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Naghavi M, Ong KL, Aali A, Ababneh HS, Abate YH, Abbafati C, Abbasgholizadeh R, Abbasian M, Abbasi-Kangevari M, Abbastabar H, Abd ElHafeez S, Abdelmasseh M, Abd-Elsalam S, Abdelwahab A, Abdollahi M, Abdollahifar MA, Abdoun M, Abdulah DM, Abdullahi A, Abebe M, Abebe SS, Abedi A, Abegaz KH, Abhilash ES, Abidi H, Abiodun O, Aboagye RG, Abolhassani H, Abolmaali M, Abouzid M, Aboye GB, Abreu LG, Abrha WA, Abtahi D, Abu Rumeileh S, Abualruz H, Abubakar B, Abu-Gharbieh E, Abu-Rmeileh NME, Aburuz S, Abu-Zaid A, Accrombessi MMK, Adal TG, Adamu AA, Addo IY, Addolorato G, Adebiyi AO, Adekanmbi V, Adepoju AV, Adetunji CO, Adetunji JB, Adeyeoluwa TE, Adeyinka DA, Adeyomoye OI, Admass BAA, Adnani QES, Adra S, Afolabi AA, Afzal MS, Afzal S, Agampodi SB, Agasthi P, Aggarwal M, Aghamiri S, Agide FD, Agodi A, Agrawal A, Agyemang-Duah W, Ahinkorah BO, Ahmad A, Ahmad D, Ahmad F, Ahmad MM, Ahmad S, Ahmad S, Ahmad T, Ahmadi K, Ahmadzade AM, Ahmed A, Ahmed A, Ahmed H, Ahmed LA, Ahmed MS, Ahmed MS, Ahmed MB, 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K, Deng X, Denova-Gutiérrez E, Deravi N, Dereje N, Dervenis N, Dervišević E, Des Jarlais DC, Desai HD, Desai R, Devanbu VGC, Dewan SMR, Dhali A, Dhama K, Dhimal M, Dhingra S, Dhulipala VR, Dias da Silva D, Diaz D, Diaz MJ, Dima A, Ding DD, Ding H, Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Dirac MA, Djalalinia S, Do THP, do Prado CB, Doaei S, Dodangeh M, Dodangeh M, Dohare S, Dokova KG, Dolecek C, Dominguez RMV, Dong W, Dongarwar D, D'Oria M, Dorostkar F, Dorsey ER, dos Santos WM, Doshi R, Doshmangir L, Dowou RK, Driscoll TR, Dsouza HL, Dsouza V, Du M, Dube J, Duncan BB, Duraes AR, Duraisamy S, Durojaiye OC, Dwyer-Lindgren L, Dzianach PA, Dziedzic AM, E'mar AR, Eboreime E, Ebrahimi A, Echieh CP, Edinur HA, Edvardsson D, Edvardsson K, Efendi D, Efendi F, Effendi DE, Eikemo TA, Eini E, Ekholuenetale M, Ekundayo TC, El Sayed I, Elbarazi I, Elema TB, Elemam NM, Elgar FJ, Elgendy IY, ElGohary GMT, Elhabashy HR, Elhadi M, El-Huneidi W, Elilo LT, Elmeligy OAA, Elmonem MA, Elshaer M, Elsohaby I, Emeto TI, Engelbert 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Ghahramani S, Ghailan KY, Ghasemi MR, Ghasempour Dabaghi G, Ghasemzadeh A, Ghashghaee A, Ghassemi F, Ghazy RM, Ghimire A, Ghoba S, Gholamalizadeh M, Gholamian A, Gholamrezanezhad A, Gholizadeh N, Ghorbani M, Ghorbani Vajargah P, Ghoshal AG, Gill PS, Gill TK, Gillum RF, Ginindza TG, Girmay A, Glasbey JC, Gnedovskaya EV, Göbölös L, Godinho MA, Goel A, Golchin A, Goldust M, Golechha M, Goleij P, Gomes NGM, Gona PN, Gopalani SV, Gorini G, Goudarzi H, Goulart AC, Goulart BNG, Goyal A, Grada A, Graham SM, Grivna M, Grosso G, Guan SY, Guarducci G, Gubari MIM, Gudeta MD, Guha A, Guicciardi S, Guimarães RA, Gulati S, Gunawardane DA, Gunturu S, Guo C, Gupta AK, Gupta B, Gupta MK, Gupta M, Gupta RD, Gupta R, Gupta S, Gupta VB, Gupta VK, Gupta VK, Gurmessa L, Gutiérrez RA, Habibzadeh F, Habibzadeh P, Haddadi R, Hadei M, Hadi NR, Haep N, Hafezi-Nejad N, Hailu A, Haj-Mirzaian A, Halboub ES, Hall BJ, Haller S, Halwani R, Hamadeh RR, Hameed S, Hamidi S, Hamilton EB, Han C, Han Q, Hanif A, Hanifi N, 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A, Lai DTC, Lal DK, Lalloo R, Lallukka T, Lam H, Lám J, Landrum KR, Lanfranchi F, Lang JJ, Langguth B, Lansingh VC, Laplante-Lévesque A, Larijani B, Larsson AO, Lasrado S, Lassi ZS, Latief K, Latifinaibin K, Lauriola P, Le NHH, Le TTT, Le TDT, Ledda C, Ledesma JR, Lee M, Lee PH, Lee SW, Lee SWH, Lee WC, Lee YH, LeGrand KE, Leigh J, Leong E, Lerango TL, Li MC, Li W, Li X, Li Y, Li Z, Ligade VS, Likaka ATM, Lim LL, Lim SS, Lindstrom M, Linehan C, Liu C, Liu G, Liu J, Liu R, Liu S, Liu X, Liu X, Llanaj E, Loftus MJ, López-Bueno R, Lopukhov PD, Loreche AM, Lorkowski S, Lotufo PA, Lozano R, Lubinda J, Lucchetti G, Lugo A, Lunevicius R, Ma ZF, Maass KL, Machairas N, Machoy M, Madadizadeh F, Madsen C, Madureira-Carvalho ÁM, Maghazachi AA, Maharaj SB, Mahjoub S, Mahmoud MA, Mahmoudi A, Mahmoudi E, Mahmoudi R, Majeed A, Makhdoom IF, Malakan Rad E, Maled V, Malekzadeh R, Malhotra AK, Malhotra K, Malik AA, Malik I, Malta DC, Mamun AA, Mansouri P, Mansournia MA, Mantovani LG, Maqsood S, Marasini 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Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 2024:S0140-6736(24)00367-2. [PMID: 38582094 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00367-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Neurol 2024; 23:344-381. [PMID: 38493795 PMCID: PMC10949203 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(24)00038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021. METHODS We estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined. FINDINGS Globally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378-521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20-3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5-45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7-26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6-38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5-32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7-2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer. INTERPRETATION As the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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N, Zakzuk J, Zamagni G, Zaman BA, Zaman SB, Zamora N, Zand R, Zandi M, Zandieh GGZ, Zanghì A, Zare I, Zastrozhin MS, Zeariya MGM, Zeng Y, Zhai C, Zhang C, Zhang H, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Zhao H, Zhao Y, Zhao Y, Zheng P, Zhong C, Zhou J, Zhu B, Zhu Z, Ziaeefar P, Zielińska M, Zou Z, Zumla A, Zweck E, Zyoud SH, Lim SS, Murray CJL. Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950-2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 2024:S0140-6736(24)00476-8. [PMID: 38484753 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00476-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020-21 COVID-19 pandemic period. METHODS 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. FINDINGS Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5-65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020-21; 5·1% [0·9-9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98-5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50-6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126-137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7-17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8-24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7-51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9-72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0-2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67-8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4-52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0-44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. INTERPRETATION Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Ahmed SA, Zhang B, Abdel-Rahman AA. Estrogen-mediated mitigation of cardiac oxidative stress in ovariectomized rats is associated with upregulated cardiac circadian clock Per2 and heart-specific miRNAs. Life Sci 2023; 331:122038. [PMID: 37619835 PMCID: PMC10528738 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
AIM Estrogen (E2) confers cardioprotection in premenopausal women and in models of menopause and its effects, mostly studied in female reproductive organs, vary on a circadian rhythm basis in relation to the circadian clock genes. However, it remains unknown if a similar circadian pattern exists in the female heart in a manner that explains, at least partly, the cardioprotective effect of E2. The aim of the present investigation was to determine if upregulation of the circadian clock Per2 and its regulated heart-specific miRNAs, and redox enzymes contribute to the E2-mediated cardioprotection in ovariectomized rats. MAIN METHODS Rats were subjected to ovariectomy (OVX) 2-weeks prior to a 2-week E2 treatment. On the last treatment day, hearts were collected every 4 h. for ex-vivo biochemical measurements. In parallel studies, telemetric mean arterial pressure (MAP) was obtained at the tissue collection times. KEY FINDINGS OVX + E2 rats exhibited lower body weight during daytime and MAP during day and night times, and their hearts exhibited: (1) higher Per2 protein abundance, cardioprotective miRNAs (miRNA1, miRNA133a, miRNA208a, miRNA499), mALDH2, and catalase; (2) lower reactive oxygen species, cardio-detrimental miRNA652, carbonyl, MDA and HO-1 levels. The reciprocal Per2/HO-1 relationship was more evident during the daytime and correlated with the upregulated cardioprotective miRNAs in OVX + E2 rats. Finally, cardiac Per2, heart-specific miRNAs and reactive oxygen species levels and redox enzymes activities were similar in normal female and OVX + E2 rats. SIGNIFICANCE Enhancement of cardiac Per2, redox enzymes and heart-specific miRNAs likely contribute to E2-mediated mitigation of cardiac oxidative stress in OVX rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Anees Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States of America
| | - Baohong Zhang
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, United States of America
| | - Abdel A Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States of America.
