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Carlson V, Desmarais S, Glaze S, Perrier R, Afzal A, Ghatage P. Impact of gynecologic oncology clinic-initiated testing on patient pathways and resource utilization in Southern Alberta. Gynecol Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2019.04.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Glaze S, Ghatage P, Desmarais S, Kohut R, Sweeney P, Perrier R. GO- BRCA : A collaborative service model to improve access to ovarian cancer genetic testing. Gynecol Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2018.04.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Shapiro S, Ducruet T, Wells P, Rodger M, Kovacs M, Anderson D, Tagalakis V, Morrison D, Solymoss S, Miron MJ, Yeo E, Smith R, Schulman S, Kassis J, Kearon C, Chagnon I, Wong T, Demers C, Hanmiah R, Kaatz S, Selby R, Rathbun S, Desmarais S, Opatrny L, Ortel T, Galanaud JP, Ginsberg J, Kahn S. Graduated compression stockings to treat acute leg pain associated with proximal DVT. Thromb Haemost 2017; 112:1137-41. [DOI: 10.1160/th14-05-0430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryAcute deep venous thrombosis (DVT) causes leg pain. Elastic compression stockings (ECS) have potential to relieve DVT-related leg pain by diminishing the diameter of distended veins and increasing venous blood flow. It was our objective to determine whether ECS reduce leg pain in patients with acute DVT. We performed a secondary analysis of the SOX Trial, a multicentre randomised placebo controlled trial of active ECS versus placebo ECS to prevent the post-thrombotic syndrome.The study was performed in 24 hospital centres in Canada and the U.S. and included 803 patients with a first episode of acute proximal DVT. Patients were randomised to receive active ECS (knee length, 30–40 mm Hg graduated pressure) or placebo ECS (manufactured to look identical to active ECS, but lacking therapeutic compression). Study outcome was leg pain severity assessed on an 11-point numerical pain rating scale (0, no pain; 10, worst possible pain) at baseline, 14, 30 and 60 days after randomisation. Mean age was 55 years and 60% were male. In active ECS patients (n=409), mean (SD) pain severity at baseline and at 60 days were 5.18 (3.29) and 1.39 (2.19), respectively, and in placebo ECS patients (n=394) were 5.38 (3.29) and 1.13 (1.86), respectively. There were no significant differences in pain scores between groups at any assessment point, and no evidence for subgroup interaction by age, sex or anatomical extent of DVT. Results were similar in an analysis restricted to patients who reported wearing stockings every day. In conclusion, ECS do not reduce leg pain in patients with acute proximal DVT.
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Rabinovich A, Cohen JM, Cushman M, Wells PS, Rodger MA, Kovacs MJ, Anderson DR, Tagalakis V, Lazo-Langner A, Solymoss S, Miron MJ, Yeo E, Smith R, Schulman S, Kassis J, Kearon C, Chagnon I, Wong T, Demers C, Hanmiah R, Kaatz S, Selby R, Rathbun S, Desmarais S, Opatrny L, Ortel TL, Ginsberg JS, Kahn SR. Inflammation markers and their trajectories after deep vein thrombosis in relation to risk of post-thrombotic syndrome. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13:398-408. [PMID: 25495610 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) is a frequent chronic complication of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). OBJECTIVE In the BioSOX study, we investigated whether inflammation markers predict the risk of PTS after DVT. METHODS We measured C-reactive protein (CRP), ICAM-1, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-10, at baseline, and 1 month and 6 months after a first proximal DVT, among 803 participants in the SOX trial. Participants were prospectively followed for 24 months for development of PTS. RESULTS Median CRP levels at 1 month, ICAM-1 levels at baseline, 1 month and 6 months, IL-6 levels at 1 month and 6 months and IL-10 levels at 6 months were higher in patients who developed PTS than in those who did not. Multivariable regression with the median as a cutoff showed risk ratios (RRs) for PTS of 1.23 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05-1.45) and 1.25 (95% CI 1.05-1.48) for ICAM-1 at 1 month and 6 months, respectively, and 1.27 (95% CI 1.07-1.51) for IL-10 at 6 months. Quartile-based analysis demonstrated a dose-response association between ICAM-1 and PTS. ICAM-1 and IL-10 were also associated with PTS severity. Analysis of biomarker trajectories after DVT demonstrated an association between the highest-trajectory group of ICAM-1 and PTS. CONCLUSIONS In this prospective study, ICAM-1 over time was most consistently associated with the risk of PTS. Further study is required to confirm these findings and assess their potential clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rabinovich
