.S. Arndt, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Lisa Bomgaars, Texas Children's Hospital; Andrea Hayes-Jordan, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Stephen X. Skapek, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX; Sarah S. Donaldson, Lynn Million, and Sheri L. Spunt, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; Leo Mascarenhas and David M. Parham, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Jeannine S. McCune, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; Mary Beth McCarville, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Geoff McCowage, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Carol D. Morris, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, David A. Rodeberg, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Lisa A. Teot, Boston Children's Hospital; Torunn I. Yock, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Suzanne Wolden, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; and William H. Meyer, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Sarah S Donaldson
- Douglas S. Hawkins, Erin R. Rudzinski, and Margarett Shnorhavorian, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA; Yueh-Yun Chi and Jing Tian, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; James R. Anderson, Merck Research Laboratories, North Wales, PA; Carola A.S. Arndt, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Lisa Bomgaars, Texas Children's Hospital; Andrea Hayes-Jordan, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Stephen X. Skapek, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX; Sarah S. Donaldson, Lynn Million, and Sheri L. Spunt, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; Leo Mascarenhas and David M. Parham, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Jeannine S. McCune, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; Mary Beth McCarville, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Geoff McCowage, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Carol D. Morris, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, David A. Rodeberg, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Lisa A. Teot, Boston Children's Hospital; Torunn I. Yock, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Suzanne Wolden, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; and William H. Meyer, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Andrea Hayes-Jordan
- Douglas S. Hawkins, Erin R. Rudzinski, and Margarett Shnorhavorian, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA; Yueh-Yun Chi and Jing Tian, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; James R. Anderson, Merck Research Laboratories, North Wales, PA; Carola A.S. Arndt, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Lisa Bomgaars, Texas Children's Hospital; Andrea Hayes-Jordan, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Stephen X. Skapek, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX; Sarah S. Donaldson, Lynn Million, and Sheri L. Spunt, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; Leo Mascarenhas and David M. Parham, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Jeannine S. McCune, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; Mary Beth McCarville, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Geoff McCowage, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Carol D. Morris, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, David A. Rodeberg, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Lisa A. Teot, Boston Children's Hospital; Torunn I. Yock, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Suzanne Wolden, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; and William H. Meyer, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Leo Mascarenhas
- Douglas S. Hawkins, Erin R. Rudzinski, and Margarett Shnorhavorian, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA; Yueh-Yun Chi and Jing Tian, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; James R. Anderson, Merck Research Laboratories, North Wales, PA; Carola A.S. Arndt, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Lisa Bomgaars, Texas Children's Hospital; Andrea Hayes-Jordan, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Stephen X. Skapek, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX; Sarah S. Donaldson, Lynn Million, and Sheri L. Spunt, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; Leo Mascarenhas and David M. Parham, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Jeannine S. McCune, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; Mary Beth McCarville, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Geoff McCowage, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Carol D. Morris, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, David A. Rodeberg, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Lisa A. Teot, Boston Children's Hospital; Torunn I. Yock, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Suzanne Wolden, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; and William H. Meyer, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Mary Beth McCarville
- Douglas S. Hawkins, Erin R. Rudzinski, and Margarett Shnorhavorian, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA; Yueh-Yun Chi and Jing Tian, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; James R. Anderson, Merck Research Laboratories, North Wales, PA; Carola A.S. Arndt, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Lisa Bomgaars, Texas Children's Hospital; Andrea Hayes-Jordan, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Stephen X. Skapek, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX; Sarah S. Donaldson, Lynn Million, and Sheri L. Spunt, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; Leo Mascarenhas and David M. Parham, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Jeannine S. McCune, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; Mary Beth McCarville, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Geoff McCowage, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Carol D. Morris, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, David A. Rodeberg, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Lisa A. Teot, Boston Children's Hospital; Torunn I. Yock, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Suzanne Wolden, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; and William H. Meyer, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Jeannine S McCune
- Douglas S. Hawkins, Erin R. Rudzinski, and Margarett Shnorhavorian, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA; Yueh-Yun Chi and Jing Tian, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; James R. Anderson, Merck Research Laboratories, North Wales, PA; Carola A.S. Arndt, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Lisa Bomgaars, Texas Children's Hospital; Andrea Hayes-Jordan, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Stephen X. Skapek, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX; Sarah S. Donaldson, Lynn Million, and Sheri L. Spunt, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; Leo Mascarenhas and David M. Parham, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Jeannine S. McCune, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; Mary Beth McCarville, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Geoff McCowage, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Carol D. Morris, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, David A. Rodeberg, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Lisa A. Teot, Boston Children's Hospital; Torunn I. Yock, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Suzanne Wolden, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; and William H. Meyer, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Geoff McCowage
- Douglas S. Hawkins, Erin R. Rudzinski, and Margarett Shnorhavorian, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA; Yueh-Yun Chi and Jing Tian, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; James R. Anderson, Merck Research Laboratories, North Wales, PA; Carola A.S. Arndt, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Lisa Bomgaars, Texas Children's Hospital; Andrea Hayes-Jordan, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Stephen X. Skapek, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX; Sarah S. Donaldson, Lynn Million, and Sheri L. Spunt, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; Leo Mascarenhas and David M. Parham, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Jeannine S. McCune, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; Mary Beth McCarville, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Geoff McCowage, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Carol D. Morris, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, David A. Rodeberg, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Lisa A. Teot, Boston Children's Hospital; Torunn I. Yock, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Suzanne Wolden, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; and William H. Meyer, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Lynn Million
- Douglas S. Hawkins, Erin R. Rudzinski, and Margarett Shnorhavorian, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA; Yueh-Yun Chi and Jing Tian, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; James R. Anderson, Merck Research Laboratories, North Wales, PA; Carola A.S. Arndt, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Lisa Bomgaars, Texas Children's Hospital; Andrea Hayes-Jordan, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Stephen X. Skapek, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX; Sarah S. Donaldson, Lynn Million, and Sheri L. Spunt, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; Leo Mascarenhas and David M. Parham, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Jeannine S. McCune, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; Mary Beth McCarville, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Geoff McCowage, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Carol D. Morris, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, David A. Rodeberg, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Lisa A. Teot, Boston Children's Hospital; Torunn I. Yock, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Suzanne Wolden, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; and William H. Meyer, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Carol D Morris
- Douglas S. Hawkins, Erin R. Rudzinski, and Margarett Shnorhavorian, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA; Yueh-Yun Chi and Jing Tian, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; James R. Anderson, Merck Research Laboratories, North Wales, PA; Carola A.S. Arndt, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Lisa Bomgaars, Texas Children's Hospital; Andrea Hayes-Jordan, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Stephen X. Skapek, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX; Sarah S. Donaldson, Lynn Million, and Sheri L. Spunt, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; Leo Mascarenhas and David M. Parham, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Jeannine S. McCune, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; Mary Beth McCarville, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Geoff McCowage, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Carol D. Morris, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, David A. Rodeberg, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Lisa A. Teot, Boston Children's Hospital; Torunn I. Yock, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Suzanne Wolden, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; and William H. Meyer, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - David M Parham
- Douglas S. Hawkins, Erin R. Rudzinski, and Margarett Shnorhavorian, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA; Yueh-Yun Chi and Jing Tian, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; James R. Anderson, Merck Research Laboratories, North Wales, PA; Carola A.S. Arndt, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Lisa Bomgaars, Texas Children's Hospital; Andrea Hayes-Jordan, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Stephen X. Skapek, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX; Sarah S. Donaldson, Lynn Million, and Sheri L. Spunt, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; Leo Mascarenhas and David M. Parham, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Jeannine S. McCune, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; Mary Beth McCarville, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Geoff McCowage, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Carol D. Morris, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, David A. Rodeberg, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Lisa A. Teot, Boston Children's Hospital; Torunn I. Yock, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Suzanne Wolden, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; and William H. Meyer, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - David A Rodeberg
- Douglas S. Hawkins, Erin R. Rudzinski, and Margarett Shnorhavorian, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA; Yueh-Yun Chi and Jing Tian, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; James R. Anderson, Merck Research Laboratories, North Wales, PA; Carola A.S. Arndt, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Lisa Bomgaars, Texas Children's Hospital; Andrea Hayes-Jordan, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Stephen X. Skapek, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX; Sarah S. Donaldson, Lynn Million, and Sheri L. Spunt, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; Leo Mascarenhas and David M. Parham, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Jeannine S. McCune, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; Mary Beth McCarville, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Geoff McCowage, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Carol D. Morris, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, David A. Rodeberg, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Lisa A. Teot, Boston Children's Hospital; Torunn I. Yock, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Suzanne Wolden, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; and William H. Meyer, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Erin R Rudzinski