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Fahmy SB, Zamzam M, Khalil T, Abdalla Y, Loeffler T, Ahmed SA, Abd-Elhady MS. Influence of the hot water mass flow rate on heating of radiant floors of green buildings. Journal of Building Physics 2023; 47:182-203. [DOI: 10.1177/17442591231182330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the research is to improve space heating of green buildings by examining experimentally the influence of the heating medium mass flow rate on thermal performance. A green building was built in Cairo, Egypt, that consists of two similar rooms: one is the heated room and the other is a reference for comparison. A photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) collector is used to heat up water in a storage tank, and the hot water in the tank is circulated in the radiant floor of the examined green building. The hot water mass flow rate was varied between 0.04 and 0.08 kg/s. It was found that decreasing the water mass flow rate improves the heating of the radiant floor. The percentage improvement in floor temperature due to heating over the reference room, reaches about 17% and 6% at mass flow rates of 0.04 and 0.08 kg/s, respectively. Engineering Equation Solver (EES) was used to solve the equations for the heat transfer process between the heating water and the floor. It was found that decreasing the mass flow rate increases the residence time of the heating water in the radiant floor, consequently, increases the heat energy transfer and the floor temperature. Increasing the heating fluid mass flow rate in green buildings could have a negative effect on the heat transfer, such that the appropriate heating fluid mass flow rate should be calculated based on the green building massive material as well as the operating conditions, for example, ambient temperature and wind speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Fahmy
- Mechanical Department, Faculty of Engineering, German International University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M Zamzam
- Physics Department, Faculty of Engineering and Materials Science, German University in Cairo, Egypt
| | - T Khalil
- Physics Department, Faculty of Engineering and Materials Science, German University in Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasmine Abdalla
- Electrical Department, Faculty of Engineering, German International University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Thomas Loeffler
- Architecture and Urban Design Program, Building Technology, German University in Cairo, Egypt
| | - SA Ahmed
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - MS Abd-Elhady
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
- Mechatronics Department, Faculty of Engineering and Materials Science, German University in Cairo, Egypt
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Ong KL, Stafford LK, McLaughlin SA, Boyko EJ, Vollset SE, Smith AE, Dalton BE, Duprey J, Cruz JA, Hagins H, Lindstedt PA, Aali A, Abate YH, Abate MD, Abbasian M, Abbasi-Kangevari Z, Abbasi-Kangevari M, Abd ElHafeez S, Abd-Rabu R, Abdulah DM, Abdullah AYM, Abedi V, Abidi H, Aboagye RG, Abolhassani H, Abu-Gharbieh E, Abu-Zaid A, Adane TD, Adane DE, Addo IY, Adegboye OA, Adekanmbi V, Adepoju AV, Adnani QES, Afolabi RF, Agarwal G, Aghdam ZB, Agudelo-Botero M, Aguilera Arriagada CE, Agyemang-Duah W, Ahinkorah BO, Ahmad D, Ahmad R, Ahmad S, Ahmad A, Ahmadi A, Ahmadi K, Ahmed A, Ahmed A, Ahmed LA, Ahmed SA, Ajami M, Akinyemi RO, Al Hamad H, Al Hasan SM, AL-Ahdal TMA, Alalwan TA, Al-Aly Z, AlBataineh MT, Alcalde-Rabanal JE, Alemi S, Ali H, Alinia T, Aljunid SM, Almustanyir S, Al-Raddadi RM, Alvis-Guzman N, Amare F, Ameyaw EK, Amiri S, Amusa GA, Andrei CL, Anjana RM, Ansar A, Ansari G, Ansari-Moghaddam A, Anyasodor AE, Arabloo J, Aravkin AY, Areda D, Arifin H, Arkew M, Armocida B, Ärnlöv J, Artamonov AA, Arulappan J, Aruleba RT, Arumugam A, Aryan Z, Asemu MT, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Askari E, Asmelash D, Astell-Burt T, Athar M, Athari SS, Atout MMW, Avila-Burgos L, Awaisu A, Azadnajafabad S, B DB, Babamohamadi H, Badar M, Badawi A, Badiye AD, Baghcheghi N, Bagheri N, Bagherieh S, Bah S, Bahadory S, Bai R, Baig AA, Baltatu OC, Baradaran HR, Barchitta M, Bardhan M, Barengo NC, Bärnighausen TW, Barone MTU, Barone-Adesi F, Barrow A, Bashiri H, Basiru A, Basu S, Basu S, Batiha AMM, Batra K, Bayih MT, Bayileyegn NS, Behnoush AH, Bekele AB, Belete MA, Belgaumi UI, Belo L, Bennett DA, Bensenor IM, Berhe K, Berhie AY, Bhaskar S, Bhat AN, Bhatti JS, Bikbov B, Bilal F, Bintoro BS, Bitaraf S, Bitra VR, Bjegovic-Mikanovic V, Bodolica V, Boloor A, Brauer M, Brazo-Sayavera J, Brenner H, Butt ZA, Calina D, Campos LA, Campos-Nonato IR, Cao Y, Cao C, Car J, Carvalho M, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Catalá-López F, Cerin E, Chadwick J, Chandrasekar EK, Chanie GS, Charan J, Chattu VK, Chauhan K, Cheema HA, Chekol Abebe E, Chen S, Cherbuin N, Chichagi F, Chidambaram SB, Cho WCS, Choudhari SG, Chowdhury R, Chowdhury EK, Chu DT, Chukwu IS, Chung SC, Coberly K, Columbus A, Contreras D, Cousin E, Criqui MH, Cruz-Martins N, Cuschieri S, Dabo B, Dadras O, Dai X, Damasceno AAM, Dandona R, Dandona L, Das S, Dascalu AM, Dash NR, Dashti M, Dávila-Cervantes CA, De la Cruz-Góngora V, Debele GR, Delpasand K, Demisse FW, Demissie GD, Deng X, Denova-Gutiérrez E, Deo SV, Dervišević E, Desai HD, Desale AT, Dessie AM, Desta F, Dewan SMR, Dey S, Dhama K, Dhimal M, Diao N, Diaz D, Dinu M, Diress M, Djalalinia S, Doan LP, Dongarwar D, dos Santos Figueiredo FW, Duncan BB, Dutta S, Dziedzic AM, Edinur HA, Ekholuenetale M, Ekundayo TC, Elgendy IY, Elhadi M, El-Huneidi W, Elmeligy OAA, Elmonem MA, Endeshaw D, Esayas HL, Eshetu HB, Etaee F, Fadhil I, Fagbamigbe AF, Fahim A, Falahi S, Faris MEM, Farrokhpour H, Farzadfar F, Fatehizadeh A, Fazli G, Feng X, Ferede TY, Fischer F, Flood D, Forouhari A, Foroumadi R, Foroutan Koudehi M, Gaidhane AM, Gaihre S, Gaipov A, Galali Y, Ganesan B, Garcia-Gordillo MA, Gautam RK, Gebrehiwot M, Gebrekidan KG, Gebremeskel TG, Getacher L, Ghadirian F, Ghamari SH, Ghasemi Nour M, Ghassemi F, Golechha M, Goleij P, Golinelli D, Gopalani SV, Guadie HA, Guan SY, Gudayu TW, Guimarães RA, Guled RA, Gupta R, Gupta K, Gupta VB, Gupta VK, Gyawali B, Haddadi R, Hadi NR, Haile TG, Hajibeygi R, Haj-Mirzaian A, Halwani R, Hamidi S, Hankey GJ, Hannan MA, Haque S, Harandi H, Harlianto NI, Hasan SMM, Hasan SS, Hasani H, Hassanipour S, Hassen MB, Haubold J, Hayat K, Heidari G, Heidari M, Hessami K, Hiraike Y, Holla R, Hossain S, Hossain MS, Hosseini MS, Hosseinzadeh M, Hosseinzadeh H, Huang J, Huda MN, Hussain S, Huynh HH, Hwang BF, Ibitoye SE, Ikeda N, Ilic IM, Ilic MD, Inbaraj LR, Iqbal A, Islam SMS, Islam RM, Ismail NE, Iso H, Isola G, Itumalla R, Iwagami M, Iwu CCD, Iyamu IO, Iyasu AN, Jacob L, Jafarzadeh A, Jahrami H, Jain R, Jaja C, Jamalpoor Z, Jamshidi E, Janakiraman B, Jayanna K, Jayapal SK, Jayaram S, Jayawardena R, Jebai R, Jeong W, Jin Y, Jokar M, Jonas JB, Joseph N, Joseph A, Joshua CE, Joukar F, Jozwiak JJ, Kaambwa B, Kabir A, Kabthymer RH, Kadashetti V, Kahe F, Kalhor R, Kandel H, Karanth SD, Karaye IM, Karkhah S, Katoto PDMC, Kaur N, Kazemian S, Kebede SA, Khader YS, Khajuria H, Khalaji A, Khan MAB, Khan M, Khan A, Khanal S, Khatatbeh MM, Khater AM, Khateri S, khorashadizadeh F, Khubchandani J, Kibret BG, Kim MS, Kimokoti RW, Kisa A, Kivimäki M, Kolahi AA, Komaki S, Kompani F, Koohestani HR, Korzh O, Kostev K, Kothari N, Koyanagi A, Krishan K, Krishnamoorthy Y, Kuate Defo B, Kuddus M, Kuddus MA, Kumar R, Kumar H, Kundu S, Kurniasari MD, Kuttikkattu A, La Vecchia C, Lallukka T, Larijani B, Larsson AO, Latief K, Lawal BK, Le TTT, Le TTB, Lee SWH, Lee M, Lee WC, Lee PH, Lee SW, Lee SW, Legesse SM, Lenzi J, Li Y, Li MC, Lim SS, Lim LL, Liu X, Liu C, Lo CH, Lopes G, Lorkowski S, Lozano R, Lucchetti G, Maghazachi AA, Mahasha PW, Mahjoub S, Mahmoud MA, Mahmoudi R, Mahmoudimanesh M, Mai AT, Majeed A, Majma Sanaye P, Makris KC, Malhotra K, Malik AA, Malik I, Mallhi TH, Malta DC, Mamun AA, Mansouri B, Marateb HR, Mardi P, Martini S, Martorell M, Marzo RR, Masoudi R, Masoudi S, Mathews E, Maugeri A, Mazzaglia G, Mekonnen T, Meshkat M, Mestrovic T, Miao Jonasson J, Miazgowski T, Michalek IM, Minh LHN, Mini GK, Miranda JJ, Mirfakhraie R, Mirrakhimov EM, Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari M, Misganaw A, Misgina KH, Mishra M, Moazen B, Mohamed NS, Mohammadi E, Mohammadi M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Mohammadshahi M, Mohseni A, Mojiri-forushani H, Mokdad AH, Momtazmanesh S, Monasta L, Moniruzzaman M, Mons U, Montazeri F, Moodi Ghalibaf A, Moradi Y, Moradi M, Moradi Sarabi M, Morovatdar N, Morrison SD, Morze J, Mossialos E, Mostafavi E, Mueller UO, Mulita F, Mulita A, Murillo-Zamora E, Musa KI, Mwita JC, Nagaraju SP, Naghavi M, Nainu F, Nair TS, Najmuldeen HHR, Nangia V, Nargus S, Naser AY, Nassereldine H, Natto ZS, Nauman J, Nayak BP, Ndejjo R, Negash H, Negoi RI, Nguyen HTH, Nguyen DH, Nguyen PT, Nguyen VT, Nguyen HQ, Niazi RK, Nigatu YT, Ningrum DNA, Nizam MA, Nnyanzi LA, Noreen M, Noubiap JJ, Nzoputam OJ, Nzoputam CI, Oancea B, Odogwu NM, Odukoya OO, Ojha VA, Okati-Aliabad H, Okekunle AP, Okonji OC, Okwute PG, Olufadewa II, Onwujekwe OE, Ordak M, Ortiz A, Osuagwu UL, Oulhaj A, Owolabi MO, Padron-Monedero A, Padubidri JR, Palladino R, Panagiotakos D, Panda-Jonas S, Pandey A, Pandey A, Pandi-Perumal SR, Pantea Stoian AM, Pardhan S, Parekh T, Parekh U, Pasovic M, Patel J, Patel JR, Paudel U, Pepito VCF, Pereira M, Perico N, Perna S, Petcu IR, Petermann-Rocha FE, Podder V, Postma MJ, Pourali G, Pourtaheri N, Prates EJS, Qadir MMF, Qattea I, Raee P, Rafique I, Rahimi M, Rahimifard M, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman MO, Rahman MA, Rahman MHU, Rahman M, Rahman MM, Rahmani M, Rahmani S, Rahmanian V, Rahmawaty S, Rahnavard N, Rajbhandari B, Ram P, Ramazanu S, Rana J, Rancic N, Ranjha MMAN, Rao CR, Rapaka D, Rasali DP, Rashedi S, Rashedi V, Rashid AM, Rashidi MM, Ratan ZA, Rawaf S, Rawal L, Redwan EMM, Remuzzi G, Rengasamy KRR, Renzaho AMN, Reyes LF, Rezaei N, Rezaei N, Rezaeian M, Rezazadeh H, Riahi SM, Rias YA, Riaz M, Ribeiro D, Rodrigues M, Rodriguez JAB, Roever L, Rohloff P, Roshandel G, Roustazadeh A, Rwegerera GM, Saad AMA, Saber-Ayad MM, Sabour S, Sabzmakan L, Saddik B, Sadeghi E, Saeed U, Saeedi Moghaddam S, Safi S, Safi SZ, Saghazadeh A, Saheb Sharif-Askari N, Saheb Sharif-Askari F, Sahebkar A, Sahoo SS, Sahoo H, Saif-Ur-Rahman KM, Sajid MR, Salahi S, Salahi S, Saleh MA, Salehi MA, Salomon JA, Sanabria J, Sanjeev RK, Sanmarchi F, Santric-Milicevic MM, Sarasmita MA, Sargazi S, Sathian B, Sathish T, Sawhney M, Schlaich MP, Schmidt MI, Schuermans A, Seidu AA, Senthil Kumar N, Sepanlou SG, Sethi Y, Seylani A, Shabany M, Shafaghat T, Shafeghat M, Shafie M, Shah NS, Shahid S, Shaikh MA, Shanawaz M, Shannawaz M, Sharfaei S, Shashamo BB, Shiri R, Shittu A, Shivakumar KM, Shivalli S, Shobeiri P, Shokri F, Shuval K, Sibhat MM, Silva LMLR, Simpson CR, Singh JA, Singh P, Singh S, Siraj MS, Skryabina AA, Sohag AAM, Soleimani H, Solikhah S, Soltani-Zangbar MS, Somayaji R, Sorensen RJD, Starodubova AV, Sujata S, Suleman M, Sun J, Sundström J, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tabatabaei SM, Tabatabaeizadeh SA, Tabish M, Taheri M, Taheri E, Taki E, Tamuzi JJLL, Tan KK, Tat NY, Taye BT, Temesgen WA, Temsah MH, Tesler R, Thangaraju P, Thankappan KR, Thapa R, Tharwat S, Thomas N, Ticoalu JHV, Tiyuri A, Tonelli M, Tovani-Palone MR, Trico D, Trihandini I, Tripathy JP, Tromans SJ, Tsegay GM, Tualeka AR, Tufa DG, Tyrovolas S, Ullah S, Upadhyay E, Vahabi SM, Vaithinathan AG, Valizadeh R, van Daalen KR, Vart P, Varthya SB, Vasankari TJ, Vaziri S, Verma MV, Verras GI, Vo DC, Wagaye B, Waheed Y, Wang Z, Wang Y, Wang C, Wang F, Wassie GT, Wei MYW, Weldemariam AH, Westerman R, Wickramasinghe ND, Wu Y, Wulandari RDWI, Xia J, Xiao H, Xu S, Xu X, Yada DY, Yang L, Yatsuya H, Yesiltepe M, Yi S, Yohannis HK, Yonemoto N, You Y, Zaman SB, Zamora N, Zare I, Zarea K, Zarrintan A, Zastrozhin MS, Zeru NG, Zhang ZJ, Zhong C, Zhou J, Zielińska M, Zikarg YT, Zodpey S, Zoladl M, Zou Z, Zumla A, Zuniga YMH, Magliano DJ, Murray CJL, Hay SI, Vos T. Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 2023; 402:203-234. [PMID: 37356446 PMCID: PMC10364581 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01301-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 250.