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He P, Zhang X, Xia K, Green DE, Baytas S, Xu Y, Pham T, Liu J, Zhang F, Almond A, Linhardt RJ, DeAngelis PL. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of sulfur-linked sugar polymers as heparanase inhibitors. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7438. [PMID: 36460670 PMCID: PMC9718760 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34788-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex carbohydrates (glycans) are major players in all organisms due to their structural, energy, and communication roles. This last essential role involves interacting and/or signaling through a plethora of glycan-binding proteins. The design and synthesis of glycans as potential drug candidates that selectively alter or perturb metabolic processes is challenging. Here we describe the first reported sulfur-linked polysaccharides with potentially altered conformational state(s) that are recalcitrant to digestion by heparanase, an enzyme important in human health and disease. An artificial sugar donor with a sulfhydryl functionality is synthesized and enzymatically incorporated into polysaccharide chains utilizing heparosan synthase. Used alone, this donor adds a single thio-sugar onto the termini of nascent chains. Surprisingly, in chain co-polymerization reactions with a second donor, this thiol-terminated heparosan also serves as an acceptor to form an unnatural thio-glycosidic bond ('S-link') between sugar residues in place of a natural 'O-linked' bond. S-linked heparan sulfate analogs are not cleaved by human heparanase. Furthermore, the analogs act as competitive inhibitors with > ~200-fold higher potency than expected; as a rationale, molecular dynamic simulations suggest that the S-link polymer conformations mimic aspects of the transition state. Our analogs form the basis for future cancer therapeutics and modulators of protein/sugar interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng He
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Xing Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ke Xia
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Dixy E Green
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Oklahoma, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Sultan Baytas
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY, 12180, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - Truong Pham
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Andrew Almond
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1, 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
| | - Paul L DeAngelis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Oklahoma, OK, 73104, USA.
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Li J, Sparkenbaugh EM, Su G, Zhang F, Xu Y, Xia K, He P, Baytas S, Pechauer S, Padmanabhan A, Linhardt RJ, Pawlinski R, Liu J. Enzymatic Synthesis of Chondroitin Sulfate E to Attenuate Bacteria Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Organ Damage. ACS Cent Sci 2020; 6:1199-1207. [PMID: 32724854 PMCID: PMC7379384 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate E (CS-E) is a sulfated polysaccharide that contains repeating disaccharides of 4,6-disulfated N-acetylgalactosamine and glucuronic acid residues. Here, we report the enzymatic synthesis of three homogeneous CS-E oligosaccharides, including CS-E heptasaccharide (CS-E 7-mer), CS-E tridecasaccharide (CS-E13-mer), and CS-E nonadecasaccharide (CS-E 19-mer). The anti-inflammatory effect of CS-E 19-mer was investigated in this study. CS-E 19-mer neutralizes the cytotoxic effect of histones in a cell-based assay and in mice. We also demonstrate that CS-E 19-mer treatment improves survival and protects against organ damage in a mouse model of endotoxemia induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). CS-E19-mer directly interacts with circulating histones in the plasma from LPS-challenged mice. CS-E 19-mer does not display anticoagulant activity nor react with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia antibodies isolated from patients. The successful synthesis of CS-E oligosaccharides provides structurally defined carbohydrates for advancing CS-E research and offers a potential therapeutic agent to treat life-threatening systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jine Li
- Division
of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Erica M. Sparkenbaugh
- UNC
Blood Research Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department
of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Guowei Su
- Division
of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary
Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Division
of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Ke Xia
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary
Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States
| | - Pen He
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary
Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States
| | - Sultan Baytas
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary
Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States
| | - Shannon Pechauer
- Versiti
Blood Research Institute & Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Anand Padmanabhan
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary
Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States
| | - Rafal Pawlinski
- UNC
Blood Research Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department
of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
- (R.P.)
| | - Jian Liu
- Division
of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
- (J.L.)
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3
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Zhang X, Dickinson DM, Lin L, Suflita M, Baytas S, Linhardt RJ. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of heparan sulfate tetrasaccharide from a N-acetyl-α-d-glucosamine-O-methylglycoside acceptor. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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