- Douglas S. Hawkins, Erin R. Rudzinski, and Margarett Shnorhavorian, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA; Yueh-Yun Chi and Jing Tian, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; James R. Anderson, Merck Research Laboratories, North Wales, PA; Carola A.S. Arndt, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Lisa Bomgaars, Texas Children's Hospital; Andrea Hayes-Jordan, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Stephen X. Skapek, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX; Sarah S. Donaldson, Lynn Million, and Sheri L. Spunt, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; Leo Mascarenhas and David M. Parham, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Jeannine S. McCune, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; Mary Beth McCarville, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Geoff McCowage, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Carol D. Morris, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, David A. Rodeberg, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Lisa A. Teot, Boston Children's Hospital; Torunn I. Yock, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Suzanne Wolden, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; and William H. Meyer, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Margarett Shnorhavorian
- Douglas S. Hawkins, Erin R. Rudzinski, and Margarett Shnorhavorian, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA; Yueh-Yun Chi and Jing Tian, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; James R. Anderson, Merck Research Laboratories, North Wales, PA; Carola A.S. Arndt, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Lisa Bomgaars, Texas Children's Hospital; Andrea Hayes-Jordan, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Stephen X. Skapek, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX; Sarah S. Donaldson, Lynn Million, and Sheri L. Spunt, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; Leo Mascarenhas and David M. Parham, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Jeannine S. McCune, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; Mary Beth McCarville, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Geoff McCowage, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Carol D. Morris, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, David A. Rodeberg, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Lisa A. Teot, Boston Children's Hospital; Torunn I. Yock, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Suzanne Wolden, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; and William H. Meyer, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Sheri L Spunt
- Douglas S. Hawkins, Erin R. Rudzinski, and Margarett Shnorhavorian, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA; Yueh-Yun Chi and Jing Tian, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; James R. Anderson, Merck Research Laboratories, North Wales, PA; Carola A.S. Arndt, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Lisa Bomgaars, Texas Children's Hospital; Andrea Hayes-Jordan, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Stephen X. Skapek, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX; Sarah S. Donaldson, Lynn Million, and Sheri L. Spunt, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; Leo Mascarenhas and David M. Parham, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Jeannine S. McCune, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; Mary Beth McCarville, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Geoff McCowage, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Carol D. Morris, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, David A. Rodeberg, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Lisa A. Teot, Boston Children's Hospital; Torunn I. Yock, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Suzanne Wolden, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; and William H. Meyer, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Stephen X Skapek
- Douglas S. Hawkins, Erin R. Rudzinski, and Margarett Shnorhavorian, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA; Yueh-Yun Chi and Jing Tian, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; James R. Anderson, Merck Research Laboratories, North Wales, PA; Carola A.S. Arndt, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Lisa Bomgaars, Texas Children's Hospital; Andrea Hayes-Jordan, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Stephen X. Skapek, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX; Sarah S. Donaldson, Lynn Million, and Sheri L. Spunt, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; Leo Mascarenhas and David M. Parham, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Jeannine S. McCune, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; Mary Beth McCarville, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Geoff McCowage, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Carol D. Morris, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, David A. Rodeberg, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Lisa A. Teot, Boston Children's Hospital; Torunn I. Yock, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Suzanne Wolden, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; and William H. Meyer, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Lisa A Teot
- Douglas S. Hawkins, Erin R. Rudzinski, and Margarett Shnorhavorian, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA; Yueh-Yun Chi and Jing Tian, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; James R. Anderson, Merck Research Laboratories, North Wales, PA; Carola A.S. Arndt, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Lisa Bomgaars, Texas Children's Hospital; Andrea Hayes-Jordan, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Stephen X. Skapek, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX; Sarah S. Donaldson, Lynn Million, and Sheri L. Spunt, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; Leo Mascarenhas and David M. Parham, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Jeannine S. McCune, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; Mary Beth McCarville, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Geoff McCowage, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Carol D. Morris, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, David A. Rodeberg, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Lisa A. Teot, Boston Children's Hospital; Torunn I. Yock, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Suzanne Wolden, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; and William H. Meyer, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Suzanne Wolden
- Douglas S. Hawkins, Erin R. Rudzinski, and Margarett Shnorhavorian, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA; Yueh-Yun Chi and Jing Tian, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; James R. Anderson, Merck Research Laboratories, North Wales, PA; Carola A.S. Arndt, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Lisa Bomgaars, Texas Children's Hospital; Andrea Hayes-Jordan, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Stephen X. Skapek, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX; Sarah S. Donaldson, Lynn Million, and Sheri L. Spunt, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; Leo Mascarenhas and David M. Parham, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Jeannine S. McCune, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; Mary Beth McCarville, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Geoff McCowage, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Carol D. Morris, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, David A. Rodeberg, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Lisa A. Teot, Boston Children's Hospital; Torunn I. Yock, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Suzanne Wolden, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; and William H. Meyer, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Torunn I Yock
- Douglas S. Hawkins, Erin R. Rudzinski, and Margarett Shnorhavorian, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA; Yueh-Yun Chi and Jing Tian, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; James R. Anderson, Merck Research Laboratories, North Wales, PA; Carola A.S. Arndt, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Lisa Bomgaars, Texas Children's Hospital; Andrea Hayes-Jordan, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Stephen X. Skapek, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX; Sarah S. Donaldson, Lynn Million, and Sheri L. Spunt, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; Leo Mascarenhas and David M. Parham, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Jeannine S. McCune, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; Mary Beth McCarville, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Geoff McCowage, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Carol D. Morris, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, David A. Rodeberg, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Lisa A. Teot, Boston Children's Hospital; Torunn I. Yock, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Suzanne Wolden, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; and William H. Meyer, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - William H Meyer
- Douglas S. Hawkins, Erin R. Rudzinski, and Margarett Shnorhavorian, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA; Yueh-Yun Chi and Jing Tian, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; James R. Anderson, Merck Research Laboratories, North Wales, PA; Carola A.S. Arndt, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Lisa Bomgaars, Texas Children's Hospital; Andrea Hayes-Jordan, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Stephen X. Skapek, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX; Sarah S. Donaldson, Lynn Million, and Sheri L. Spunt, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; Leo Mascarenhas and David M. Parham, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Jeannine S. McCune, City of Hope, Duarte, CA; Mary Beth McCarville, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Geoff McCowage, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Carol D. Morris, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, David A. Rodeberg, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Lisa A. Teot, Boston Children's Hospital; Torunn I. Yock, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Suzanne Wolden, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; and William H. Meyer, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
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Lupo PJ, Morimoto L, Karlins E, Shao X, Morton LM, Scheurer ME, Bhatia S, Robison LL, Armstrong GT, Hettmer S, Khan J, Chanock SJ, Freedman ND, Wyatt K, Hicks BD, Yeager M, Dagnall CL, Li SA, Skapek SX, Hawkins DS, Metayer C, Mirabello L. Abstract 2966: A genome-wide scan identifies a new locus associated with pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-2966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children and has one of the poorest survival rates among all pediatric cancers. The two major histologic subtypes of RMS are embryonal (eRMS) and alveolar (aRMS), which display differences in terms of age-incidence patterns and somatic mutations. Approximately 10% of RMS cases are associated with germline mutations in known cancer predisposition genes (e.g., TP53, NF1), but very little is known about the genetic susceptibility to the ~90% of RMS cases that are sporadic. We conducted the first multi-institutional genome-wide association study (GWAS) of RMS in 727 cases and 3,384 controls.
Methods: Phase 1 of the GWAS included 421 RMS cases from Children's Oncology Group clinical trials, Texas Children's Hospital, and the Universidad de Navarra. Controls (n=2,763) were cancer-free individuals included in previous studies at the National Cancer Institute (NCI). Phase 2 included 306 cases from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study and 621 independent controls from NCI. Genotypes were generated using the Illumina OmniExpress or the HumanOmni5Exome array and imputed based on the 1000 Genomes Project. Analyses were restricted to those of European (EUR) ancestry, and controls were matched to the cases based on principal components and genotype platform. Assuming an additive genetic model in SNPTEST, we used multivariable logistic regression models to estimate the odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI), and P value for each variant on RMS overall and by two RMS subtypes: eRMS and aRMS.
Results: After quality control filtering and assessment of population substructure, there were 555 combined EUR RMS cases and 1,561 controls, which included: 1) 278 cases and 1,112 controls in phase 1; and 2) 277 cases and 449 controls in phase 2. In the combined set, we identified a new locus at chromosome 11p15.2 that was strongly associated with an increased risk of aRMS and significant at the genome-wide level (OR=2.3, P=2.2x10-8). Results were consistent across studies: phase 1 OR=2.3, 95% CI 1.7-3.2; and phase 2 OR=2.3, 95% CI 1.2-4.5. The top variant, rs12785926, mapped to an intron in the PSMA1 (proteasome subunit alpha 1) gene. Based on data from GTEx, rs12785926 is significantly associated with RRAS2 expression across multiple tissues. RRAS2 is involved in cell proliferation and is somatically mutated in several tumors. When evaluating eRMS and RMS overall in the combined set, there were no variants significant at the genome-wide level.
Conclusion: In the first GWAS of pediatric RMS, we identified a susceptibility locus associated with the more aggressive aRMS subtype that has a poorer prognosis. Additional replication analyses are underway using DNA obtained from archived newborn blood spots linked to population-based cancer registries, as well as other institutional cohorts. Further investigation will advance understanding of RMS etiology and biology.