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, and affects people regardless of country, age group, or sex. Using the most recent evidentiary and analytical framework from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD), we produced location-specific, age-specific, and sex-specific estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden from 1990 to 2021, the proportion of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in 2021, the proportion of the type 2 diabetes burden attributable to selected risk factors, and projections of diabetes prevalence through 2050. METHODS Estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden were computed in 204 countries and territories, across 25 age groups, for males and females separately and combined; these estimates comprised lost years of healthy life, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; defined as the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]). We used the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) approach to estimate deaths due to diabetes, incorporating 25 666 location-years of data from vital registration and verbal autopsy reports in separate total (including both type 1 and type 2 diabetes) and type-specific models. Other forms of diabetes, including gestational and monogenic diabetes, were not explicitly modelled. Total and type 1 diabetes prevalence was estimated by use of a Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, to analyse 1527 location-years of data from the scientific literature, survey microdata, and insurance claims; type 2 diabetes estimates were computed by subtracting type 1 diabetes from total estimates. Mortality and prevalence estimates, along with standard life expectancy and disability weights, were used to calculate YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs. When appropriate, we extrapolated estimates to a hypothetical population with a standardised age structure to allow comparison in populations with different age structures. We used the comparative risk assessment framework to estimate the risk-attributable type 2 diabetes burden for 16 risk factors falling under risk categories including environmental and occupational factors, tobacco use, high alcohol use, high body-mass index (BMI), dietary factors, and low physical activity. Using a regression framework, we forecast type 1 and type 2 diabetes prevalence through 2050 with Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and high BMI as predictors, respectively. FINDINGS In 2021, there were 529 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 500-564) people living with diabetes worldwide, and the global age-standardised total diabetes prevalence was 6·1% (5·8-6·5). At the super-region level, the highest age-standardised rates were observed in north Africa and the Middle East (9·3% [8·7-9·9]) and, at the regional level, in Oceania (12·3% [11·5-13·0]). Nationally, Qatar had the world's highest age-specific prevalence of diabetes, at 76·1% (73·1-79·5) in individuals aged 75-79 years. Total diabetes prevalence-especially among older adults-primarily reflects type 2 diabetes, which in 2021 accounted for 96·0% (95·1-96·8) of diabetes cases and 95·4% (94·9-95·9) of diabetes DALYs worldwide. In 2021, 52·2% (25·5-71·8) of global type 2 diabetes DALYs were attributable to high BMI. The contribution of high BMI to type 2 diabetes DALYs rose by 24·3% (18·5-30·4) worldwide between 1990 and 2021. By 2050, more than 1·31 billion (1·22-1·39) people are projected to have diabetes, with expected age-standardised total diabetes prevalence rates greater than 10% in two super-regions: 16·8% (16·1-17·6) in north Africa and the Middle East and 11·3% (10·8-11·9) in Latin America and Caribbean. By 2050, 89 (43·6%) of 204 countries and territories will have an age-standardised rate greater than 10%. INTERPRETATION Diabetes remains a substantial public health issue. Type 2 diabetes, which makes up the bulk of diabetes cases, is largely preventable and, in some cases, potentially reversible if identified and managed early in the disease course. However, all evidence indicates that diabetes prevalence is increasing worldwide, primarily due to a rise in obesity caused by multiple factors. Preventing and controlling type 2 diabetes remains an ongoing challenge. It is essential to better understand disparities in risk factor profiles and diabetes burden across populations, to inform strategies to successfully control diabetes risk factors within the context of multiple and complex drivers. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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N H, N S, Ahmed SA. Detection of spatiotemporal patterns of rainfall trends, using non-parametric statistical techniques, in Karnataka state, India. Environ Monit Assess 2023; 195:909. [PMID: 37391651 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11466-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The unpredictability of the climate has drawn a lot of interest worldwide, especially that of the annual mean temperatures and rainfall. In this study, non-parametric tests such as the LOWESS curve method, Mann-Kendall (MK), SNHT test, Pettitt's test (PT), and Buishand range test (BRT) were used to evaluate long-term (2000-2020) rainfall data series to examine rainfall variability. The Dakshina Kannada district has the highest average rainfall is 3495.6 mm with a magnitude change% of about 26.2, while the Koppala district has the lowest average rainfall roughly about 530.4 mm, with a magnitude change % of about 11.49 mm in a year. The statistics from the fitted prediction line were utilized to determine the maximum coefficient determination (R2 = 0.8808) in the Uttara Kannada region. Because of the commencement of the present rising era, 2015 is the shift year in rainfall with the highest potential of being a change point in the state's Western Ghats region. It was also revealed that the majority of the districts exhibit positive trends before the change point and vice versa. The current research can be used to plan for and minimize the agricultural and water resource challenges in the state of Karnataka. To link observable patterns to climate variability, the next inquiry must identify the source of these changes. Overall, the study's findings will help organize and improve drought, flood, and water resource management techniques in the state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harishnaika N
- Department of Applied Geology, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, 577451, India.
| | - Shilpa N
- Department of Applied Geology, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, 577451, India
| | - S A Ahmed
- Department of Applied Geology, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, 577451, India
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Liman AA, Kabir B, Abubakar M, Abdullahi S, Ahmed SA, Shehu SM. Triple-negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) and Its Luminal Androgen Receptor (LAR) Subtype: A Clinicopathologic Review of Cases in a University Hospital in Northwestern Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract 2022; 25:97-104. [PMID: 35046202 DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_437_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Breast cancer (BC) is a common malignancy; the most frequent in Nigeria. BC characteristically exhibits great biologic diversity. Amongst its variants, the triple-negative subtype is also characterized by heterogeneity (thus making it a study in diversity within diversity) and also by some unique clinicopathologic features including clinical aggressiveness, lack of response to current targeted therapies, and tendency to cluster amongst young premenopausal women especially in populations of women of African ancestry. Aims The objective of this study was to conduct a retrospective clinicopathologic survey of all breast carcinomas to profile the triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) amongst them and illustrate their immunohistochemical pattern of luminal androgen receptors (LARs) expression. Patients and Methods All the cases entered into the departmental records as breast carcinomas over the study period were extracted including patients' request cards, hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides, and paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of those diagnosed as triple-negative cancers. These were immunohistochemically stained using a monoclonal antibody for androgen receptor (AR). The whole data were analyzed and presented in tabular formats. Results A total of 660 breast carcinomas of which 89 (13.48%) cases were identified as TNBCs with a mean age of occurrence of 42.89 ± 11.88 years. Most TNBCs (95.5%) were carcinoma no special type and 61.8% had low or intermediate histologic grading. LAR expression was noted in 11.24% of the TNBCs. Conclusion Triple-negative cancer in this study shares some of the known characteristics but also portrays some divergence from the commonly described features.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Liman
- Department of Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - B Kabir
- Department of Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - M Abubakar
- Department of Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - S Abdullahi
- Department of Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - S A Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - S M Shehu
- Department of Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
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Tabish M, Khatoon A, Alkahtani S, Alkahtane A, Alghamdi J, Ahmed SA, Mir SS, Albasher G, Almeer R, Al-Sultan NK, Aljarba NH, Al-Qahtani WS, Al-Zharani M, Nayak AK, Hasnain MS. Approaches for prevention and environmental management of novel COVID-19. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:40311-40321. [PMID: 32970259 PMCID: PMC7511898 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10640-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) recognized a novel coronavirus as the causative agent of a new form of pneumonia. It was subsequently named COVID-19 and reported as the source of a respiratory disease occurrence starting in December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. It has been affirmed a public health emergency of international significance by the World Health Organization. It is regarded as a subset of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS); COVID-19 is triggered by a betacoronavirus called SARS-CoV-2, which affects the lower respiratory tract and occurs in humans as pneumonia. A variety of drugs, such as remdesivir and favipiravir, are currently undergoing clinical trials to evaluate for the management of COVID-19. The effect of the pandemic as well as the epidemic that follows through the life cycles of various recycled plastic is evaluated, particularly those required for personal safety and health care. In response to the growth in COVID-19 cases worldwide, the energy and environmental impacts of these lifecycle management have risen rapidly. However, significant hazardous waste management concerns arise due to the need to assure the elimination of residual pathogens in household and medical wastes. This review article summarizes the preventive and environmental management of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tabish
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Aisha Khatoon
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, 226026, India
| | - Saad Alkahtani
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah Alkahtane
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawahir Alghamdi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Anees Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, Hygia Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Lucknow, U.P., India
| | - Snober S Mir
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, 226026, India
| | - Gadah Albasher
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rafa Almeer
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf K Al-Sultan
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada H Aljarba
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wedad Saeed Al-Qahtani
- Department of Forensic Sciences, College of Criminal Justice, Naif Arab University of Security Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al-Zharani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amit Kumar Nayak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Seemanta Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mayurbhanj, Odisha, India
| | - Md Saquib Hasnain
- Department of Pharmacy, ShriVenkateshwara University, Gajraula, Amroha, U.P., India.