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Kahn SR, Shapiro S, Wells PS, Rodger MA, Kovacs MJ, Anderson DR, Tagalakis V, Houweling AH, Ducruet T, Holcroft C, Johri M, Solymoss S, Miron MJ, Yeo E, Smith R, Schulman S, Kassis J, Kearon C, Chagnon I, Wong T, Demers C, Hanmiah R, Kaatz S, Selby R, Rathbun S, Desmarais S, Opatrny L, Ortel TL, Ginsberg JS. Compression stockings to prevent post-thrombotic syndrome: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2014; 383:880-8. [PMID: 24315521 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61902-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) is a common and burdensome complication of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Previous trials suggesting benefit of elastic compression stockings (ECS) to prevent PTS were small, single-centre studies without placebo control. We aimed to assess the efficacy of ECS, compared with placebo stockings, for the prevention of PTS. METHODS We did a multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial of active versus placebo ECS used for 2 years to prevent PTS after a first proximal DVT in centres in Canada and the USA. Patients were randomly assigned to study groups with a web-based randomisation system. Patients presenting with a first symptomatic, proximal DVT were potentially eligible to participate. They were excluded if the use of compression stockings was contraindicated, they had an expected lifespan of less than 6 months, geographical inaccessibility precluded return for follow-up visits, they were unable to apply stockings, or they received thrombolytic therapy for the initial treatment of acute DVT. The primary outcome was PTS diagnosed at 6 months or later using Ginsberg's criteria (leg pain and swelling of ≥1 month duration). We used a modified intention to treat Cox regression analysis, supplemented by a prespecified per-protocol analysis of patients who reported frequent use of their allocated treatment. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00143598, and Current Controlled Trials, number ISRCTN71334751. FINDINGS From 2004 to 2010, 410 patients were randomly assigned to receive active ECS and 396 placebo ECS. The cumulative incidence of PTS was 14·2% in active ECS versus 12·7% in placebo ECS (hazard ratio adjusted for centre 1·13, 95% CI 0·73-1·76; p=0·58). Results were similar in a prespecified per-protocol analysis of patients who reported frequent use of stockings. INTERPRETATION ECS did not prevent PTS after a first proximal DVT, hence our findings do not support routine wearing of ECS after DVT. FUNDING Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Kahn
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Stan Shapiro
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Philip S Wells
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa/Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Marc A Rodger
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Thrombosis Program, Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael J Kovacs
- Division of Hematology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - David R Anderson
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Capital Health, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Vicky Tagalakis
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Thierry Ducruet
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christina Holcroft
- The Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mira Johri
- International Health Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Health Administration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Susan Solymoss
- Division of Hematology, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada; St Mary's Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-José Miron
- Department of Medicine, Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Erik Yeo
- Division of Hematology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Reginald Smith
- Divisions of Cardiology and Thrombosis, Victoria Heart Institute Foundation, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Sam Schulman
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jeannine Kassis
- Division of Hematology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, QC, Canada
| | - Clive Kearon
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Isabelle Chagnon
- Department of Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Turnly Wong
- Department of Medicine, St Boniface General Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Rajendar Hanmiah
- Division of General Internal Medicine, St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Scott Kaatz
- Academic Hospital Medicine, Hurley Medical Center, Flint, MI, USA
| | - Rita Selby
- Department of Medicine and Department of Clinical Pathology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Suman Rathbun
- Department of Medicine, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sylvie Desmarais
- Department of Medicine, Hôpital Pierre-Boucher, Longueuil, QC, Canada
| | - Lucie Opatrny
- Professional Services, St Mary's Hospital Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Thomas L Ortel