Citation Format: Philip J. Lupo, Libby Morimoto, Eric Karlins, Xiaorong Shao, Lindsay M. Morton, Michael E. Scheurer, Smita Bhatia, Leslie L. Robison, Gregory T. Armstrong, Simone Hettmer, Javed Khan, Stephen J. Chanock, Neal D. Freedman, Kathleen Wyatt, Belynda D. Hicks, Meredith Yeager, Casey L. Dagnall, Shengchao A. Li, Stephen X. Skapek, Douglas S. Hawkins, Catherine Metayer, Lisa Mirabello. A genome-wide scan identifies a new locus associated with pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2966.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Javed Khan
- 3National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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28
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Kendall GC, Watson S, Xu L, LaVigne CA, Murchison W, Rakheja D, Skapek SX, Tirode F, Delattre O, Amatruda JF. PAX3-FOXO1 transgenic zebrafish models identify HES3 as a mediator of rhabdomyosarcoma tumorigenesis. eLife 2018; 7:33800. [PMID: 29869612 PMCID: PMC5988421 DOI: 10.7554/elife.33800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma is a pediatric soft-tissue sarcoma caused by PAX3/7-FOXO1 fusion oncogenes and is characterized by impaired skeletal muscle development. We developed human PAX3-FOXO1 -driven zebrafish models of tumorigenesis and found that PAX3-FOXO1 exhibits discrete cell lineage susceptibility and transformation. Tumors developed by 1.6–19 months and were primitive neuroectodermal tumors or rhabdomyosarcoma. We applied this PAX3-FOXO1 transgenic zebrafish model to study how PAX3-FOXO1 leverages early developmental pathways for oncogenesis and found that her3 is a unique target. Ectopic expression of the her3 human ortholog, HES3, inhibits myogenesis in zebrafish and mammalian cells, recapitulating the arrested muscle development characteristic of rhabdomyosarcoma. In patients, HES3 is overexpressed in fusion-positive versus fusion-negative tumors. Finally, HES3 overexpression is associated with reduced survival in patients in the context of the fusion. Our novel zebrafish rhabdomyosarcoma model identifies a new PAX3-FOXO1 target, her3/HES3, that contributes to impaired myogenic differentiation and has prognostic significance in human disease. One of the most common cancers in children and adolescents is rhabdomyosarcoma, a cancer of soft tissue such as muscle, tendon or cartilage. The fusion of DNA on two different chromosomes causes the most aggressive form of rhabdomyosarcoma. The fused DNA produces an abnormal protein called PAX3-FOXO1. During normal muscle development, a subset of rapidly growing cells eventually slow down and form mature, working muscle cells. It is still unclear how exactly rhabdomyosarcoma develops, but it is thought that PAX3-FOXO1 stops muscle cells from maturing and the cells that grow out of control result in a tumor. Learning how PAX3-FOXO1 hijacks normal muscle development could lead to new treatments for rhabdomyosarcoma. One treatment approach is to slow the growth of a tumor and force the cells to mature. Then, young patients might avoid chemotherapy or radiation treatments and their side effects. Efforts to improve treatment for this type of cancer face several obstacles. Currently, only one vertebrate animal model of the disease is available to test drugs, and it is still not known how PAX3-FOXO1 causes healthy cells to become cancerous. It is also hard to turn off PAX3-FOXO1 itself, so scientists must find additional proteins that collaborate with it to target with drugs. Now, Kendall et al. show that genetically engineered zebrafish with human PAX3-FOXO1 develop rhabdomyosarcoma-like tumors. Experiments on these zebrafish showed that the protein turns on a gene called her3. Humans have a similar gene called HES3. In zebrafish or mouse cells, human HES3 interferes with muscle-cell maturation and allows cells that acquire PAX3-FOXO1 to persist during development instead of dying. It also increases the cell growth and cancerous behavior in human tumor cells. Kendall et al. further looked at HES3 levels in tumors collected from patients with rhabdomyosarcoma and found that having higher levels of HES3 increased the risk of death from the cancer. Human rhabdomyosarcoma tumors with high HES3 levels were also more likely to have certain cell-growth and cell-differentiation related proteins. Drugs that turn off or modify the activity of these proteins already exist. Testing these drugs that target processes such as cell growth in the zebrafish with rhabdomyosarcoma-like tumors may help scientists determine if they reduce tumor growth. If they do, additional trials could determine if they would help patients with rhabdomyosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve C Kendall
- Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Sarah Watson
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, Inserm U830, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, Paris, France
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Collette A LaVigne
- Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Whitney Murchison
- Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Stephen X Skapek
- Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Franck Tirode
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre LéonBérard, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Delattre
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, Inserm U830, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, Paris, France.,INSERM U80, Institute Curie Research Center, Paris, France.,Institut Curie Hospital Group, Unité de Génétique Somatique, Paris, France
| | - James F Amatruda
- Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
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Laetsch TW, Roy A, Xu L, Black JO, Coffin CM, Chi YY, Tian J, Spunt SL, Hawkins DS, Bridge JA, Parsons DW, Skapek SX. Undifferentiated Sarcomas in Children Harbor Clinically Relevant Oncogenic Fusions and Gene Copy-Number Alterations: A Report from the Children's Oncology Group. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:3888-3897. [PMID: 29691299 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: A comprehensive analysis of the genomics of undifferentiated sarcomas (UDS) is lacking. We analyzed copy-number alterations and fusion status in patients with UDS prospectively treated on Children's Oncology Group protocol ARST0332.Experimental Design: Copy-number alterations were assessed by OncoScan FFPE Express on 32 UDS. Whole-exome and transcriptome libraries from eight tumors with sufficient archived material were sequenced on HiSeq (2 × 100 bp). Targeted RNA-sequencing using Archer chemistry was performed on two additional cases.Results: Five-year overall survival for patients with UDS was 83% (95% CI, 69%-97%) with risk-adapted therapy (surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy). Both focal and arm-level copy-number alterations were common including gain of 1q (8/32, 25%) and loss of 1p (7/32, 22%), both of which occurred more often in clinically defined high-risk tumors. Tumors with both loss of 1p and gain of 1q carried an especially poor prognosis with a 5-year event-free survival of 20%. GISTIC analysis identified recurrent amplification of FGF1 on 5q31.3 (q = 0.03) and loss of CDKN2A and CDKN2B on 9p21.3 (q = 0.07). Known oncogenic fusions were identified in eight of 10 cases analyzed by next-generation sequencing.Conclusions: Pediatric UDS generally has a good outcome with risk-adapted therapy. A high-risk subset of patients whose tumors have copy-number loss of 1p and gain of 1q was identified with only 20% survival. Oncogenic fusions are common in UDS, and next-generation sequencing should be considered for children with UDS to refine the diagnosis and identify potentially targetable drivers. Clin Cancer Res; 24(16); 3888-97. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angshumoy Roy
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Lin Xu
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Cheryl M Coffin
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Jing Tian
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sheri L Spunt
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Douglas S Hawkins
- Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - D Williams Parsons
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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30
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Teot LA, Schneider M, Thorner AR, Tian J, Chi YY, Ducar M, Lin L, Wlodarski M, Grier HE, Fletcher CDM, van Hummelen P, Skapek SX, Hawkins DS, Wagers AJ, Rodriguez-Galindo C, Hettmer S. Clinical and mutational spectrum of highly differentiated, paired box 3:forkhead box protein o1 fusion-negative rhabdomyosarcoma: A report from the Children's Oncology Group. Cancer 2018; 124:1973-1981. [PMID: 29461635 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric paired box 3:forkhead box protein O1 fusion-negative (PF-) rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) represents a diverse spectrum of tumors with marked differences in histology, myogenic differentiation, and clinical behavior. METHODS This study sought to evaluate the clinical and mutational spectrum of 24 pediatric PF- human RMS tumors with high levels of myogenic differentiation. Tumors were sequenced with OncoPanel v.2, a panel consisting of the coding regions of 504 genes previously linked to human cancer. RESULTS Most of the tumors (19 of 24) arose at head/neck or genitourinary sites, and the overall survival rate was 100% with a median follow-up time of 4.6 years (range, 1.4-8.6 years). RAS pathway gene mutations were the most common mutations in PF-, highly differentiated RMS tumors. In addition, Hedgehog (Hh) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) gene mutations with evidence for functional relevance (high-impact) were identified in subsets of tumors. The presence of Hh and mTOR pathway gene mutations was mutually exclusive and was associated with high-impact RAS pathway gene mutations in 3 of 4 Hh-mutated tumors and in 1 of 6 mTOR-mutated tumors. CONCLUSIONS Interestingly, Hh and mTOR gene mutations were previously associated with rhabdomyomas, which are also known to preferentially arise at head/neck and genitourinary sites. Findings from this study further support the idea that PF-, highly differentiated RMS tumors and rhabdomyomas may represent a continuous spectrum of tumors. Cancer 2018;124:1973-81. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Teot
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michaela Schneider
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Aaron R Thorner
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Yueh-Yun Chi
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Matthew Ducar
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ling Lin
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marcin Wlodarski
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Holcombe E Grier
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Paul van Hummelen
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen X Skapek
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Medical Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Douglas S Hawkins
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Amy J Wagers
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging at Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo
- Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Simone Hettmer
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
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31
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Rudzinski ER, Anderson JR, Chi YY, Gastier-Foster JM, Astbury C, Barr FG, Skapek SX, Hawkins DS, Weigel BJ, Pappo A, Meyer WH, Arnold MA, Teot LA, Parham DM. Histology, fusion status, and outcome in metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma: A report from the Children's Oncology Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2017; 64:10.1002/pbc.26645. [PMID: 28521080 PMCID: PMC5647228 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Distinguishing alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) from embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) has historically been of prognostic and therapeutic importance. However, classification has been complicated by shifting histologic criteria required for an ARMS diagnosis. Children's Oncology Group (COG) studies after IRS-IV, which included the height of this diagnostic shift, showed both an increased number of ARMS and an increase in the proportion of fusion-negative ARMS. Following diagnostic standardization and histologic re-review of ARMS cases enrolled during this era, analysis of low-risk (D9602) and intermediate-risk (D9803) rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) studies showed that fusion status rather than histology best predicts prognosis for patients with RMS. This analysis remains to be completed for patients with high-risk RMS. PROCEDURE We re-reviewed cases on high-risk COG studies D9802 and ARST0431 with an enrollment diagnosis of ARMS. We compared the event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival by histology, PAX-FOXO1 fusion, and clinical risk factors (Oberlin score) for patients with metastatic RMS using the log-rank test. RESULTS Histology re-review resulted in reclassification as ERMS for 12% of D9802 cases and 5% of ARST0431 cases. Fusion-negative RMS had a superior EFS to fusion-positive RMS; however, poorer outcome for metastatic RMS was most related to clinical risk factors including age, primary site, and number of metastatic sites. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to low- or intermediate-risk RMS, in metastatic RMS, clinical risk factors have the most impact on patient outcome. PAX-FOXO1 fusion is more common in patients with a high Oberlin score, but fusion status is not an independent biomarker of prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin R. Rudzinski
- Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - James R. Anderson
- Oncology Clinical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, North Wales, PA
| | - Yueh-Yun Chi
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Julie M. Gastier-Foster
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio,Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Caroline Astbury
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio,Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Frederic G. Barr
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stephen X. Skapek
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Douglas S. Hawkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Brenda J. Weigel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Alberto Pappo
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - William H. Meyer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Michael A. Arnold
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio,Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lisa A. Teot
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David M. Parham
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Sankaran H, Danysh HE, Scheurer ME, Okcu MF, Skapek SX, Hawkins DS, Spector LG, Erhardt EB, Grufferman S, Lupo PJ. The Role of Childhood Infections and Immunizations on Childhood Rhabdomyosarcoma: A Report From the Children's Oncology Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2016; 63:1557-62. [PMID: 27198935 PMCID: PMC4955701 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a rare, highly malignant tumor arising from primitive mesenchymal cells that differentiate into skeletal muscle. Relatively little is known about RMS susceptibility. Based on growing evidence regarding the role of early immunologic challenges on RMS development, we evaluated the role of infections and immunizations on this clinically significant pediatric malignancy. PROCEDURE RMS cases (n = 322) were enrolled from the third trial coordinated by the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group. Population-based controls (n = 322) were pair matched to cases on race, sex, and age. The following immunizations were assessed: diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus (DPT); measles, mumps, and rubella; and oral polio vaccine. We also evaluated if immunizations were complete versus incomplete. We examined selected infections including chickenpox, mumps, pneumonia, scarlet fever, rubella, rubeola, pertussis, mononucleosis, and lung infections. Conditional logistic regression models were used to calculate an odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for each exposure, adjusted for maternal education and total annual income. RESULTS Incomplete immunization schedules (OR = 5.30, 95% CI: 2.47-11.33) and incomplete DPT immunization (OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.06-2.29) were positively associated with childhood RMS. However, infections did not appear to be associated with childhood RMS. CONCLUSIONS This is the largest study of RMS to date demonstrating a possible protective effect of immunizations against the development of childhood RMS. Further studies are needed to validate our findings. Our findings add to the growing body of literature, suggesting a protective role of routine vaccinations in childhood cancer and specifically in childhood RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Sankaran
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Heather E. Danysh
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael E. Scheurer
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M. Fatih Okcu
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen X. Skapek
- Children's Medical Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Douglas S. Hawkins
- Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Logan G. Spector
- Division of Pediatric Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Erik B. Erhardt
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Seymour Grufferman
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Philip J. Lupo
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Hingorani P, Janeway K, Crompton BD, Kadoch C, Mackall CL, Khan J, Shern JF, Schiffman J, Mirabello L, Savage SA, Ladanyi M, Meltzer P, Bult CJ, Adamson PC, Lupo PJ, Mody R, DuBois SG, Parsons DW, Khanna C, Lau C, Hawkins DS, Randall RL, Smith M, Sorensen PH, Plon SE, Skapek SX, Lessnick S, Gorlick R, Reed DR. Current state of pediatric sarcoma biology and opportunities for future discovery: A report from the sarcoma translational research workshop. Cancer Genet 2016; 209:182-94. [PMID: 27132463 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sarcomas are a rare subgroup of pediatric cancers comprised of a variety of bone and soft-tissue tumors. While significant advances have been made in improving outcomes of patients with localized pediatric sarcomas since the addition of systemic chemotherapy to local control many decades ago, outcomes for patients with metastatic and relapsed sarcoma remain poor with few novel therapeutics identified to date. With the advent of new technologies to study cancer genomes, transcriptomes and epigenomes, our understanding of sarcoma biology has improved tremendously in a relatively short period of time. However, much remains to be accomplished in this arena especially with regard to translating all of this new knowledge to the bedside. To this end, a meeting was convened in Philadelphia, PA, on April 18, 2015 sponsored by the QuadW foundation, Children's Oncology Group and CureSearch for Children's Cancer that brought together sarcoma clinicians and scientists from North America to review the current state of pediatric sarcoma biology and ongoing/planned genomics based clinical trials in an effort to identify and bridge knowledge gaps that continue to exist at present. At the conclusion of the workshop, three key objectives that would significantly further our understanding of sarcoma were identified and a proposal was put forward to develop an all-encompassing pediatric sarcoma biology protocol that would address these specific needs. This review summarizes the proceedings of the workshop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Hingorani
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | - Katherine Janeway
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian D Crompton
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cigall Kadoch
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Crystal L Mackall
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Javed Khan
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jack F Shern
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joshua Schiffman
- Huntsman Cancer Institute & Primary Children's Medical Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lisa Mirabello
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sharon A Savage
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marc Ladanyi
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Meltzer
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Peter C Adamson
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Philip J Lupo
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rajen Mody
- Department of Pediatrics, University Of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Steven G DuBois
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D Williams Parsons
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chand Khanna
- Molecular Oncology Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ching Lau
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Douglas S Hawkins
- Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - R Lor Randall
- Huntsman Cancer Institute & Primary Children's Medical Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Poul H Sorensen
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sharon E Plon
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen X Skapek
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Stephen Lessnick
- Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Richard Gorlick
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Damon R Reed
- Moffitt Cancer Center, Sarcoma Department, Adolescent and Young Adult Program, Tampa, FL, USA
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Arnold MA, Anderson JR, Gastier-Foster JM, Barr FG, Skapek SX, Hawkins DS, Raney RB, Parham DM, Teot LA, Rudzinski ER, Walterhouse DO. Histology, Fusion Status, and Outcome in Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma With Low-Risk Clinical Features: A Report From the Children's Oncology Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2016; 63:634-9. [PMID: 26756883 PMCID: PMC4755849 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Distinguishing alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) from embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) is of prognostic and therapeutic importance. Criteria for classifying these entities evolved significantly from 1995 to 2013. ARMS is associated with inferior outcome; therefore, patients with alveolar histology have generally been excluded from low-risk therapy. However, patients with ARMS and low-risk stage and group (Stage 1, Group I/II/orbit III; or Stage 2/3, Group I/II) were eligible for the Children's Oncology Group (COG) low-risk rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) study D9602 from 1997 to 1999. The characteristics and outcomes of these patients have not been previously reported, and the histology of these cases has not been reviewed using current criteria. PROCEDURE We re-reviewed cases that were classified as ARMS on D9602 using current histologic criteria, determined PAX3/PAX7-FOXO1 fusion status, and compared these data with outcome for this unique group of patients. RESULTS Thirty-eight patients with ARMS were enrolled onto D9602. Only one-third of cases with slides available for re-review (11/33) remained classified as ARMS by current histologic criteria. Most cases were reclassified as ERMS (17/33, 51.5%). Cases that remained classified as ARMS were typically fusion-positive (8/11, 73%), therefore current classification results in a similar rate of fusion-positive ARMS for all clinical risk groups. In conjunction with data from COG intermediate-risk treatment protocol D9803, our data demonstrate excellent outcomes for fusion-negative ARMS with otherwise low-risk clinical features. CONCLUSIONS Patients with fusion-positive RMS with low-risk clinical features should be classified and treated as intermediate risk, while patients with fusion-negative ARMS could be appropriately treated with reduced intensity therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Arnold
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH,Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH,Correspondence to: Michael A. Arnold, MD, PhD, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, Phone: 614-722-5719,
| | | | - Julie M. Gastier-Foster
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH,Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Frederic G. Barr
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Stephen X. Skapek
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Douglas S. Hawkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - R. Beverly Raney
- Children's Cancer Hospital and Division of Pediatrics, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - David M. Parham
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Lisa A. Teot
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Erin R. Rudzinski
- Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA
| | - David O. Walterhouse
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation. Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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Iqbal NS, Devitt CC, Sung CY, Skapek SX. p19(Arf) limits primary vitreous cell proliferation driven by PDGF-B. Exp Eye Res 2016; 145:224-229. [PMID: 26778750 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Arf encodes an important tumor suppressor, p19(Arf), which also plays a critical role to control hyperplasia in the primary vitreous during mouse eye development. In the absence of Arf, mice are born blind and display a phenotype closely mimicking severe forms of the human eye disease, persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV). In this report, we characterize p19(Arf) expression in perivascular cells that normally populate the primary vitreous and express the Arf promoter. Using a new ex vivo model, we show that these cells respond to exogenous Tgfβ, despite being isolated at a time when Tgfβ has already turned on the Arf promoter. Treatment of the cells with PDGF-B ligand doubles the population of cells in S-phase and ectopic expression of Arf blunts that effect. We show this effect is mediated through Pdgfrβ as expression of Arf represses expression of Pdgfrβ mRNA and protein to approximately 60%. p53 is not required for Arf-dependent blockade of PDGF-B driven proliferation and repression of Pdgfrβ protein as ectopic expression of Arf is still able to inhibit the 2-fold increase in the S-phase fraction of cells upon treatment with PDGF-B. Finally, induction of mature miR-34a, a microRNA previously identified to be regulated by p19(Arf) does not depend on p53 while the expression of the primary transcript does require p53. These data corroborate that, as in vivo, p19(Arf) functions to inhibit PDGF-B driven proliferation ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida S Iqbal