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10
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Liman AA, Ahmed SA, Iliyasu Y, Abur P, Abubakar M. Multiple symmetric lipomatosis of the male breast: An unusual mimic of gynecomastia. Niger J Clin Pract 2020; 23:744-746. [PMID: 32367886 DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_562_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Multiple symmetric lipomatosis (MSL) is a very uncommon disease. Its etiopathogenesis is uncertain, although it has been linked to a variety of factors. Its main characteristic is the overgrowth of fat in form of an unencapsulated lesion. Most of the cases reported are in the head and neck region. We report a case that occurred in the breasts of a 62-year-old man. A clinical diagnosis of gynecomastia was initially made. Partial mastectomy was done and MSL was reported on histopathologic examination. Our literature search revealed no previous case of MSL in the breast reported from our environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Liman
- Department of Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - S A Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Y Iliyasu
- Department of Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - P Abur
- Department of Surgery, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - M Abubakar
- Department of Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
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11
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Jiang Y, Tsui CKM, Ahmed SA, Hagen F, Shang Z, Gerrits van den Ende AHG, Verweij PE, Lu H, de Hoog GS. Intraspecific Diversity and Taxonomy of Emmonsia crescens. Mycopathologia 2020; 185:613-627. [PMID: 32710392 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-020-00475-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Emmonsia crescens is known as an environmental pathogen causing adiaspiromycosis in small rodents. As the generic name Emmonsia is no longer available for this species, its taxonomic position is re-evaluated. The intraspecific variation of Emmonsia crescens was analyzed using molecular, morphological, and physiological data, and the relationship between frequency of adiaspiromycosis and body temperature of host animals was explored. A North American and a pan-global lineage could be discerned, each with subclusters at low genetic distance. European strains produced the classical type of very large adiaspores, while in the North American lineage adiaspores relatively small, resembling the broad-based budding cells of Blastomyces. Members of the closely related genus Emergomyces may exhibit large, broad-based in addition to small, narrow-based budding cells. We conclude that the morphology of the pathogenic phase in these fungi differs gradationally between species and even populations, and is therefore less suitable as a diagnostic criterion for generic delimitation. Two Emmonsia species are reclassified in Emergomyces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China. .,Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - C K M Tsui
- Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - S A Ahmed
- Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - F Hagen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Z Shang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical School, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | | | - P E Verweij
- Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - H Lu
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
| | - G S de Hoog
- Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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12
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Suleiman DE, Iliyasu Y, Ahmed SA, Liman AA. Histopathologic spectrum of paediatric eye and ocular adnexal tumours: A 10-year review from a referral centre in Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract 2020; 23:654-659. [PMID: 32367872 DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_389_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Tumours of the eye and adnexa demonstrate great histologic variety and constitute a serious threat to vision especially in children. Aims The study aims to review the epidemiologic and pathologic characteristics of tumours of the eye and ocular adnexa in the paediatric age group (0-14 years). Methods All the cases entered into the departmental records as tumours of the eye and ocular adnexa over a 10-year period in the age group 0-14 years were extracted. The patients' request cards with all relevant Haematoxylin & Eosin (H & E)-stained histology slides were retrieved. All the slides were reviewed and the cases were classified in accordance with the 4th edition of the WHO Classification of Tumours of the Eye (2018). The collected data were subjected to descriptive statistical tabulation and analysis. Results A total of 104 tumours of the eye and ocular adnexae were diagnosed in the paediatric age group, accounting for 40.5% of all eye and ocular adnexal tumours diagnosed over the study period. The male to female ratio was 1.7:1 and malignant tumours greatly outnumbered benign tumours by a ratio of 5.5:1. Majority (76%) of the tumours occurred in the retina with retinoblastoma representing all the tumours diagnosed in this location. Rhabdomyosarcoma was the most common paediatric orbital tumour accounting for over half (53.8%) of all tumours in the orbit. Tumours of the conjunctiva and the eyelid were infrequent with benign soft tissue tumours (vascular, neural and lipomatous tumours) being the major tumours at these sites. Conclusion Retinoblastoma is the single most common tumour in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Suleiman
- Department of Histopathology, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital, Bauchi (Formerly of Department of Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria), Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Y Iliyasu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - S A Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - A A Liman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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13
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Al-Hatmi AMS, Sandoval-Denis M, Nabet C, Ahmed SA, Demar M, Normand AC, de Hoog GS. Fusarium volatile, a new potential pathogen from a human respiratory sample. Fungal Syst Evol 2020; 4:171-181. [PMID: 32467910 PMCID: PMC7241678 DOI: 10.3114/fuse.2019.04.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the isolation and characterization of Fusarium volatile from a bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) sample of a female patient living in French Guiana with underlying pulmonary infections. Phylogenetic analysis of fragments of the calmodulin (cmdA), translation elongation factor (tef1), RNA polymerase second largest subunit (rpb2), and β-tubulin (tub) loci revealed that strain CBS 143874 was closely related to isolate NRRL 25615, a known but undescribed phylogenetic species belonging to the African clade of the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex. The fungus differed phylogenetically and morphologically from related known species, and is therefore described as the new taxon Fusarium volatile. Antifungal susceptibility testing suggested that the new species is resistant to echinocandins, fluconazole, itraconazole with lower MICs against amphotericin B, voriconazole and posaconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M S Al-Hatmi
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Foundation Atlas of Clinical Fungi, Hilversum, The Netherlands.,Ministry of Health, Directorate General of Health Services, Ibri, Oman
| | - M Sandoval-Denis
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, South Africa
| | - C Nabet
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre-Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - S A Ahmed
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Foundation Atlas of Clinical Fungi, Hilversum, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - M Demar
- Laboratoire Hospitalo-Universitaire de Parasitologie-Mycologie Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - A-C Normand
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre-Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - G S de Hoog
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Foundation Atlas of Clinical Fungi, Hilversum, The Netherlands.,Centre of Expertise in Mycology Radboud University Medical Centre / Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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14
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Nyuykonge B, Klaassen CHW, Zandijk WHA, de Hoog GS, Ahmed SA, Desnos-Ollivier M, Verbon A, Bonifaz A, van de Sande WWJ. Diagnostic implications of mycetoma derived from Madurella pseudomycetomatis isolates from Mexico. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34:1828-1834. [PMID: 32233084 PMCID: PMC7497165 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background At the dermatology service of the General Hospital of Mexico City, Mexico, two patients, father and son, with black‐grain mycetoma were seen. The grains were isolated, and the cultured fungi were identified as Madurella mycetomatis based on morphology. Using the M. mycetomatis specific PCR, amplicons of a different size than that of the M. mycetomatis type strain were obtained. Objective To determine the causative agent of the two black‐grain mycetoma cases and develop non‐culture‐based diagnostic tools to identify them to the species level. Methods The M. mycetomatis specific, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, β‐tubulin (BT) and ribosomal binding protein 2 (RBP2) PCRs were used to confirm the identity of the isolates. Genetic variation was established by amplification fragment length polymorphisms. To determine the antifungal susceptibility profile, the Sensititre™ YeastOne™ assay was used. To develop a species‐specific PCR primers were designed on the sequenced PCR amplicon from the M. mycetomatis specific PCR. Results By analyzing the ITS, BT and RBP2 regions the isolates were identified as Madurella pseudomycetomatis. The isolates from father and son were similar but not identical to M. pseudomycetomatis from Venezuela and one from an unknown origin. Madurella pseudomycetomatis isolates were inhibited by itraconazole, posaconazole and voriconazole but showed increased MIC values for amphotericin B and fluconazole. They were not inhibited by the echinocandins and five flucytosine. The two patients were treated with itraconazole resulting in cure for the father while the son was lost to follow‐up. The species‐specific PCR developed for M. pseudomyceotmatis was discriminative and specific. Conclusion Madurella pseudomycetomatis is genetically diverse with same susceptibility profile as M. mycetomatis and causes eumycetoma in Latin America. The M. pseudomycetomatis specific PCR can be used to identify this causative agent to the species level; however, this needs to be validated in an endemic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Nyuykonge
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C H W Klaassen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W H A Zandijk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G S de Hoog
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S A Ahmed
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - M Desnos-Ollivier
- Molecular Mycology Unit, CNRS UMR 2000, National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses & Antifungals, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - A Verbon
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Bonifaz
- Hospital General de México Dr Eduardo Liceaga, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - W W J van de Sande
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Ahmed SA, Mewes JC, Vrijhoef H. Assessment of the scientific rigour of randomized controlled trials on the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy and graded exercise therapy for patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: A systematic review. J Health Psychol 2019; 25:240-255. [PMID: 31072121 DOI: 10.1177/1359105319847261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive behavioural therapy and graded exercise therapy have been promoted as effective treatments for patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. However, criticism on the scientific rigour of these studies has been raised. This review assessed the methodological quality of studies on the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy and graded exercise therapy. The methodological quality of the 18 included studies was found to be relatively low, as bias was prominently found, affecting the main outcome measures of the studies (fatigue, physical functioning and functional impairment/status). Future research should focus on including more objective outcome measures in a well-defined patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hjm Vrijhoef
- Panaxea, The Netherlands.,Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands.,Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
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16
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Mewes JC, Ahmed SA, Vrijhoef HJM. How do integrated care programmes work for patients with cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, depression, diabetes and multi-morbidity? A rapid realist review. International Journal of Care Coordination 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2053434518788593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background In previous years, many multi-faceted initiatives have been set up to improve outcomes for people with chronic diseases. Evaluation studies about the (cost-)effectiveness of these integrated care programs showed heterogeneity in outcomes. Hence, it has been suggested to use realist evaluation for the evaluation of integrated care programmes. Thus, our aim was to gain insight into whether and how existing integrated care programmes work for people with cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, depression, diabetes and multi-morbidity, and under what conditions within the Dutch healthcare setting. Methods A rapid realist review was conducted to identify the context and mechanisms that are associated with the outcomes of integrated care programmes. From a selection of systematic reviews and meta-analyses and Dutch literature, data on the context, mechanisms and outcomes of integrated care programmes were extracted. The data were analysed by placing the extracted variables in context-mechanism-outcome configurations which showed their interrelatedness. A panel of executives from Dutch care groups assessed the face validity of the context-mechanism-outcome configurations. Results Based on the existing literature, context-mechanism-outcome configurations were compiled for all five diseases. Some configurations could be filled with more detail than others, with the configuration of integrated care for people with diabetes being the most complete. Context-mechanism-outcome configurations were completed and confirmed by executives from Dutch care groups. Conclusion The configurations together with the identified factors in them reveal the underlying preliminary program theories of integrated care programmes. These theories need to be tested in further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - HJM Vrijhoef
- Panaxea b.v., The Netherlands
- Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
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17
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Begum T, Rahman MM, Sultana SZ, Ahmed SA, Mannan S, Ara ZG, Ara A, Hossain MM. Measurement of Length of Umbilical Cord in Different Gestational Age Groups in Bangladesh. Mymensingh Med J 2018; 27:344-347. [PMID: 29769500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The umbilical cord and placental have been considered to significantly contribute to the perinatal outcome. Long or short cord can lead to intrauterine fetal demise. So this type of study in placenta and umbilical cord can yield information for immediate and later management of newborn. This information may also be essential for protecting the attending physician in the event of a fetal outcome. This Cross sectional descriptive study would provide information about the length of umbilical cord in different gestational age groups in Bangladesh. To fulfill this aim the study was performed on 60 human placentas and umbilical cords and Gestational age (in weeks) categorized as Group A (28-32), Group B (33-37), and Group C 38 weeks and above. These samples were collected from normal pregnancy in Gynecology and Obstetrics Department of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital from July 2009 to June 2010. After preservation in 10% normal saline, study was done in the department of Anatomy of Mymensingh Medical College. In this present study the mean±SD length of umbilical cord was found in different gestational age groups in Group A 63.00±5.40, Group B 63.69±8.80 and Group C 67.03±10.64cm and also observed that the mean length of umbilical cord increased with gestational age. The mean length of umbilical cord was maximum in Group C (67.03cm) and was minimum in Group A (63.00cm). The mean difference of length of umbilical cord among different groups was statistically not significant. Observed findings of this study were compared with those of western and Bangladeshi researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Begum
- Dr Taslima Begum, Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, President Abdul Hamid Medical College, Kishoregonj, Bangladesh
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18
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Revadekar JV, Varikoden H, Murumkar PK, Ahmed SA. Latitudinal variation in summer monsoon rainfall over Western Ghat of India and its association with global sea surface temperatures. Sci Total Environ 2018; 613-614:88-97. [PMID: 28910719 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Western Ghats (WG) of India are basically north-south oriented mountains having narrow zonal width with a steep rising western face. The summer monsoon winds during June to September passing over the Arabian Sea are obstructed by the WG and thus orographically uplift to produce moderate-to-heavy precipitation over the region. However, it is seen that characteristic features of rainfall distribution during the season vary from north to south. Also its correlation with all-India summer monsoon rainfall increases from south to north. In the present study, an attempt is also made to examine long-term as well as short-term trends and variability in summer monsoon rainfall over different subdivisions of WG using monthly rainfall data for the period 1871-2014. Konkan & Goa and Coastal Karnataka show increase in rainfall from 1871 to 2014 in all individual summer monsoon months. Short-term trend analysis based on 31-year sliding window indicates that the trends are not monotonous, but has epochal behavior. In recent epoch, magnitudes of negative trends are consistently decreasing and have changed its sign to positive during 1985-2014. It has been observed that Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) plays a dominant positive role in rainfall over entire WG in all summer monsoon months, whereas role of Nino regions are asymmetric over WG rainfall. Indian summer monsoon is known for its negative relationship with Nino SST. Negative correlations are also seen for WG rainfall with Nino regions but only during onset and withdrawal phase. During peak monsoon months July and August subdivisions of WG mostly show positive correlation with Nino SST.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Revadekar
- Center for Climate Change Research, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune 411008, India.
