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Pinto D, Delaby E, Merico D, Barbosa M, Merikangas A, Klei L, Thiruvahindrapuram B, Xu X, Ziman R, Wang Z, Vorstman JAS, Thompson A, Regan R, Pilorge M, Pellecchia G, Pagnamenta AT, Oliveira B, Marshall CR, Magalhaes TR, Lowe JK, Howe JL, Griswold AJ, Gilbert J, Duketis E, Dombroski BA, De Jonge MV, Cuccaro M, Crawford EL, Correia CT, Conroy J, Conceição IC, Chiocchetti AG, Casey JP, Cai G, Cabrol C, Bolshakova N, Bacchelli E, Anney R, Gallinger S, Cotterchio M, Casey G, Zwaigenbaum L, Wittemeyer K, Wing K, Wallace S, van Engeland H, Tryfon A, Thomson S, Soorya L, Rogé B, Roberts W, Poustka F, Mouga S, Minshew N, McInnes LA, McGrew SG, Lord C, Leboyer M, Le Couteur AS, Kolevzon A, Jiménez González P, Jacob S, Holt R, Guter S, Green J, Green A, Gillberg C, Fernandez BA, Duque F, Delorme R, Dawson G, Chaste P, Café C, Brennan S, Bourgeron T, Bolton PF, Bölte S, Bernier R, Baird G, Bailey AJ, Anagnostou E, Almeida J, Wijsman EM, Vieland VJ, Vicente AM, Schellenberg GD, Pericak-Vance M, Paterson AD, Parr JR, Oliveira G, Nurnberger JI, Monaco AP, Maestrini E, Klauck SM, Hakonarson H, Haines JL, Geschwind DH, Freitag CM, Folstein SE, Ennis S, Coon H, Battaglia A, Szatmari P, Sutcliffe JS, Hallmayer J, Gill M, Cook EH, Buxbaum JD, Devlin B, Gallagher L, Betancur C, Scherer SW. Convergence of genes and cellular pathways dysregulated in autism spectrum disorders. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 94:677-94. [PMID: 24768552 PMCID: PMC4067558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 659] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare copy-number variation (CNV) is an important source of risk for autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). We analyzed 2,446 ASD-affected families and confirmed an excess of genic deletions and duplications in affected versus control groups (1.41-fold, p = 1.0 × 10−5) and an increase in affected subjects carrying exonic pathogenic CNVs overlapping known loci associated with dominant or X-linked ASD and intellectual disability (odds ratio = 12.62, p = 2.7 × 10−15, ∼3% of ASD subjects). Pathogenic CNVs, often showing variable expressivity, included rare de novo and inherited events at 36 loci, implicating ASD-associated genes (CHD2, HDAC4, and GDI1) previously linked to other neurodevelopmental disorders, as well as other genes such as SETD5, MIR137, and HDAC9. Consistent with hypothesized gender-specific modulators, females with ASD were more likely to have highly penetrant CNVs (p = 0.017) and were also overrepresented among subjects with fragile X syndrome protein targets (p = 0.02). Genes affected by de novo CNVs and/or loss-of-function single-nucleotide variants converged on networks related to neuronal signaling and development, synapse function, and chromatin regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Pinto
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Elsa Delaby
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1130, 75005 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8246, 75005 Paris, France; Neuroscience Paris Seine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), Sorbonne Universités, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Daniele Merico
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Mafalda Barbosa
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Alison Merikangas
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Lambertus Klei
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Bhooma Thiruvahindrapuram
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Robert Ziman
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Zhuozhi Wang
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Jacob A S Vorstman
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ann Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Regina Regan
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin 12, Ireland; Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Marion Pilorge
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1130, 75005 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8246, 75005 Paris, France; Neuroscience Paris Seine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), Sorbonne Universités, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Giovanna Pellecchia
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | | | - Bárbara Oliveira
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Center for Biodiversity, Functional, & Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Christian R Marshall
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Tiago R Magalhaes
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin 12, Ireland; Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Jennifer K Lowe
- Department of Neurology and Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jennifer L Howe
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Anthony J Griswold
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics and Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - John Gilbert
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics and Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Eftichia Duketis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Beth A Dombroski
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Maretha V De Jonge
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Cuccaro
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics and Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Emily L Crawford
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Center for Human Genetics Research, and Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Catarina T Correia
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Center for Biodiversity, Functional, & Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Judith Conroy
- Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; Children's University Hospital Temple Street, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - Inês C Conceição
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Center for Biodiversity, Functional, & Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andreas G Chiocchetti
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jillian P Casey
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin 12, Ireland; Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Guiqing Cai
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Christelle Cabrol
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1130, 75005 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8246, 75005 Paris, France; Neuroscience Paris Seine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), Sorbonne Universités, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nadia Bolshakova
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Elena Bacchelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Richard Anney
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Steven Gallinger
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | | | - Graham Casey
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Lonnie Zwaigenbaum
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6B 2H3, Canada
| | | | - Kirsty Wing
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Simon Wallace
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford and Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Herman van Engeland
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ana Tryfon
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Susanne Thomson
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Center for Human Genetics Research, and Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Latha Soorya
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Bernadette Rogé