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Caitlin C Devitt
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Caroline Y Sung
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Stephen X Skapek
- Gill Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Roy A, Kumar V, Zorman B, Fang E, Haines KM, Doddapaneni H, Hampton OA, White S, Bavle AA, Patel NR, Eldin KW, John Hicks M, Rakheja D, Leavey PJ, Skapek SX, Amatruda JF, Nuchtern JG, Chintagumpala MM, Wheeler DA, Plon SE, Sumazin P, Parsons DW. Recurrent internal tandem duplications of BCOR in clear cell sarcoma of the kidney. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8891. [PMID: 26573325 PMCID: PMC4660214 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The X-linked BCL-6 co-repressor (BCOR) gene encodes a key constituent of a variant polycomb repressive complex (PRC) that is mutated or translocated in human cancers. Here we report on the identification of somatic internal tandem duplications (ITDs) clustering in the C terminus of BCOR in 23 of 27 (85%) pediatric clear cell sarcomas of the kidney (CCSK) from two independent cohorts. We profile CCSK tumours using a combination of whole-exome, transcriptome and targeted sequencing. Identical ITD mutations are found in primary and relapsed tumour pairs but not in adjacent normal kidney or blood. Mutant BCOR transcripts and proteins are markedly upregulated in ITD-positive tumours. Transcriptome analysis of ITD-positive CCSKs reveals enrichment for PRC2-regulated genes and similarity to undifferentiated sarcomas harbouring BCOR–CCNB3 fusions. The discovery of recurrent BCOR ITDs defines a major oncogenic event in this childhood sarcoma with significant implications for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to this tumour. The genetic basis of clear cell sarcomas of the kidney is not well understood. In this study, Roy et al. perform whole-exome and RNA sequencing of these tumours and identify recurrent internal tandem duplications in BCOR, a key constituent of a variant polycomb repressive complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angshumoy Roy
- Department of Pathology &Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Vijetha Kumar
- Department of Pathology &Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Barry Zorman
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Erica Fang
- Department of Pathology &Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Katherine M Haines
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - HarshaVardhan Doddapaneni
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Oliver A Hampton
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Simon White
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Abhishek A Bavle
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Nimesh R Patel
- Department of Pathology &Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Karen W Eldin
- Department of Pathology &Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - M John Hicks
- Department of Pathology &Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Patrick J Leavey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Stephen X Skapek
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - James F Amatruda
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Jed G Nuchtern
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Division of Pediatric Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Murali M Chintagumpala
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - David A Wheeler
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Sharon E Plon
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Pavel Sumazin
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - D Williams Parsons
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Hingorani P, Missiaglia E, Shipley J, Anderson JR, Triche TJ, Delorenzi M, Gastier-Foster J, Wing M, Hawkins DS, Skapek SX. Clinical Application of Prognostic Gene Expression Signature in Fusion Gene-Negative Rhabdomyosarcoma: A Report from the Children's Oncology Group. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:4733-9. [PMID: 26473193 PMCID: PMC4610152 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) has two common histologic subtypes: embryonal (ERMS) and alveolar (ARMS). PAX-FOXO1 fusion gene status is a more reliable prognostic marker than alveolar histology, whereas fusion gene-negative (FN) ARMS patients are clinically similar to ERMS patients. A five-gene expression signature (MG5) previously identified two diverse risk groups within the fusion gene-negative RMS (FN-RMS) patients, but this has not been independently validated. The goal of this study was to test whether expression of the MG5 metagene, measured using a technical platform that can be applied to routine pathology material, would correlate with outcome in a new cohort of patients with FN-RMS. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Cases were taken from the Children's Oncology Group (COG) D9803 study of children with intermediate-risk RMS, and gene expression profiling for the MG5 genes was performed using the nCounter assay. The MG5 score was correlated with clinical and pathologic characteristics as well as overall and event-free survival. RESULTS MG5 standardized score showed no significant association with any of the available clinicopathologic variables. The MG5 signature score showed a significant correlation with overall (N = 57; HR, 7.3; 95% CI, 1.9-27.0; P = 0.003) and failure-free survival (N = 57; HR, 6.1; 95% CI, 1.9-19.7; P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS This represents the first, validated molecular prognostic signature for children with FN-RMS who otherwise have intermediate-risk disease. The capacity to measure the expression of a small number of genes in routine pathology material and apply a simple mathematical formula to calculate the MG5 metagene score provides a clear path toward better risk stratification in future prospective clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Hingorani
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona.
| | | | - Janet Shipley
- Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - James R Anderson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Timothy J Triche
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mauro Delorenzi
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland. Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland. Oncology Department, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Michele Wing
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Douglas S Hawkins
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stephen X Skapek
- Pauline Allen Gill Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Mitra AP, Mitra SA, Buckley JD, Anderson JR, Skapek SX, Hawkins DS, Triche TJ. Abstract 2840: Discovery and independent validation of prognostic protein-coding and non-coding genomic meta-features in rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-2840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) has varying outcomes, particularly in intermediate-risk disease (IR-RMS) due to the limited ability of clinical staging to accurately risk-stratify a large proportion of patients. This study aimed to identify prognostic signatures in IR-RMS, the clinical subgroup with the most heterogeneous outcomes, which can potentially improve risk stratification compared with routine clinicopathologic metrics. Signature performance was validated on an independent set of RMS patients. METHODS: Prospectively-obtained primary tumor specimens from 80 IR-RMS patients on Children's Oncology Group clinical trial protocols formed the training set. Tumors from 54 RMS patients across all clinical risk groups formed the validation set. Whole transcriptome profiling was performed using oligonucleotide microarrays employing nearly 1.4 million probe selection regions (PSRs) and used to derive weighted meta-features. Accuracies of protein-coding and non-coding meta-features to predict survival were compared using areas under receiver operating characteristic curves. Associated biological processes were analyzed using curated pathway analysis tools. RESULTS: Histologic subtype (p = 0.94) and PAX-FKHR fusion status (p = 0.66) were unable to predict survival in the training set. Tumor site was the only clinical predictor of outcome in this set (p = 0.041). Cox regression on over 17,000 coding genes identified a prognostic 30-gene meta-feature (gMF, p = 0.001). Analysis of non-coding transcripts identified a 39-PSR meta-feature (ncMF) that also predicted survival (p<0.001). Multiple PSRs interrogating the same genomic locus were replaced by a single PSR resulting in an abbreviated 34-PSR non-coding meta-feature (ancMF), which remained prognostic (p<0.001). Predictive accuracy of ncMF was higher than gMF (96% vs. 71%, p<0.001). However, predictive accuracy of the former was comparable to the ancMF (97%, p = 0.54). When applied to the validation set, gMF, ncMF and ancMF were able to predict outcomes (p = 0.022, 0.006, 0.012, respectively). Analysis of biological processes using gMF showed enrichment for functions associated with musculoskeletal development and signaling pathways. Similar analysis of non-coding meta-features revealed enrichment for cellular assembly, cell cycle, apoptosis and cancer-associated functions. CONCLUSIONS: A non-coding RNA meta-feature was able to better predict outcome in IR-RMS than a coding gene meta-feature, where most standard clinical prognosticators failed. The meta-features were independently validated in IR and non-IR RMS. This suggests that non-coding transcripts can regulate and determine RMS biology and aggressiveness, and be used as novel prognostic indicators.
Citation Format: Anirban P. Mitra, Sheetal A. Mitra, Jonathan D. Buckley, James R. Anderson, Stephen X. Skapek, Douglas S. Hawkins, Timothy J. Triche. Discovery and independent validation of prognostic protein-coding and non-coding genomic meta-features in rhabdomyosarcoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2840. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2840
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban P. Mitra
- 1University of Southern California, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Sheetal A. Mitra
- 1University of Southern California, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jonathan D. Buckley
- 1University of Southern California, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | | | - Timothy J. Triche
- 1University of Southern California, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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Rudzinski ER, Anderson JR, Hawkins DS, Skapek SX, Parham DM, Teot LA. The World Health Organization Classification of Skeletal Muscle Tumors in Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma: A Report From the Children's Oncology Group. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2015; 139:1281-7. [PMID: 25989287 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2014-0475-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The World Health Organization Classification Since 1995, the International Classification of Rhabdomyosarcoma has provided prognostically relevant classification for rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) and allowed risk stratification for children with RMS. The International Classification of Rhabdomyosarcoma includes botryoid and spindle cell RMS as superior-risk groups, embryonal RMS as an intermediate-risk group, and alveolar RMS as an unfavorable-risk group. The 2013 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of skeletal muscle tumors modified the histologic classification of RMS to include sclerosing RMS as a type of spindle cell RMS separate from embryonal RMS. The current WHO classification includes embryonal, alveolar, spindle cell/sclerosing, and pleomorphic subtypes of RMS and does not separate the botryoid subtype. OBJECTIVE To determine if the WHO classification applies to pediatric RMS. DESIGN To accomplish this goal, we reviewed 9 consecutive Children's Oncology Group clinical trials to compare the WHO and International Classification of Rhabdomyosarcoma classifications with outcome and site of disease. RESULTS Except for a subset of low-risk RMS, the outcome for botryoid was not significantly different from typical embryonal RMS when analyzed by primary site. Similarly, pediatric spindle cell and sclerosing patterns of RMS did not appear significantly different from typical embryonal RMS, with one exception: spindle cell RMS in the parameningeal region had an inferior outcome with 28% event-free survival. CONCLUSION Our data support use of the WHO RMS classification in the pediatric population, with the caveat that histologic diagnosis does not necessarily confer the same prognostic information in children as in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin R Rudzinski
- From the Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington (Dr Rudzinski); Frontier Science & Technology Research Foundation, Inc, Madison, Wisconsin (Dr Anderson); the University of Washington School of Medicine and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and Cancer and Blood Disorders Center at Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle (Dr Hawkins); the Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Dr Skapek); the Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (Dr Parham); and the Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Teot)