| | - Hamza Varikoden
- Center for Climate Change Research, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune 411008, India
| | - P K Murumkar
- Center for Climate Change Research, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune 411008, India; Department of Geology, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburgi, India
| | - S A Ahmed
- Department of Geology, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburgi, India; Department of Applied Geology, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta 577451, India
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19
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Shekhar S, Yoo EH, Ahmed SA, Haining R, Kadannolly S. Analysing malaria incidence at the small area level for developing a spatial decision support system: A case study in Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2016; 20:9-25. [PMID: 28137677 DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spatial decision support systems have already proved their value in helping to reduce infectious diseases but to be effective they need to be designed to reflect local circumstances and local data availability. We report the first stage of a project to develop a spatial decision support system for infectious diseases for Karnataka State in India. The focus of this paper is on malaria incidence and we draw on small area data on new cases of malaria analysed in two-monthly time intervals over the period February 2012 to January 2016 for Kalaburagi taluk, a small area in Karnataka. We report the results of data mapping and cluster detection (identifying areas of excess risk) including evaluating the temporal persistence of excess risk and the local conditions with which high counts are statistically associated. We comment on how this work might feed into a practical spatial decision support system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shekhar
- Department of Geography, Central University of Karnataka, India
| | - E-H Yoo
- Department of Geography, State University of New York, Buffalo, USA
| | - S A Ahmed
- Department of Applied Geology, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, India
| | - R Haining
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - S Kadannolly
- Department of Geography, Central University of Karnataka, India
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20
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Haque A, Ahmed SA, Rafique Z, Abbas Q, Jurair H, Ali SA. Device-associated infections in a paediatric intensive care unit in Pakistan. J Hosp Infect 2016; 95:98-100. [PMID: 27890335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the effect of implementation of active infection control and surveillance on the occurrence of device-associated infections (DAIs) in a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) from 2012 to 2015. There were 1378 patients, equating to 4632 patient-days, on the PICU, and 29 DAI episodes, giving an incidence rate of 2.1% and an incidence density rate of 6.26 per 1000 patient-days. The rates of central-line-associated bloodstream infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia and catheter-related urinary tract infections were 7/1000 central-line-days, 1.17/1000 ventilator-days and 0.24/1000 urinary-catheter-days, respectively. Despite the overall low rate of DAIs in the PICU, there was a relatively high rate of central-line-associated bloodstream infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Haque
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - S A Ahmed
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Z Rafique
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Infection Control, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Q Abbas
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - H Jurair
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - S A Ali
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
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Ahmed SA, Omar QH, Abo Elamaim AA. Forensic analysis of suicidal ideation among medical students of Egypt: A crosssectional study. J Forensic Leg Med 2016; 44:1-4. [PMID: 27589377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Suicide is one of the major causes of death in the world. In this study a total of 612 students from two public universities in Cairo were assessed using an online survey that included 19 items from the self administered version of Beck's Suicidal Ideation scale in addition to three questions to assist in forensic analysis of the suicide. 12.75% of respondents scored above 24 in the 19 items from the suicidal ideation scale. Females showed a slightly higher score of suicidal ideation (Mean 18.1, SD 12.22) and year 1 students tended to score higher than pre-clinical and clinical phase students (Mean 15.1, SD 10.1, P value 0.042). Most of the suicide plans were to be executed at home with the use of available medications for overdose. This study shed light on the importance of support systems for medical students with a high stress on family support.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Ahmed
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department Faculty of Medicine, Ainshams University, 11566, Egypt.
| | - Qosai Hossein Omar
- Student Research Association (AMSRA), Faculty of Medicine, Ainshams University, 11566, Egypt.
| | - Aya Ali Abo Elamaim
- Student Research Association (AMSRA), Faculty of Medicine, Ainshams University, 11566, Egypt.
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22
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Ross AR, Hall NJ, Ahmed SA, Kiely EM. The extramucosal interrupted end-to-end intestinal anastomosis in infants and children; a single surgeon 21year experience. J Pediatr Surg 2016; 51:1131-4. [PMID: 26743344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE To report outcomes of a standardised technique for intestinal anastomosis in infants and children. METHODS Data were prospectively collected on all paediatric intestinal anastomosis by a single surgeon over a 21year period. Anastomoses were constructed using an end-to-end extramucosal technique with interrupted polypropylene sutures. Demographic and clinical data were recorded. RESULTS Six-hundred and thirteen anastomoses were constructed in 550 patients. Median age at time of anastomosis was 6months (range 1day-226months). The most common reason for anastomosis was stoma closure (n=271, 49%). For those patients that required multiple anastomoses the most common pathology was acute NEC (n=22/41, 54%). One-hundred and one (18.4%) patients passed stool within 24hours of surgery, 175 (31.8%) between 24-48 hours and 95 (17.3%) between 48-72 hours. Anastomotic complications occurred in 7 patients (1.3%) including anastomotic leakage (n=5, 0.9%) and anastomotic stricture (n=2, 0.4%). The majority of anastomotic leakages (80%) followed resection of acute NEC. CONCLUSIONS The interrupted extramucosal anastomosis is safe and effective. The return of bowel function is rapid and the complication rate acceptable. We recommend this technique be used for all intestinal anastomoses in children and infants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - S A Ahmed
- Great Ormond Street Hospital, London UK
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23
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Revadekar JV, Varikoden H, Murumkar PK, Ahmed SA. On the relationship between sea surface temperatures, circulation parameters and temperatures over west coast of India. Sci Total Environ 2016; 551-552:175-185. [PMID: 26874773 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The oceans and the atmosphere are tightly linked and they together form the most dynamic component of the climate system. Topography and proximity to the surrounding seas of the region determine the temperature of the area. West Coast (WC) of India is a high elevated region surrounded by large oceanic area, therefore, an attempt is made in this study to examine the trends and variability in temperature over WC in relation to oceanic phenomena. Temperature over the WC shows considerable year-to-year variation with anomalous cool years in recent warm epoch. Therefore, sea surface temperature (SST) and associated winds have been analyzed to understand possible mechanism behind the variation in temperatures over the WC. During the winter, north-easterlies prevail over the WC which blows from land to ocean. Variations in SSTs alter the strength of these winds to cause anomalies in temperature over the WC. Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) appears to have a dominant role in climate of the WC, whereas SSTs over the equatorial Pacific do not show any impact on temperatures over the WC. Study indicates that the strengthening of north-easterlies due to negative phase of Indian Ocean Dipole causes cooling over the WC of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Revadekar
- Center for Climate Change Research, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune 411008, India.
| | - Hamza Varikoden
- Center for Climate Change Research, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune 411008, India
| | - P K Murumkar
- Center for Climate Change Research, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune 411008, India; Department of Geology, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, India
| | - S A Ahmed
- Department of Geology, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, India
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Bartlett LA, LeFevre AE, Mir F, Soofi S, Arif S, Mitra DK, Quaiyum MA, Shakoor S, Islam MS, Connor NE, Winch PJ, Reller ME, Shah R, El Arifeen S, Baqui AH, Bhutta ZA, Zaidi A, Saha S, Ahmed SA. The development and evaluation of a community-based clinical diagnosis tool and treatment regimen for postpartum sepsis in Bangladesh and Pakistan. Reprod Health 2016; 13:16. [PMID: 26916141 PMCID: PMC4766721 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-016-0124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postpartum sepsis accounts for most maternal deaths between three and seven days postpartum, when most mothers, even those who deliver in facilities, are at home. Case fatality rates for untreated women are very high. Newborns of ill women have substantially higher infection risk. METHODS/DESIGN The objectives of this study are to: (1) create, field-test and validate a tool for community health workers to improve diagnostic accuracy of suspected puerperal sepsis; (2) measure incidence and identify associated risk factors and; (3) describe etiologic agents responsible and antibacterial susceptibility patterns. This prospective cohort study builds on the Aetiology of Neonatal Infection in South Asia study in three sites: Sylhet, Bangladesh and Karachi and Matiari, Pakistan. Formative research determined local knowledge of symptoms and signs of postpartum sepsis, and a systematic literature review was conducted to design a diagnostic tool for community health workers to use during ten postpartum home visits. Suspected postpartum sepsis cases were referred to study physicians for independent assessment, which permitted validation of the tool. Clinical specimens, including urine, blood, and endometrial material, were collected for etiologic assessment and antibiotic sensitivity. All women with puerperal sepsis were given appropriate antibiotics. DISCUSSION This is the first large population-based study to expand community-based surveillance for diagnoses, referral and treatment of newborn sepsis to include maternal postpartum sepsis. Study activities will lead to development and validation of a diagnostic tool for use by community health workers in resource-poor countries. Understanding the epidemiology and microbiology of postpartum sepsis will inform prevention and treatment strategies and improve understanding of linkages between maternal and neonatal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Bartlett
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - A E LeFevre
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - F Mir
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Division of Women & Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - S Soofi
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Division of Women & Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - S Arif
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Division of Women & Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - D K Mitra
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - M A Quaiyum
- Centre for Reproductive Health, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - S Shakoor
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Division of Women & Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - M S Islam
- Department of Microbiology, The Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - N E Connor
- Department of Microbiology, The Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - P J Winch
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - M E Reller
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - R Shah
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - S El Arifeen
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - A H Baqui
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - Z A Bhutta
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Division of Women & Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - A Zaidi
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Division of Women & Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - S Saha
- Department of Microbiology, The Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - S A Ahmed
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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Haque R, Alvarado M, Ahmed SA, Chung J, Tiller GE. Abstract P2-09-04: Implementation of next generation cancer gene panel testing in a large HMO. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs15-p2-09-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Next generation cancer gene panel testing is fairly new in clinical practice. Little is known about the diagnostic yield of multigene cancer panel testing in community based hospitals.
Objective: To describe characteristics of a diverse cohort who underwent high/moderate risk multigene panel testing for either a personal or a family history of cancer in a large health plan, and report the proportion of pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants (PV/LPV) and variants of unknown clinical significance (VUS) by race/ethnicity.
Methods: Subjects included all 586 female patients who were referred for genetic counseling and underwent multigene panel testing between July 2014 and January 2015. Based on a literature review, the custom-designed high/moderate risk gene panel included 20 cancer susceptibility genes (described below). All tests were performed by the same commercial laboratory (GeneDx).