- Unité de Recherche Interdisciplinaire Octogone, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches en Psychopathologie, Toulouse 2 University, 31058 Toulouse, France
| | - Wendy Roberts
- Autism Research Unit, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Fritz Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Susana Mouga
- Unidade de Neurodesenvolvimento e Autismo do Serviço do Centro de Desenvolvimento da Criança and Centro de Investigação e Formação Clinica, Pediatric Hospital, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3000-602 Coimbra, Portugal; University Clinic of Pediatrics and Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nancy Minshew
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - L Alison McInnes
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Susan G McGrew
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Catherine Lord
- NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marion Leboyer
- FondaMental Foundation, 94010 Créteil, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche U955, Psychiatrie Génétique, 94010 Créteil, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, 94010 Créteil, France; Department of Psychiatry, Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Ann S Le Couteur
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Alexander Kolevzon
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Patricia Jiménez González
- Child Developmental and Behavioral Unit, Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Suma Jacob
- Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA; Institute of Translational Neuroscience and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Richard Holt
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Stephen Guter
- Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA
| | - Jonathan Green
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour, and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Andrew Green
- Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; National Centre for Medical Genetics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Christopher Gillberg
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Gothenburg, 41119 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bridget A Fernandez
- Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Frederico Duque
- Unidade de Neurodesenvolvimento e Autismo do Serviço do Centro de Desenvolvimento da Criança and Centro de Investigação e Formação Clinica, Pediatric Hospital, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3000-602 Coimbra, Portugal; University Clinic of Pediatrics and Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Richard Delorme
- FondaMental Foundation, 94010 Créteil, France; Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique URA 2182 (Genes, Synapses, and Cognition), Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Robert Debré Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Geraldine Dawson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Pauline Chaste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; FondaMental Foundation, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Cátia Café
- Unidade de Neurodesenvolvimento e Autismo do Serviço do Centro de Desenvolvimento da Criança and Centro de Investigação e Formação Clinica, Pediatric Hospital, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3000-602 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sean Brennan
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Thomas Bourgeron
- FondaMental Foundation, 94010 Créteil, France; Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique URA 2182 (Genes, Synapses, and Cognition), Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Patrick F Bolton
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; South London & Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Sven Bölte
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Frankfurt, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Raphael Bernier
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Gillian Baird
- Paediatric Neurodisability, King's Health Partners, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Anthony J Bailey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford and Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Evdokia Anagnostou
- Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4G 1R8, Canada
| | - Joana Almeida
- Unidade de Neurodesenvolvimento e Autismo do Serviço do Centro de Desenvolvimento da Criança and Centro de Investigação e Formação Clinica, Pediatric Hospital, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3000-602 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ellen M Wijsman
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Veronica J Vieland
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Astrid M Vicente
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Center for Biodiversity, Functional, & Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gerard D Schellenberg
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Margaret Pericak-Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics and Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Andrew D Paterson
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Jeremy R Parr
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Guiomar Oliveira
- Unidade de Neurodesenvolvimento e Autismo do Serviço do Centro de Desenvolvimento da Criança and Centro de Investigação e Formação Clinica, Pediatric Hospital, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3000-602 Coimbra, Portugal; University Clinic of Pediatrics and Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - John I Nurnberger
- Institute of Psychiatric Research, Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics and Program in Medical Neuroscience, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Anthony P Monaco
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Office of the President, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Elena Maestrini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabine M Klauck
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan L Haines
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Center for Human Genetics Research, and Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Department of Neurology and Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Christine M Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Susan E Folstein
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Sean Ennis
- Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; National Centre for Medical Genetics, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Hilary Coon
- Utah Autism Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Agatino Battaglia
- Stella Maris Clinical Research Institute for Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, 56128 Calambrone, Pisa, Italy
| | - Peter Szatmari
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - James S Sutcliffe
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Center for Human Genetics Research, and Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Joachim Hallmayer
- Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael Gill
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Edwin H Cook
- Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA
| | - Joseph D Buxbaum
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Bernie Devlin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Louise Gallagher
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Catalina Betancur
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1130, 75005 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8246, 75005 Paris, France; Neuroscience Paris Seine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), Sorbonne Universités, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada.
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