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Lupo PJ, Danysh HE, Plon SE, Curtin K, Malkin D, Hettmer S, Hawkins DS, Skapek SX, Spector LG, Papworth K, Melin B, Erhardt EB, Grufferman S, Schiffman JD. Family history of cancer and childhood rhabdomyosarcoma: a report from the Children's Oncology Group and the Utah Population Database. Cancer Med 2015; 4:781-90. [PMID: 25809884 PMCID: PMC4430270 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Relatively little is known about the epidemiology and factors underlying susceptibility to childhood rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). To better characterize genetic susceptibility to childhood RMS, we evaluated the role of family history of cancer using data from the largest case–control study of RMS and the Utah Population Database (UPDB). RMS cases (n = 322) were obtained from the Children's Oncology Group (COG). Population-based controls (n = 322) were pair-matched to cases on race, sex, and age. Conditional logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between family history of cancer and childhood RMS. The results were validated using the UPDB, from which 130 RMS cases were identified and matched to controls (n = 1300) on sex and year of birth. The results were combined to generate summary odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Having a first-degree relative with a cancer history was more common in RMS cases than controls (ORs = 1.39, 95% CI: 0.97–1.98). Notably, this association was stronger among those with embryonal RMS (ORs = 2.44, 95% CI: 1.54–3.86). Moreover, having a first-degree relative who was younger at diagnosis of cancer (<30 years) was associated with a greater risk of RMS (ORs = 2.37, 95% CI: 1.34–4.18). In the largest analysis of its kind, we found that most children diagnosed with RMS did not have a family history of cancer. However, our results indicate an increased risk of RMS (particularly embryonal RMS) in children who have a first-degree relative with cancer, and among those whose relatives were diagnosed with cancer at <30 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Lupo
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Heather E Danysh
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sharon E Plon
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Karen Curtin
- Center for Children's Cancer Research (C3R), University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - David Malkin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Douglas S Hawkins
- Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen X Skapek
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Children's Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Logan G Spector
- Division of Pediatric Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Karin Papworth
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Beatrice Melin
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Erik B Erhardt
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Seymour Grufferman
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Joshua D Schiffman
- Center for Children's Cancer Research (C3R), University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Chen L, Shern JF, Wei JS, Yohe ME, Song YK, Hurd L, Liao H, Catchpoole D, Skapek SX, Barr FG, Hawkins DS, Khan J. Clonality and evolutionary history of rhabdomyosarcoma. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005075. [PMID: 25768946 PMCID: PMC4358975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To infer the subclonality of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) and predict the temporal order of genetic events for the tumorigenic process, and to identify novel drivers, we applied a systematic method that takes into account germline and somatic alterations in 44 tumor-normal RMS pairs using deep whole-genome sequencing. Intriguingly, we find that loss of heterozygosity of 11p15.5 and mutations in RAS pathway genes occur early in the evolutionary history of the PAX-fusion-negative-RMS (PFN-RMS) subtype. We discover several early mutations in non-RAS mutated samples and predict them to be drivers in PFN-RMS including recurrent mutation of PKN1. In contrast, we find that PAX-fusion-positive (PFP) subtype tumors have undergone whole-genome duplication in the late stage of cancer evolutionary history and have acquired fewer mutations and subclones than PFN-RMS. Moreover we predict that the PAX3-FOXO1 fusion event occurs earlier than the whole genome duplication. Our findings provide information critical to the understanding of tumorigenesis of RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jack F. Shern
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jun S. Wei
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marielle E. Yohe
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Young K. Song
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Laura Hurd
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hongling Liao
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel Catchpoole
- Biospecimens Research and Tumour Bank, The Kids Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen X. Skapek
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Frederic G. Barr
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Douglas S. Hawkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Javed Khan
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Malignant bone tumors (osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma) and soft-tissue sarcomas (rhabdomyosarcoma, nonrhabdomyosarcoma) account for approximately 14% of childhood malignancies. Successful treatment of patients with sarcoma depends on a multidisciplinary approach to therapy, including oncology, surgery, radiation oncology, radiology, pathology, and physiatry. By combining systemic treatment with chemotherapy and primary tumor control using surgery and/or radiation, survival rates for localized disease range from 70% to 75%. However, children with metastatic or recurrent disease continue to have dismal outcomes. A better understanding of the biology underlying both bone and soft-tissue sarcomas is required to further improve outcomes for children with these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine H HaDuong
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, MS 54, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Andrew A Martin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Pauline Allen Gill Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Medical Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, MC 9063, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Stephen X Skapek
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Pauline Allen Gill Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Medical Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, MC 9063, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Leo Mascarenhas
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, MS 54, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
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Mitra AP, Mitra SA, Buckley JD, Kapranov P, Anderson JR, Skapek SX, Hawkins DS, Triche TJ. Abstract A16: Discovery and validation of novel prognostic genomic signatures in rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.pedcan-a16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) has varying outcomes, especially in patients with intermediate-risk disease (IR-RMS), due to the inherent inability of clinical staging to accurately risk-stratify a large proportion of patients. This study aimed to identify prognostic signatures in IR-RMS patients, the clinical subgroup with the most heterogeneous outcomes, which reflect underlying tumor biology and provide better risk stratification than routine clinicopathologic parameters. Signature performance was further validated on an independent set of RMS patients.
Methods: Prospectively-obtained primary tumors from 80 IR-RMS patients on Children's Oncology Group clinical trial protocols formed the training set. Tumors from 19, 15 and 20 patients with low-risk, high-risk and IR-RMS formed the validation set. All patients underwent whole transcriptome expression profiling using Affymetrix Human Exon microarrays. Expressions of nearly 1.4 million probe selection regions (PSRs) representing annotated and unannotated transcripts were analyzed. Cox regression and leave-n-out cross validation were used to derive and finalize the weighted signatures. Potentials of the coding and non-coding signatures to predict overall survival were compared using areas under receiver operating characteristic curves that provided a measure of predictive accuracy. Associated biological processes were analyzed using curated pathway analysis tools.
Results: Standard pathologic prognosticators such as histologic subtype and PAX-FKHR fusion status were unable to predict survival in the subset of IR-RMS that comprised the training set (p=0.94 and 0.66, respectively). Tumor site was the only clinical predictor of outcome in the training set (p=0.041). Iterative Cox regression on over 17,000 coding transcripts identified a 30-gene meta-feature (30gMF) that was able to predict survival in the training set (p=0.001). Analysis of PSRs corresponding to unannotated transcripts identified a 39-PSR meta-feature (39ncMF) that also predicted survival in the training set (p<0.001). To eliminate feature redundancy, multiple PSRs interrogating the same unannotated genomic locus were replaced by a representative PSR that reduced the non-coding meta-feature size to 34 PSRs (34ncMF), which was still able to predict outcome (p<0.001). Predictive accuracy of 39ncMF was significantly higher than 34gMF (96.4% vs. 70.8%, p<0.001). However, predictive accuracy of the former was comparable to the non-redundant 34ncMF (96.7%, p=0.54). When the locked signatures were applied to the validation set, the 34gMF, 39ncMF and abbreviated 34ncMF were able to significantly predict outcomes (p=0.022, 0.006, 0.012, respectively). Analysis of biological processes using the coding 34gMF signature showed enrichment for functions associated with skeletal and muscular development and associated disorders, and over-representation of pathways associated with calcium and actin cytokeleton signaling in skeletal muscles. Similar analysis of non-coding signatures revealed enrichment for cellular assembly, cell cycle, apoptosis and cancer-associated functions and p53 signaling.
Conclusions: A concise non-coding RNA meta-feature was able to better predict outcome in IR-RMS than a coding gene meta-feature, where most standard clinical prognosticators failed. The prognostic value of these meta-features was independently validated in patients with IR and non-IR RMS. These observations point to the possible role of non-coding transcripts in regulating and determining RMS biology and aggressiveness, and their potential to serve as novel prognostic indicators.
Citation Format: Anirban P. Mitra, Sheetal A. Mitra, Jonathan D. Buckley, Philipp Kapranov, James R. Anderson, Stephen X. Skapek, Douglas S. Hawkins, Timothy J. Triche. Discovery and validation of novel prognostic genomic signatures in rhabdomyosarcoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pediatric Cancer at the Crossroads: Translating Discovery into Improved Outcomes; Nov 3-6, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;74(20 Suppl):Abstract nr A16.
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Shern JF, Chen L, Chmielecki J, Wei J, Patidar R, Song Y, Liao H, Brohl A, Catchpoole D, Badgett T, Getz G, Graupera J, Anderson J, Skapek SX, Barr FG, Hawkins DS, Khan J. Abstract A21: Integrative genome and transcriptome sequencing defines the landscape of genetic alterations underlying pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.pedcan-a21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of childhood. With the development of multimodal chemotherapy regimens, relapse-free survival rates have improved to 70-80% in patients with localized disease albeit with significant toxicity. Despite these gains, survival for those patients with metastatic or recurrent disease remains dismal. Further characterization of the genetic events underlying this tumor type is critical for the development of more effective diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic strategies. In a collaborative effort between the National Cancer Institute, the Children's Oncology Group, and the Broad Institute, we used a combination of whole-genome, whole-exome and transcriptome sequencing along with high resolution SNP arrays to characterize the landscape of somatic alterations in 147 tumor/normal pairs. Two distinct genotypes are evident in RMS tumors; those characterized by the PAX3 or PAX7 fusion proteins that includes novel fusions with cryptic partners (35% of cases) and those that lack a PAX3/7 fusion but harbor mutations in key signaling pathways (65% of cases). Consistent with other pediatric cancer types, the overall burden of somatic mutations in RMS is relatively low (0.31 somatic protein coding mutations per megabase) especially in tumors that harbor a PAX3/7 gene fusion (0.1 somatic mutations per megabase). In addition to genes previously reported as altered in RMS including NRAS, KRAS, HRAS, FGFR4, PIK3CA, CTNNB1 we discovered novel recurrent mutations in FBXW7, and the chromatin remodeling gene BCOR, which provide new potential avenues for therapeutic intervention. Transcriptome analysis showed that 58% of the verified genomic mutations were expressed with a marked enrichment in cell cycle (P=2e-6), protein phoshorylation (P=6.9e-5) and muscle cell differentiation (P=3.3e-4) and many of the tumors appear to accumulate multiple genetic hits within these same pathways. Finally, we identify alteration of the receptor tyrosine kinase/RAS/PIK3CA axis affects 93% of RMS cases which provides a framework for genomics-directed therapies that might improve outcomes for RMS patients.