Results: Of the 586 women, 78 (13.3%) tested positive PV/LPV316 (53.9%) tested negative; and 192 (32.8%) carried one or more VUS. Age at testing ranged from 22-81 years (median 50 years). More women with PV/LPV results tended to be obese than those who tested negative (39.7% vs. 31.2%), and had greater comorbidity (Charlson Index of >3, 35.9% vs. 33.2%).
Of 586 women, 305 (52.0%) had a cancer diagnosis, mainly first primary breast cancer (n=290, 95.1%), while some also had a second primary breast cancer (n=67, 11.4%). Of the 305 women with cancer, 131 (42.9%) were diagnosed prior to the multigene testing implementation (1987-2013), while 174 (57.1%) were diagnosed after implementation.
The cohort was diverse in terms of race/ethnicity: Western/Northern European (31.2%), Latina/Caribbean (30.0%), Asian (14.8%), African-American (7.2%), Ashkenazi Jewish (6.3%), Native American (5.9%), and other (14.9%) (percent exceeds 100% due to mixed race/ethnicity). Of the 192 women who carried a VUS, 60.4% were Western/Northern European, and 46.4% were Latina/Caribbean. Pathogenic or likely pathogenic mutations were higher in Latina /Caribbean women (37.2%), followed by Western/Northern European (26.7%), and African (10.3%). We identified a total of 84 pathogenic mutations among the 78 women with PV/LPV in the following genes: BRCA1 (n=22), BRCA2 (n=17), MUTYH (n=16; all heterozygous), CHEK2 (n=9), ATM (n=4), PALB2 (n=4), PMS2 (n=3), MLH1 (n=2), VHL (n=2), and one mutation in each of the following genes: APC, CDH1, PTEN, TP53, and STK11. VUS were detected in 192 patients (32.7%) of the 586 tested. VUS in ATM (n=57), APC (n=32) and CHEK2 (n=25) comprised 59.4% of all VUS detected.
Discussion: The large percent of VUS was surprising, given that our panel included only high/moderate risk cancer genes. The over-representation of BRCA1/2 among all mutations (45.1%) likely reflected a greater proportion of patients referred for genetic counseling with a personal and/or family breast cancer history. Given that 35% of our positive results were dominant-acting pathogenic or suspected pathogenic mutations, our results suggest that multigene cancer panel testing is an appropriate method for detecting germline mutations in a high-risk cohort in a managed care setting.
Citation Format: Haque R, Alvarado M, Ahmed SA, Chung J, Tiller GE. Implementation of next generation cancer gene panel testing in a large HMO. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-09-04.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Haque
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA
| | - M Alvarado
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA
| | - SA Ahmed
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA
| | - J Chung
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA
| | - GE Tiller
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA
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Akkouche W, Ahmed SA, Sattin A, Piaserico S, Calistri A, De Canale E, Parolin C. Autochthonous Hookworm-Related Cutaneous Larva Migrans Disease in Northeastern Italy: A Case Report. J Parasitol 2015; 101:488-9. [PMID: 25764145 DOI: 10.1645/15-725.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report the case of a 42-yr-old patient who presented himself to us with a serpiginous erythematous lesion from the wrist of the right forearm up the arm to the right shoulder A similar lesion of a smaller size was also present in the left forearm. On the basis of clinical manifestations and progression of the lesion, combined with previous treatments and different diagnostic investigations, hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans (HrCLM) disease was hypothesized. Albendazole was employed as treatment and the resolution of the symptoms confirmed the diagnosis. The relevance of the reported case relies on 3 main aspects: the acquisition of the disease in Italy, the initial treatment with topical corticosteroids that sped up the progression of the cutaneous trail, and the uncommon location of the lesions. Furthermore, the anamnestic data and the laboratory/clinical investigations strongly suggested an occupational exposure to the etiological agent. As illustrated here, HrCLM might represent a challenge for Western physicians in terms of diagnosis, treatment, and ways of acquisition. Describing the clinical presentation and the treatment of cases of cutaneous larva migrans might contribute to early and correct diagnosis, to an increase of our knowledge on this disease, and to an update on its epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Akkouche
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2 - 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - S A Ahmed
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2 - 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - A Sattin
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2 - 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - S Piaserico
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2 - 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - A Calistri
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2 - 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - E De Canale
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2 - 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - C Parolin
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2 - 35128 Padova, Italy
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Mohammed U, Iliyasu Y, Ahmed SA, Shehu MS. Carcinoid tumours in a tertiary hospital in northern Nigeria: morphological pattern and review of the literature. West Afr J Med 2013; 32:254-256. [PMID: 24488278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carcinoid tumours are uncommon neuroendocrine neoplasms that may be found anywhere in the body but are most commonly seen in the gastro-intestinal and respiratory tracts and usually follow an indolent course. However, some tumours particularly the larger ones may metastasize to liver or regional lymph nodes. This study described the histological types of carcinoid tumors seen in a tertiary institution in Northern Nigeria. METHODS This is a retrospective study in which surgical biopsy specimens seen over a 10-year period were reviewed with respect to age, sex, site and histological type. RESULTS Five cases consisting of 1 endoscopic, 1 wedge, 3 hemicolectomy specimens were studied. There was a slight female preponderance with a female to male ratio of 1.5:1. The peak age of occurrence was the 6th decade of life (mean age was 36.4 years). Two cases were located in the large colon and a case each in the stomach, lymph node, and tongue. Three cases show trabecular pattern, while 2 cases were mixed pattern, in all the cases there are neither mitosis nor necrosis. These features are in keeping with typical carcinoids. Two out of the five cases were metastases to the lymph node and the tongue. CONCLUSION Carcinoid tumours are rare, slow-growing NETs that display a relatively indolent disease course. Carcinoid tumours are uncommon in our environment and the cases seen are of good prognostic type.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Mohammed
- Department of Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria 810001. Nigeria
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Nanayakkara PR, Ahmed SA, Oudit D, O'Dwyer ST, Selvasekar CR. Robotic assisted minimally invasive pelvic exenteration in advanced rectal cancer: review and case report. J Robot Surg 2013; 8:173-5. [PMID: 27637528 DOI: 10.1007/s11701-013-0413-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P R Nanayakkara
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow road, Withington, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - S A Ahmed
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow road, Withington, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - D Oudit
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow road, Withington, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - S T O'Dwyer
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow road, Withington, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - C R Selvasekar
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Wilmslow road, Withington, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK.
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Soliman EM, Mahmoud ME, Ahmed SA. Synthesis, characterization and structure effects on selectivity properties of silica gel covalently bonded diethylenetriamine mono- and bis-salicyaldehyde and naphthaldehyde Schiff(,)s bases towards some heavy metal ions. Talanta 2013; 54:243-53. [PMID: 18968246 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-9140(00)00648-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2000] [Revised: 10/19/2000] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Four silica gel-immobilized new metal chelate Schiff(,)s bases were synthesized (I-IV). Silica gel chemically bonded diethylenetriamine mono-naphthaldehyde and mono-salicyaldehyde Schiff's bases (phases I and III) were produced via the interaction of silica gel-modified diethylenetriamine with naphthaldehyde and salicylaldehyde, respectively. However, phases II and IV arose through the interaction of bis-naphthaldehyde and bis-salicylaldehyde Schiff(,)s bases of diethylenetriamine with 3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane modified silica gel. The characterization of such new phases, their capabilities towards selective extraction or separation of Fe(III), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions were studied and evaluated by both batch and column techniques as a function of pH and time of contact. Phases III and I showed high performance towards Cu(II) extraction, where their Cu(II) sorption determined to be 0.957 and 0.940 mmol g(-1), respectively. However, for phases IV and II, the great affinity was devoted to Fe(III) extraction followed by Cu(II) ions. The reactivity of metal ion sorption was discussed in the light of effects of bulkiness as well as orientation of immobilized chelate on sorbent reactivity. Donor sites of phases III and I (diethylenetriamine and azomethene nitrogens along with phenolic hydroxyl group oxygen) are fully active, whereas phases IV and II are partially active with only participation of oxygen and azomethene nitrogen. The order of increasing thermal stability (IV<II<I<III) and fastness of metal uptake equilibration process coincides satisfactorily with decreasing bulkiness of the chelate. Results of separation under dynamic conditions of binary mixtures containing Cu(II) with Ni(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) using phase III are in accordance with its selectivity towards Cu(II) retention relative to the other coexisting ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Soliman
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, El-Minia University, El-Minia 61519, Egypt
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Haque R, Alvarado M, Ahmed SA, Shi JM, Chung JWL, Avila CC, Zheng CX, Tiller GE. Abstract P3-08-06: Triple Negative Breast Cancer and BRCA Status: Implications for Genetic Counseling. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs12-p3-08-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Controversy exists whether women newly diagnosed with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) should be referred to genetic counseling as they may be more likely to be BRCA carriers. However, prior studies included small numbers of carriers and their results have had limited influence on practice guidelines. The objective of this study was to determine the association of breast cancer molecular subtype and BRCA status in a large group of medically insured women.
METHODS: We examined a cohort of 2,105 women with breast cancer history tested for BRCA mutations in a large California health plan from 1997–2011. BRCA test results were recorded in the health plan's clinical genetics registry. Of the 2,105 breast cancer patients, 249 were BRCA mutation carriers (143 BRCA1 carriers, and 106 BRCA2 carriers). We conducted data linkages of all patients with the health plan's NCI-SEER affiliated tumor registry and identified ER, PR, and HER2. HER2 status was also captured from pathology reports using natural language processing. ER, PR, and HER2 status were assessed by immunohistochemical or FISH techniques. Patients were classified into four main biologic subtypes: triple negative (ER−/PR−/HER2−); luminal A (ER+ and/or PR+/HER2−); luminal B (ER+ and/or PR+/HER2+); and HER2-enriched (HER2+/ER−). We examined the association between molecular subtypes (collapsed into TNBC vs. non TNBC categories) and BRCA1/2 mutation status using contingency table analyses. P-values (two-sided) were estimated using chi-square analysis. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimated adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals.
RESULTS: TNBC subtype was strongly associated with BRCA status (P < 0.0001). Women with TNBC tumors were five-fold more likely to be BRCA carriers than women who had non-TNBC breast tumors (OR = 5.6, 95% CI: 4.1–7.5). Specifically, the association of TNBC with BRCA1 was more robust (OR = 12.2, 95% CI: 8.3–17.9). Adjusting for age and stage of breast cancer diagnosis and race/ethnicity did not materially modify the association between TNBC and BRCA1 status. TNBC was not associated with BRCA2 status (OR = 1.6, 95% CI: 0.9–2.7).
CONCLUSION: TNBC was strongly associated with BRCA1 status, but not with BRCA2 status. Statistically significant numbers of patients with BRCA mutations have a TNBC profile. These patients should therefore be referred to clinical genetics for further evaluation and possible testing.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-08-06.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Haque
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA
| | - M Alvarado
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA
| | - SA Ahmed
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA
| | - JM Shi
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA
| | - JWL Chung
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA
| | - CC Avila
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA
| | - CX Zheng
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA
| | - GE Tiller
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA
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Abstract
The photosynthetic growth action spectrum of a green alga at three bands of visible light (blue, orange, and red) at fixed quanta input and under light-limiting conditions was measured in a batch cultivation system. Quantum efficiencies (biomass dry weight increment per quanta absorbed) were better in the yellow-red region than in the blue region. Results served as a basis for the design and optimization of a dye system that would shift the energy of solar radiation to the required wavelength range by absorbing ultraviolet to blue radiation and emitting in the yellow-red, thus enhancing algae growth. Direct incorporation of dyes into the growth medium, although theoretically expected to enhance growth, in fact resulted in dye decomposition, toxicity to algae and consequently in growth inhibition. Indirect application of dyes in a double tubular reactor (algae inside and dye solution outside) demonstrated growth enhancement for certain dyes with high quantum yields and stability, which had suitable absorption/emission spectra for artificial light sources used. The maximum indirect growth enhancement was obtained using rhodamine 6G at a concentration of 3x10(-5)M with tungsten filament lamp sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Prokop
- Biotechnology and Electronics Departments, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, Safat, Kuwait
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Khan MAQ, Khan MA, Hurlock P, Ahmed SA. Physiological responses to temperature and haeme synthesis modifiers in earthworm Lumbricus terrestris (Annelida: Oligochaeta). Environ Toxicol 2012; 27:1-10. [PMID: 20725936 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) acclimated at 2° and 6°C above their average habitat temperature (10°C) had respectively 15 and 40% higher rate of respiration than those at habitat temperature. At 14°C, the rate of respiration and blood hemoglobin (Hb) concentration both increased by ∼60 and 50%, respectively, of the values at habitat temperature. At higher temperatures the rate of respiration and Hb synthesis started decreasing. At 20-23°C, the respiration and Hb concentration decreased respectively by about 85% and 35% of that at 14°C. Decrease in blood Hb concentration at higher temperatures appeared to be due to the lowering of the activity of blood enzyme δ-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD). Exposure of 20-23°C-acclimated pale worms to ALAD inhibitor (lead), lowered the already compromised rate of respiration and blood Hb concentration; while exposure to hexachlorobenzene (HCB, inducer of haeme synthesis) and ferric chloride (enhancer of haeme synthesis) did not overcome the inhibitory effect of high temperature on Hb synthesis. At 20-23°C the affinity of Hb for oxygen also decreased as indicated by the lowering of oxy-Hb (HbO) concentration in blood. The lowering of concentration of blood Hb and its affinity for oxygen may lower the amount of oxygen delivered to cells, which may limit the level of aerobic metabolism (glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation), as indicated by an increase in blood glucose concentration and a decrease in in vitro activities of mitochondrial electron transport system components (ETS) namely NADH-cytochrome c reductase, succinate dehydrogenase, cytochrome c oxidase, and ATPases. Although the oxygen concentration in air, at sea level, does not decrease significantly from 6° to 20-23°C (lack of hypoxia), lowering of both Hb and HbO concentrations by high temperature may cause significant hypoxemia. The latter may lead to inhibition of the activity of muscle mitochondrial respiratory enzymes (ETS). The resulting inhibition of ATP synthesis and hydrolysis may cause deficit of energy needed for peristalsis/fictive locomotion of body and heart muscles (as indicated by a decrease in heart rate) to facilitate diffusion and transport of gases. The upper critical temperature (20-23°C) also slows down the heart rate and causes hyperosmotic stress (hypovolemia). Thus, a rise in soil temperature above 18°C, which inhibits Hb synthesis, Hb oxygenation, and mitochondrial ETS activity, and slows down the heart rate and causes hyperosmotic stress, can make this and higher temperatures lethal to populations of these earthworms, especially in the presence of metabolic inhibitors and respiratory poisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Q Khan
- Northwest Suburban College, Rolling Meadows and Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607-7060, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominal tuberculosis is a common complication of pulmonary tuberculosis. With the rising incidence of HIV, tuberculosis has become a major public health problem particularly in developing countries. METHODS This is a retrospective study involving patients whose surgical specimens were processed at the central histopathology laboratory of the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH) Zaria--Nigeria, between January 1975 to December 2006. RESULTS There were 68 males and 49 females, aged 12-70 years (mean 28.6 yrs 11 yrs). While paroxysmal dry cough was present in about 20 patients, abdominal pain and distension were very common. Concomitant pulmonary tuberculosis was confirmed in 15 patients (14%). The findings at Surgery in 66 patients are presented in fig. 2. Multiple deposits on the peritoneum and omentum were the commonest findings (48.7% and 26.2%) respectively CONCLUSION Abdominal tuberculosis is not uncommon and there is need to establish an early less invasive diagnostic protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Dauda
- Department of Surgery, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria, Nigeria.
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Ahmed SA, Oguntayo AO, Odogwu K, Abdullahi K. Tuberculous cervicitis: A case report. Niger Med J 2011; 52:64-65. [PMID: 21968839 PMCID: PMC3180750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- SA Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria,Correspondence: Ahmed SA
| | - AO Oguntayo
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - K Odogwu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - K Abdullahi
- Department of Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Zidovudine, a Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTI) is one of the earliest antiretroviral agents used as a combination in the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) for the treatment of HIV infection. Its use is however not without adverse effect particularly bone marrow aplasia leading to varying degrees of cytopenias predominantly anaemia. This calls for adequate evaluation and monitoring of patients on this drug. Its major side effect of anaemia limits its use in some patients. We report a case of Zidovudine induced anaemia and bone marrow aplasia in a patient infected with HIV. METHOD The Hospital case note of a 27 year old widow with HIV infection and anaemia, who has been on HAART (Zidovudine, Lamivudine and Nevirapine) for one year, was reviewed. RESULT She presented with severe anaemia (PCV of 0.05), White cell and platelet counts were within normal limits and reticulocyte count of 0.001%. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy were diagnostic of pure red cell aplasia on a background hypocellular marrow. She was transfused with four (4) units of packed cells and Zidovudine was replaced with Stavudine. She made remarkable improvement and remains transfusion independent afterwards. CONCLUSION Zidovudine is well a known cause of anaemia and thus should be used with caution in the initiation of antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hassan
- Department of Haematology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria.
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Roshan TM, Rosline H, Ahmed SA, Rapiaah M, Khattak MN. Response rate of Malaysian blood donors with reactive screening test to transfusion medicine unit calls. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2009; 40:1315-1321. [PMID: 20578467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Blood donors with reactive screening test results are requested to come in for counseling by letter and telephone call. It has been noticed many donors responded to neither the letters nor the telephone calls. We evaluated 589 cases with reactive screening test results (208 positive for hepatitis C, 209 for hepatitis B, 85 for VDRL and 87 for HIV). In the hepatitis C positive group 61 donors (29.3%) did not respond and 4.7% missed their follow-up appointment. Similarly low response rates were noted with the HBV (58.9%) and VDRL (67.1%) positive groups. Among HIV positive donors 46.0% failed to respond to multiple calls. We conclude that blood donors in Malaysia have a poor response to calls from the blood transfusion unit. A review of the effectiveness of the current deferral system and an increased public knowledge of transmissible infectious diseases may encourage blood donors to have a better response rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Roshan
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Mohammed A, Yau LZ, Samaila MOA, Ahmed SA, Chom ND. Histiocytosis X. Ann Afr Med 2009; 8:64-5. [PMID: 19763012 DOI: 10.4103/1596-3519.55769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Mohammed
- Department of Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Shika, Zaria, Nigeria.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurogenic inflammation may participate in the development and progression of bronchial asthma. The molecular mechanisms underlying neurogenic inflammation are orchestrated by a large number of neuropeptides including tachykinins such as neurokinin A (NKA) and substance P. Tachykinins are secreted from sensory airway nerves and inflammatory cells after allergens exposure. In clinical practice, assessment of airway inflammation is difficult. Therefore, detection of biological markers of airway inflammation in sputum might offer help for proper monitoring of asthma severity. AIM OF THE STUDY We aimed to measure sputum NKA in relation to acute asthma exacerbations of varying severity. METHODS Sputum NKA was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 24 children and adolescents during and after acute asthma exacerbation and 24 healthy matched controls. RESULTS Sputum NKA was significantly higher in asthmatic patients during acute exacerbation than controls [217.5 (284) vs 10 (7) ng/ml, P < 0.001]. When patients with acute asthma exacerbation were followed-up till remission, sputum NKA levels decreased significantly, but they remained significantly higher than controls. Sputum NKA levels were significantly higher in severe than moderate and in moderate than mild exacerbations, and was negatively correlated to peak expiratory flow rate (r = -0.9, P < 0.001). Sputum NKA had significant positive correlations to eosinophil counts in blood and sputum (r = 0.6, P < 0.001 and r = 0.7, P < 0.001 respectively). CONCLUSIONS Sputum NKA is up-regulated during acute asthma exacerbation and it positively correlates to its severity. Thus, NKA may aid in objective classification of the exacerbation severity. In addition, NKA may be a target for new asthma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Mostafa
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Rabeya Y, Rapiaah M, Rosline H, Ahmed SA, Zaidah WA, Roshan TM. Blood pre-donation deferrals--a teaching hospital experience. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2008; 39:571-574. [PMID: 18564700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Blood donor selection contributes to the safety of both the donor and the recipient. The objective of this study was to identify the number and causes of blood pre-donation deferrals at the Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM). A retrospective study was carried out to retrieve data regarding deferred blood donors at the HUSM in the year 2006. A total of 4,138 blood donors donated blood at the Transfusion Medicine Unit, of whom 231 were deferred or rejected as donors. The percentage of deferred donors was 5.6%. The main reason for deferral was a low hemoglobin (40.7%), with females constituting the majority of those deferred. This was followed by high blood pressure (29.4%) and male donors were predominant in this group. Medical illness caused 15.6% of donor deferrals. The majority of deferred donors were regular donors (64.1%). We recommend setting new hemoglobin criteria for donor deferral according to the reference range obtained for the particular population. Most of the other deferrals were preventable by proper health care education and awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Rabeya
- Transfusion Medicine Unit, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan
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40
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Yousuf R, Rapiaah M, Ahmed SA, Rosline H, Salam A, Selamah S, Roshan TM. Trends in hepatitis B virus infection among blood donors in Kelantan, Malaysia: a retrospective study. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2007; 38:1070-1074. [PMID: 18613548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and trends in hepatitis B infection among blood donors attending the Transfusion Medicine Unit at the Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia. A retrospective study was carried out by reviewing the results of HBsAg among blood donors for the years 2000 to 2004. During this period, 44,658 blood donors were studied. We noted that there was a significant difference in the prevalence of hepatitis B infection between regular and first time donors. There was also a decreasing trend noticed in both study groups. The mean prevalence was significantly different between first time (1.83%) and regular donors (0.45%) (p < 0.005). There is a need to improve public awareness programs to lower the incidence of hepatitis B infection in the general population and consequently first time blood donors. Future studies are also required to determine the trends and outcomes of these programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Yousuf
- Transfusion Medicine Unit, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan
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Khan MAQ, Ahmed SA, Salazar A, Gurumendi J, Khan A, Vargas M, von Catalin B. Effect of temperature on heavy metal toxicity to earthworm Lumbricus terrestris (Annelida: Oligochaeta). Environ Toxicol 2007; 22:487-94. [PMID: 17696136 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) acclimated at 2 degrees C above their habitat temperature (10-12 degrees C) showed about 5% increase in basal rate of oxygen consumption, which increased to about 38% in 14-16 degrees C- and 40% in 16-18 degrees C-, but decreased by 84% in 20-22 degrees C-acclimated worms. Temperature also increased the blood hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, which decreased slightly in 20-22 degrees C-acclimated worms. The worms acclimated at 20-22 degrees C showed their blood to be hypovolemic than that of 10-12 degrees C worms indicating dehydration. Pre-exposure of 10-14 degrees C-acclimated worms to sublethal concentrations of zinc, copper, and lead did not significantly affect the rate of respiration. However, at higher temperatures all these metals inhibited oxygen consumption; zinc, lead, and cadmium by approximately 11% and copper by approximately 18% of that at 14-16 degrees C. At 20-22 degrees C, the respiration was further inhibited, 36% by copper, 18% by cadmium, and approximately 10% by lead and zinc. Copper, lead, and zinc decreased the temperature-enhanced increase in blood Hb concentration at all temperatures. In 20-22 degrees C-acclimated worms heavy metal exposure slightly lowered the oxygen affinity of Hb as well as caused shifts in carbon monoxide difference spectra. The acute toxicity of these metals was not affected by a 2 degrees C rise in acclimation temperature but increased by 17% (lead), 33% (copper), and 5% (zinc) in 14-16 degrees C- and by 40% (lead), 149% (copper), and 132% (zinc) in 20-22 degrees C-acclimated worms. The increase in toxicity of metals caused by high temperatures may be due to limiting the scope of aerobic metabolism (oxygen extraction, transport, and utilization) via quantitative and qualitative effects on Hb. This terrestrial species appears to be tolerant of slight increases in habitat temperature, such as that expected with current global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Q Khan
- Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7060, USA.