Citation Format: Jack F. Shern, Li Chen, Juliann Chmielecki, Jun Wei, Rajesh Patidar, Young Song, Hongling Liao, Andy Brohl, Daniel Catchpoole, Thomas Badgett, Gad Getz, Jaume Graupera, James Anderson, Stephen X. Skapek, Frederic G. Barr, Douglas S. Hawkins, Javed Khan. Integrative genome and transcriptome sequencing defines the landscape of genetic alterations underlying pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pediatric Cancer at the Crossroads: Translating Discovery into Improved Outcomes; Nov 3-6, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;74(20 Suppl):Abstract nr A21.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li Chen
- 1National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD,
| | | | - Jun Wei
- 1National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD,
| | | | - Young Song
- 1National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD,
| | | | - Andy Brohl
- 1National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD,
| | | | | | - Gad Getz
- 2Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA,
| | - Jaume Graupera
- 5Hospital Sant Joan de Deu de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,
| | | | | | | | - Douglas S. Hawkins
- 8Seattle Children's Hospital, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Javed Khan
- 1National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD,
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Wei JS, Patidar R, Shern J, Zhang S, Pugh T, Diskin SJ, Sindiri S, Song YK, Liao H, Wen X, Wang J, Skapek SX, Anderson JR, Barr FG, Seeger RC, Maris JM, Hawkins D, Khan J. Abstract A12: Systematic identification of germline mutations in rhabdomyosarcoma and neuroblastoma using massively paralleled sequencing. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.pedcan-a12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Despite improvement of survival rate with multimodal chemo- and immunotherapy, high mortality and morbidity is still substantial for patients with metastatic pediatric cancers. Recent studies of massively paralleled sequencing of pediatric tumors including rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) and neuroblastoma (NB) have been focusing on somatic mutations, and revealed a low somatic mutation rate and surprisingly few recurrently somatic mutated genes in these childhood tumors. Therefore, only a small portion of pediatric cancer cases can be explained by somatic driver events; whereas the causal events for the majority of these diseases remain unknown. Here, we hypothesize that infrequent germline mutations may play a role in the initiation of sporadically occurring tumor.
To identify rare expressed germline protein-coding changing mutations, we utilized two cancer patient cohorts consisting of RMS (n=83) and NB (n=93) patients, of which latter is a part of the Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments (TARGET) initiative for pediatric cancers. We first called high-quality protein-coding changing single nucleotide variants (SNVs) (≥100, Coverage ≥10, ≥3 variant reads, ≥30% variant allele frequency) in both paired germline and tumor genomic DNAs. Since both these two types of tumors are uncommon, we then excluded variants with frequencies of >0.1% in the normal human population using the 1000 Genomes data, but retained all disease-causing SNVs annotated either by the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) or ClinVar. Previous studies have highlighted the importance of expression of variant genes (including tumor suppressor genes) for identification of driver mutations in cancers. Therefore we utilized transcriptome sequencing experiments to identify expressed variants in tumor. In addition, we performed Fisher's exact tests comparing germline mutations in these two patient cohorts with the ESP dataset comprising 6503 non-cancer subjects to identify significant overrepresentation of germline mutations in these cancers. Finally we performed pathway analyses using the significant genes.
We initially identified a total of 783169 high-quality protein-coding changing SNVs detected in both paired germline and tumor genomic DNAs, corresponding to a median of 4818 (2093-7569) SNVs per patient. After exclusion of common variants of ≥0.1% frequency in the 1000 Genomes and inclusion of all disease-causing SNVs, there are total of 91924 SNVs, representing a median of 535 (155-877) SNVs per patient corresponding to a median of 468 (153-752) genes. Approximately 59% (total 54664, Median of 319 (94-549) SNVs) of these germline variants can be detected in the transcriptome in their corresponding tumors, suggesting potential functions in these tumors. Statistical analysis is currently underway to determine potential pathological or casual germline mutations associated with neuroblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma.
Citation Format: Jun S. Wei, Rajesh Patidar, John Shern, Shile Zhang, Trevor Pugh, Sharon J. Diskin, Sivasish Sindiri, Young K. Song, Hongling Liao, Xinyu Wen, Jianjun Wang, Stephen X. Skapek, James R. Anderson, Frederic G. Barr, Robert C. Seeger, John M. Maris, Douglas Hawkins, Javed Khan. Systematic identification of germline mutations in rhabdomyosarcoma and neuroblastoma using massively paralleled sequencing. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pediatric Cancer at the Crossroads: Translating Discovery into Improved Outcomes; Nov 3-6, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;74(20 Suppl):Abstract nr A12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun S. Wei
- 1National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD,
| | | | - John Shern
- 1National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD,
| | | | - Trevor Pugh
- 2Ontario Cancer Institute, Totonto, ON, Canada,
| | | | | | | | | | - Xinyu Wen
- 1National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD,
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John M. Maris
- 3Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA,
| | | | - Javed Khan
- 1National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD,
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Wilson RA, Liu J, Xu L, Zheng Y, Skapek SX. Abstract PR02: Negative regulation of myogenesis by Mtor: A pathway toward differentiation therapy in rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.pedcan-pr02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children, is composed of skeletal myoblast-like cells that have lost the capacity to terminally differentiate. This suggests that RMS cells may contain a factor that blocks normal muscle differentiation. Because cell cycle arrest is coupled to muscle differentiation, identifying putative negative regulators of differentiation could lead to novel therapeutic approaches aimed at fostering terminal differentiation. To gain insight into the events that normally trigger the initial phase of muscle differentiation, we carried out a high content cell-based screen using detection of Myogenin, an early marker of muscle differentiation, as a readout that we measured by automated fluorescence microscopy. We focused on identifying kinases that hinder this developmental transition because of the potential to develop pharmacological inhibitors of “hit” kinases. Using an siRNA library targeting over 600 kinases, we identified 56 as putative negative regulators of myogenic differentiation: 43 with and 19 without PD332991, a Cdk4/6 inhibitor included as a sensitizer. Network analysis showed that 47% of the hits identified without the sensitizer, including SRC family kinases Src and Fyn, were just one interaction node away from MyoD- or Mef2-family myogenic regulatory factors. Although some of the hit kinases were previously implicated in myogenesis, many others were not. Further, 9 (16%) of the hits are causally linked with cancer, based on KEGG and COSMIC databases. Pathway analyses highlighted certain cancer-associated pathways, like EPHA/Ephrin B signaling, the MAPK kinase pathway, de novo pyrimidine synthesis, and mTOR signaling. Among the hits relevant to RMS, Mtor was particularly interesting because this gene encodes a kinase regarded to positively regulate skeletal muscle differentiation. We confirmed our screen findings that Mtor blocks muscle differentiation by showing that its knockdown increases the transcription of a panel of muscle-specific genes in an established myoblast cell line and primary mouse myoblasts. Induction of muscle genes by Mtor knockdown correlated with G0/G1 cell cycle arrest that normally accompanies differentiation. Rapamycin mimicked the effects of Mtor knockdown on muscle gene expression and cell proliferation, implying a role for mTorc1. Finally, preliminary analysis of RMS gene expression data demonstrated that higher expression of muscle differentiation genes correlates with improved survival. These data highlight the potential for mTOR inhibitors to foster the expression of muscle specific genes, pushing the myoblast-like tumor cells to a more differentiated state. Altering their biology in this way may improve outcome. On-going efforts are exploring the mechanisms acting downstream of Mtor to impede muscle differentiation and directly evaluating pro-differentiation effects of mTOR inhibition in RMS models.
This abstract is also presented as Poster A1.
Citation Format: Raphael A. Wilson, Jing Liu, Lin Xu, Yanbin Zheng, Stephen X. Skapek. Negative regulation of myogenesis by Mtor: A pathway toward differentiation therapy in rhabdomyosarcoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pediatric Cancer at the Crossroads: Translating Discovery into Improved Outcomes; Nov 3-6, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;74(20 Suppl):Abstract nr PR02.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing Liu
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX
| | - Lin Xu
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX
| | - Yanbin Zheng
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX
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Lupo PJ, Danysh HE, Plon SE, Malkin D, Hettmer S, Hawkins DS, Skapek SX, Spector LG, Papworth K, Melin B, Erhardt EB, Grufferman S. Abstract 1296: Family history of cancer and rhabdomyosarcoma in children: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children. In the United States, about 350 children are diagnosed with RMS per year. The two major histologic subtypes of RMS are embryonal (ERMS; approximately 70% of cases) and alveolar (ARMS; approximately 30% of cases). A small percentage of RMS cases are associated with germline mutations in TP53, HRAS, and NF1. However, it has been difficult to show if inherited susceptibility may play a role in sporadic cases due to the rarity of these tumors and the potential etiologic heterogeneity between subtypes.
Objective: In order to better characterize genetic susceptibility to childhood RMS, we evaluated the role of family history of cancer using data from the largest case-control study of RMS to date.
Methods: Cases (n=322) were enrolled from the third trial run by the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group. Population-based controls (n=322) were pair matched to cases on race, sex, and age. Conditional logistic regression was used to evaluate cancer history among first- and second-degree relatives and the association with childhood RMS by generating adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Stratified analyses were conducted to independently evaluate the association of family cancer history and childhood RMS for children who had relatives diagnosed with a cancer before the age of 40 years and those with relatives diagnosed when older than 40 years. The association of family cancer history and childhood RMS was also assessed separately for children diagnosed with ERMS and those diagnosed with ARMS.
Results: While there were no statistically significant associations, three patterns appeared to emerge: 1) having any first degree relative with a history of cancer was more common in RMS cases than controls (aOR=1.46, 95% CI: 0.72-2.97); 2) having a first degree relative who was younger at diagnosis (<40 years of age) appeared to convey a greater risk of RMS (aOR=1.55, 95% CI: 0.96-2.51); and 3) having a first degree relative with cancer was more common for those with ERMS compared to ARMS (aOR=1.58, 95% CI: 0.61-4.10 vs. aOR=1.01, 95% CI: 0.29-3.50, respectively).
Conclusions: In the largest analysis of its kind to date, we found that family history of cancer appeared to increase the risk of childhood RMS. While the associations were not statistically significant, this is likely due to the low prevalence of family cancer history in this population (i.e., 6.6% overall). Ultimately, these findings tentatively support the role of inherited genetic susceptibility in the development of childhood RMS.
Citation Format: Philip J. Lupo, Heather E. Danysh, Sharon E. Plon, David Malkin, Simone Hettmer, Douglas S. Hawkins, Stephen X. Skapek, Logan G. Spector, Karin Papworth, Beatrice Melin, Erik B. Erhardt, Seymour Grufferman. Family history of cancer and rhabdomyosarcoma in children: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1296. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1296
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David Malkin
- 2Hosptial for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Wei JS, Patidar R, Shern J, Zhang S, Pugh T, Diskin SJ, Sindiri S, Song YK, Liao H, Wen X, Wang J, Skapek SX, Anderson JR, Barr FG, Seeger RC, Maris JM, Hawkins DS, Khan J. Abstract 5081: Systematic identification of germline mutations in rhabdomyosarcoma and neuroblastoma using massively paralleled sequencing. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-5081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Despite improvement of survival using multimodal chemo- and immunotherapy, high mortality and morbidity is still substantial for pediatric patients with metastatic cancers. Recent large-scale sequencing studies of pediatric tumors including rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) and neuroblastoma (NB) have been focusing on somatic mutations, and revealed a low somatic mutation rate and surprisingly few recurrently somatic mutated genes in these childhood tumors. Currently, only a small portion of pediatric cancer cases can be explained by somatic driver events; whereas the cause for the majority of these diseases remains unknown. Because both these two types of tumors are uncommon, here we hypothesize that infrequent germline mutations (frequency<0.05 in control populations) may play a role in the initiation of sporadically occurring tumor.
To test this hypothesis, we utilized sequencing data from two cancer patient cohorts consisting of RMS (n=133) and NB (n=222) patients, of which latter is a part of the Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments (TARGET) initiative for pediatric cancers. First, high-quality protein-coding changing single nucleotide variants (SNVs) were called in both paired germline and tumor genomic DNAs. Then we excluded common variants with frequency >5% in a normal human population using the 1000 Genomes data. Due to our interest in the enriched variants, we further required the frequencies of variants in our rhabdomyosarcoma and neuroblastoma patient cohorts are higher than those in the ESP dataset, a non-cancer control population comprising 6503 individuals. There are 63247 SNVs fulfilled these selection criteria. Among them, 1589 have been reported in these pediatric cancers or in other malignancies in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project; and 1178 variants are present in the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD). Of these HGMD variants, 49 have been reported in human diseases and 34 of them are known disease-causing mutations for human cancers and genetic disorders including TP53, ALK, CHEK2, and PINK1. Interestingly, the most frequent germline mutations in these pediatric tumors were rarely found in the TCGA project which mostly consists of adult cancers. This observation suggests a very different genetic background of pediatric cancer patients from that of the adult cancers, and warrants a careful examination of germline mutations in these cancers. Furthermore, previous studies have highlighted the importance of expression of variant genes (including tumor suppressor genes) for identification of driver mutations in cancers. Therefore we will use 178 transcriptome sequencing experiments available for these tumors (RMS=84; NB=93) to identify expressed variants in tumor. Statistical and pathway analyses are currently underway to determine potential pathological or casual germline mutations associated with neuroblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma.
Citation Format: Jun S. Wei, Rajesh Patidar, John Shern, Shile Zhang, Trevor Pugh, Sharon J. Diskin, Sivasish Sindiri, Young K. Song, Hongling Liao, Xinyu Wen, Jianjun Wang, Stephen X. Skapek, James R. Anderson, Frederic G. Barr, Robert C. Seeger, John M. Maris, Douglas S. Hawkins, Javed Khan. Systematic identification of germline mutations in rhabdomyosarcoma and neuroblastoma using massively paralleled sequencing. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5081. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5081
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun S. Wei
- 1National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - John Shern
- 1National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Trevor Pugh
- 2Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Xinyu Wen
- 1National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John M. Maris
- 3The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Javed Khan
- 1National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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Mitra AP, Mitra SA, Buckley JD, Kapranov P, Anderson JR, Skapek SX, Hawkins DS, Triche TJ. Abstract 4730: Identification of novel prognostic signatures in rhabdomyosarcoma by whole transcriptome expression profiling: A discovery and validation study. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-4730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) has varying outcomes, especially in intermediate-risk disease (IR-RMS) due to the inherent inability of clinical staging to accurately risk-stratify a large proportion of patients. This study aimed to identify prognostic signatures in IR-RMS, the clinical subgroup with the most heterogeneous outcomes, which can potentially provide better risk stratification than routine clinicopathologic parameters. Signature performance was validated on an independent set of RMS patients. METHODS: Prospectively-obtained primary tumors from 80 IR-RMS patients on Children's Oncology Group clinical trial protocols formed the training set. Tumors from 19, 15 and 20 patients with low-risk, high-risk and IR-RMS formed the validation set. Annotated and unannotated transcripts were profiled by Affymetrix Human Exon microarrays employing 1,393,765 probe selection regions (PSRs) and used to derive weighted signatures. Potentials of coding and non-coding signatures to predict survival were compared using areas under receiver operating characteristic curves that provided a measure of predictive accuracy. Associated biological processes were analyzed using curated pathway analysis tools. RESULTS: Histologic subtype (p=0.94) and PAX-FKHR fusion status (p=0.66) were unable to predict survival in the training set of IR-RMS. Tumor site was the only clinical predictor of outcome in this set (p=0.041). Cox regression on 17,045 coding transcripts identified a prognostic 30-gene meta-feature (30gMF, p=0.001). Analysis of unannotated transcripts identified a 39-PSR meta-feature (39ncMF) that also predicted survival (p<0.001). Multiple PSRs interrogating the same genomic locus were then replaced by a single PSR that reduced ncMF size to 34 PSRs (34ncMF), which could still predict outcome (p<0.001). Predictive accuracy of 39ncMF was higher than 34gMF (96.4% vs. 70.8%, p<0.001). However, predictive accuracy of the former was comparable to the 34ncMF (96.7%, p=0.54). When applied to the validation set, the 34gMF, 39ncMF and 34ncMF were able to predict outcomes (p=0.022, 0.006, 0.012, respectively). Analysis of biological processes using 34gMF showed enrichment for functions/disorders associated with musculoskeletal development and signaling pathways. Similar analysis of non-coding signatures revealed enrichment for cellular assembly, cell cycle, apoptosis and cancer-associated functions. CONCLUSIONS: A concise non-coding RNA meta-feature was able to better predict outcome in IR-RMS than a coding gene meta-feature, where most standard clinical prognosticators failed. The meta-features were independently validated in IR and non-IR RMS. This suggests that non-coding transcripts can regulate and determine RMS biology and aggressiveness, and be used as novel prognostic indicators.
Citation Format: Anirban P. Mitra, Sheetal A. Mitra, Jonathan D. Buckley, Philipp Kapranov, James R. Anderson, Stephen X. Skapek, Douglas S. Hawkins, Timothy J. Triche. Identification of novel prognostic signatures in rhabdomyosarcoma by whole transcriptome expression profiling: A discovery and validation study. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4730. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4730
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Mary-Sinclair MN, Wang X, Swanson DJ, Sung CY, Mendonca EA, Wroblewski K, Baumer SH, Goldowitz D, Jablonski MM, Skapek SX. Varied manifestations of persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous with graded somatic mosaic deletion of a single gene. Mol Vis 2014; 20:215-30. [PMID: 24623965 PMCID: PMC3945809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) represents a developmental eye disease known to have diverse manifestations ranging from a trivial remnant of hyaloid vessels to a dense fibrovascular mass causing lens opacity and retinal detachment. PHPV can be modeled in mice lacking individual genes, but certain features of such models differ from the clinical realm. For example, mice lacking the Arf gene have uniformly severe disease with consistent autosomal recessive disease penetrance. We tested whether the graded somatic loss of Arf in a subset of cells in chimeric mice mimics the range of disease in a non-heritable manner. METHODS Wild type ↔ Arf(-/-) mouse chimeras were generated by morulae fusion, and when the mice were 10 weeks old, fundoscopic, slit-lamp, and histological evaluations were performed. The relative fraction of cells of the Arf(-/-) lineage was assessed with visual, molecular genetic, and histological analysis. Objective quantification of various aspects of the phenotype was correlated with the genotype. RESULTS Sixteen chimeras were generated and shown to have low, medium, and high contributions of Arf(-/-) cells to tail DNA, the cornea, and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), with excellent correlation between chimerism in the tail DNA and the RPE. Phenotypic differences (coat color and severity of eye disease) were evident, objectively quantified, and found to correlate with the contribution of Arf(-/-) cells to the RPE and tail-derived DNA, but not the cornea. CONCLUSIONS Generating animals composed of different numbers of Arf(-/-) cells mimicked the range of disease severity observed in patients with PHPV. This establishes the potential for full manifestations of PHPV to be caused by somatic mutations of a single gene during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle N. Mary-Sinclair
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - XiaoFei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Douglas J. Swanson
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre of Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, CFRI, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Caroline Y. Sung
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Eneida A. Mendonca
- Department of Pediatrics and Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | | | | | - Dan Goldowitz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre of Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, CFRI, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Monica M. Jablonski
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Stephen X. Skapek
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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