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Rosline H, Roshan TM, Ahmed SA, Ilunihayati I. Identification of hemoglobin AC heterozygote status in a Malay family: a decision between hemoglobin electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromotography. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2007; 38:543-5. [PMID: 17877232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Thalassemia is a common public health problem among Malays. Hemoglobin C (Hb C) is a hemoglobin beta variant resulting from a single base mutation at the 6th position of the beta-globin gene leading to the substitution of glycine for glutamic acid. Hb C is commonly detected in West Africans and in African American but has not been reported in Malaysia. It can be falsely diagnosed as HbE trait in the Malaysian Thalassemia Screening Program which utilizes cellulose acetate hemoglobin electrophoresis. This is the first reported case of Hb AC heterozygote status in a Malay family, with unusual splenomegaly in one of the family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rosline
- Department of Hematology, School of Medical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan
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Khan MAQ, Ahmed SA, Catalin B, Khodadoust A, Ajayi O, Vaughn M. Effect of temperature on heavy metal toxicity to juvenile crayfish, Orconectes immunis (Hagen). Environ Toxicol 2006; 21:513-20. [PMID: 16944513 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The acute toxicity of four selected heavy metals to juvenile crayfish Orconectes immunis (Hagen) (1-2 g wet body wt. each) at room temperature increased in the following order: cadmium (x3) < copper (x10) < zinc (x2) < lead. The toxicity of these metals to crayfish acclimated at 17, 20, 23/24, and 27 degrees C increased with temperature (by 7-20% between 20 and 24 degrees C and 14-26% between 20 and 27 degrees C) as judged by the lowering of LT(50) (time to kill 50% of test animals at a fixed concentration) values. A 4 degrees C rise in temperature (from 20 to 24 degrees C), which increased the toxicity of copper by about 7%, increased the rate of oxygen consumption by about 34%. Heavy metals inhibited the rate of oxygen consumption at all temperatures. In 20 degrees C-acclimated crayfish, copper caused about 17% inhibition of oxygen consumption compared to about 7-12% by other metals including the most toxic cadmium. A 3-4 degrees C rise in temperature tripled the inhibitory effect of copper (20%), cadmium and zinc (26 and 18%, respectively), but not of lead, on oxygen consumption. A 7 degrees C-rise in temperature (from 20 to 27 degrees C) increased the inhibitory effect of heavy metals, including lead, on oxygen consumption by up to 54% in the case of copper. The data indicate that rising global temperatures (currently 0.60 degrees C) associated with climate change can have the potential to increase the sensitivity of aquatic animals to heavy metals in their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Q Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Rosline H, Ahmed SA, Al-Joudi FS, Rapiaah M, Naing NN, Adam NAM. Thalassemia among blood donors at the Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2006; 37:549-52. [PMID: 17120978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to screen and identify the types of thalassemia among blood donors at the Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM). Thalassemia screening was performed by hemoglobin electrophoresis. A total number of 80 blood samples were obtained from donors at the Transfusion Medicine Unit, HUSM. The ethnic origins of the donors were Malays (n=73, 91.3%) and non-Malays (n=7, 8.75%). Males comprised 88.1% of the donors. Thalassemia was detected in 16.25% (n=13) of the blood donors. Of those with thalassemia, 46.2% (6/13) were anemic. Microcytosis and hypochromia were detected in 84.6% (n=l1) and 84.6% (n=l1) of these donors, respectively. The types of thalassemias detected were Hb E, 11.25% (n=9/80) and beta thalassemia trait, 5% (n=4/80). Among the thalassemias detected, the Hb E hemoglobinopathy was comprised of Hb E/ alpha-thalassemia (38.5%: n=5), Hb E /beta-thalassemia (23.1%: n=3), Hb E trait (7.6%: n=1) and beta-thalassemia (30.8%: n=4). In conclusion, screening for thalassemia trait should be included as part of a standard blood testing before blood donation. Further studies are required to look at the effects of donated thalassemic blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rosline
- Department of Hematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia.
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Handique SK, Das RR, Barman K, Medhi N, Saharia B, Saikia P, Ahmed SA. Temporal lobe involvement in Japanese encephalitis: problems in differential diagnosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006; 27:1027-31. [PMID: 16687537 PMCID: PMC7975744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Accepted: 09/30/2005] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE On MR imaging and CT, Japanese encephalitis (JE) shows lesions in the thalami, substantia nigra, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, brain stem, and white matter, whereas temporal lobe involvement is characteristically seen in Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE). Temporal lobe involvement in JE may cause problems in differentiating it from HSE. We undertook this study to show the temporal lobe involvement pattern in JE and highlight differentiating features from temporal lobe involvement in HSE. METHODS Sixty-two patients with JE underwent CT or MR imaging or both. MR imaging was done in 53 and CT in 53. The diagnosis of JE was confirmed by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Eleven (17.7%) patients showed temporal lobe involvement with abnormal MR imaging in all. All the patients showed hippocampal involvement. Two patients showed extension of lesions into the amygdala and uncus with insular involvement in 1. The rest of the temporal lobe was spared. All patients had thalamic and substantia nigra involvement with basal ganglia involvement in 7. Six of 9 CT scans were abnormal and the temporal lesions were seen in 2. CONCLUSIONS The temporal lobe involvement pattern is fairly characteristic and mostly involves the hippocampus, usually sparing the rest of the temporal lobe. This and the concurrent involvement of the thalami, substantia nigra (SN), and basal ganglia allow differentiation from HSE. However, if the temporal lobe involvement is more severe, laboratory tests may be the only way to differentiate it from HSE, and it may be prudent to start antiviral therapy in the interim period.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Handique
- Department of Radiology and Imaging, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Dispur, Assam, India
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Ahmed SA, Al-Joudi FS, Zaidah AW, Roshan TM, Rapiaah M, Abdullah YMS, Rosline H. The prevalence of human cytomegalovirus seropositivity among blood donors at the Unit of Blood Transfusion Medicine, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2006; 37:294-6. [PMID: 17124989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a species-specific DNA virus of the Herpetoviridae family. After a primary infection, HCMV persists in a latent form most probably in bone marrow progenitor cells or in peripheral blood monocytes. The virus can reactivate to result in shedding of the virus leading to virus dissemination and new infections. Immunocompromized patients are the ones most vulnerable to serious diseases occasionally acquired in blood transfusions. In a human population, HCMV seropositivity increases steadily with age to become approximately 100% in adults. This study was performed to detect seropositivity among regular blood donors in The Hospital of the Universiti Sains Malaysia, in the state of Kelantan. Using an enzyme immunoassay, it was found that 97.6% of blood donors were HCMV-positive. HCMV is highly prevalent and may be endemic in Kelantan. Hence, long-term strategies are required for the reduction of disease dissemination, and to prevent the exposure of immunocompromized patients to the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Ahmed
- Department of Hematology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Science of Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia.
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Afifi ZEM, El-Lawindi MI, Ahmed SA, Basily WW. Adolescent abuse in a community sample in Beni Suef, Egypt: prevalence and risk factors. East Mediterr Health J 2003; 9:1003-18. [PMID: 16450531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent abuse was studied in 555 school students (mean age 15.6 +/- 1.5 years) selected by multistage random sampling in Beni Suef in 1998. Each student received a general physical examination and a pre-coded questionnaire to identify determinants of abuse. Prevalence of abuse was 36.6%. Emotional, physical, sexual and combined abuse prevalence was 12.3%, 7.6%, 7.0% and 9.7% respectively. Significant predictors of sexual abuse were hyperactive child, disabled child, disinterested mother, low birth order child or wasted child. For physical abuse, significant predictors were maternal disinterest, maternal education and injuries. Significant predictors of emotional abuse were overcrowding, disease and mistreatment by a teacher. Violent behaviour was reported for more than 20% of the emotionally and the sexually abused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z E M Afifi
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Kasr El-Aini University, Cairo, Egypt
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48
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Jensen MJ, Smith TJ, Ahmed SA, Smith LA. Expression, purification, and efficacy of the type A botulinum neurotoxin catalytic domain fused to two translocation domain variants. Toxicon 2003; 41:691-701. [PMID: 12727273 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(03)00042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Clostridial neurotoxins are potent inhibitors of synaptic function, with the zinc-dependent proteolytic light chain (LC) portion of the toxin cleaving one of three neural SNARE proteins. In nature, the LC is expressed as a part of a much larger toxin and hemagglutinin complex, protecting it from environmental degradation and preserving its catalytic activity. We developed forms of the LC of type A botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT-A) with parts of the larger toxin gene, for use as reagents in high-throughput assays to screen for potential LC antagonists, to further elucidate the toxin's mechanism of action, and to study immunological responses to the toxin. Three BoNT-A constructs were engineered and expressed: the LC, LC with translocation region (LC+H(n)), and the LC with the belt portion of the translocation region (LC+Belt). Purification was optimized to a two-step process, with relatively high yields of all three constructs obtained. Activity assays showed all three constructs to be active, with the LC being the most active. Immunogenic protection against native BoNT-A toxin challenge was observed for all three constructs, with the best protection observed with the LC+H(n) and LC+Belt proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Jensen
- Division of Toxinology and Aerobiology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA
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Chedid A, Sung CC, Lepe MR, Ahmed SA, Iftikhar SA, Feller A, Beaman KD. Expression of a novel protein by regenerating hepatocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2001; 8:1292-4. [PMID: 11687481 PMCID: PMC96267 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.8.6.1292-1294.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration and tolerance factor (RTF) is a protein with immunosuppressive activity and is normally present in the thymus and placenta. RTF was measured in the livers of patients with regenerating nodules due to alcoholic cirrhosis and hepatitis C. RTF was expressed in the regenerating nodules of 26 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. All patients with chronic hepatitis C without cirrhosis failed to express RTF. Flow cytometry revealed upregulation of RTF on the lymphocytes from alcoholic cirrhosis and downregulation in hepatitis C disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chedid
- Department of Pathology, Finch University of Health Sciences/Chicago Medical School and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA
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Abstract
Highly purified recombinant zinc-endopeptidase light chain of the botulinum neurotoxin serotype A underwent autocatalytic proteolytic processing and fragmentation. In the absence of added zinc, initially 10-28 residues were cleaved from the C-terminal end of the 448-residue protein followed by the appearance of an SDS-stable dimer and finally fragmentation near the middle of the molecule. In the presence of added zinc, the rate of fragmentation was accelerated but the specificity of the cleavable bond changed, suggesting a structural role for zinc in the light chain. The C-terminal proteolytic processing was reduced, and fragmentation near the middle of the molecule was prevented by adding the metal chelator TPEN to the light chain. Similarly, adding a competitive peptide inhibitor (CRATKML) of the light-chain catalytic activity also greatly reduced the proteolysis. With these results, for the first time, we provide clear evidence that the loss of C-terminal peptides and fragmentation of the light chain are enzymatic and autocatalytic. By isolating both the large and small peptides, we sequenced them by Edman degradation and ESIMS-MS, and mapped the sites of proteolysis. We also found that proteolysis occurred at F266-G267, F419-T420, F423-E424, R432-G433, and C430-V431 bonds in addition to the previously reported Y250-Y251 and K438-T439 bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Ahmed
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702-5011, USA.
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