- Division of Hematology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Gerull B, Kuriachan V, Clegg R, Exner D, Ferrier R, Desmarais S, Gordon P, Duff H. Next-generation sequencing identifies multiple disease associated variants in inherited heart conditions. Eur Heart J 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht308.p2299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Guanella R, Ducruet T, Johri M, Miron MJ, Roussin A, Desmarais S, Joyal F, Kassis J, Solymoss S, Ginsberg JS, Lamping DL, Shrier I, Kahn SR. Economic burden and cost determinants of deep vein thrombosis during 2 years following diagnosis: a prospective evaluation. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9:2397-405. [PMID: 21951970 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04516.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have evaluated the long-term economic consequences of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). None of them have incorporated prospectively collected clinical data to ensure accurate identification of incident cases of DVT and DVT-related health outcomes of interest, such as post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS). OBJECTIVES To prospectively quantify medical and non-medical resource use and costs related to DVT during 2 years following diagnosis, and to identify clinical determinants of costs. METHODS Three hundred and fifty-five consecutive patients with acute DVT were recruited at seven Canadian hospital centers. Resource use and cost information were retrieved from three sources: weekly patient-completed cost diaries, nurse-completed case report forms, and the Quebec provincial administrative healthcare database (RAMQ). RESULTS The rate of DVT-related hospitalization was 3.5 per 100 patient-years (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.2-4.9). Patients reported a mean (standard deviation) of 15.0 (14.5) physician visits and 0.7 (1.2) other healthcare professional visits. The average cost of DVT was $5180 (95% CI $4344-6017) in Canadian dollars, with 51.6% of costs being attributable to non-medical resource use. Multivariate analysis identified four independent predictors of costs: concomitant pulmonary embolism (relative increase in cost [RIC] 3.16; 95% CI 2.18-4.58), unprovoked DVT (RIC 1.65; 95% CI 1.28-2.13), development of PTS during follow-up (RIC 1.35; 95% CI 1.05-1.74), and management of DVT in the inpatient setting (RIC 1.79; 95% CI 1.33-2.40). CONCLUSIONS The economic burden of DVT is substantial. The use of measures to prevent the occurrence of PTS and favoring outpatient care of DVT has the potential to diminish costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Guanella
- Division of Angiology and Hemostasis, Department of Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
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Percival MD, Toulmond S, Coulombe N, Cromlish W, Desmarais S, Liu S, St-Jacques R, Gauthier JY, Fournier JF. Pharmacological and genetic evidence that cathepsin B is not the physiological activator of rodent prorenin. Biol Chem 2010; 391:1469-73. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2010.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Renin is the first enzyme in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system which is the principal regulator of blood pressure and hydroelectrolyte balance. Previous studies suggest that cathepsin B is the activator of the prorenin zymogen. Here, we show no difference in plasma renin activity, or mean arterial blood pressure between wild-type and cathepsin B knockout mice. To account for potential gene compensation, a potent, selective, reversible cathepsin B inhibitor was developed to determine the role of cathepsin B on prorenin processing in rats. Pharmacological inhibition of cathepsin B in spontaneously hypertensive and double transgenic rats did not result in a reduction in renal mature renin protein levels or plasma renin activity. We conclude that cathepsin B does not play a significant role in this process in rodents.
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Latella J, Desmarais S, Miron MJ, Roussin A, Joyal F, Kassis J, Solymoss S, Desjardins L, Ginsberg JS, Kahn SR. Relation between D-dimer level, venous valvular reflux and the development of post-thrombotic syndrome after deep vein thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8:2169-75. [PMID: 20670369 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.04001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathophysiology of post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) is postulated to involve persistent venous obstruction and venous valvular reflux. OBJECTIVE To study the association between D-dimer level, valvular reflux and the PTS in a well-defined cohort of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) patients. METHODS Consecutive patients with acute symptomatic DVT were recruited at eight centers and were followed for 24months. D-dimer was measured at 4months. A standardized ultrasound assessment for popliteal valvular reflux was performed at 12months. Using the Villalta scale, patients were assessed for PTS during follow-up by evaluators who were unaware of D-dimer or reflux results. RESULTS Three hundred and eighty-seven patients were recruited; of these, 305 provided blood samples for D-dimer and 233 had a 12-month reflux assessment. PTS developed in 45.1% of subjects. Mean D-dimer was significantly higher in patients with vs. without PTS (712.0 vs. 444.0μgL(-1) ; P=0.02). In logistic regression analyses adjusted for warfarin use at the time of D-dimer determination and risk factors for PTS, D-dimer level significantly predicted PTS (P=0.03); when stratifying for warfarin use at the time of blood draw, adjusted odds ratio (OR) for developing PTS per unit difference in log D-dimer was 2.33 (95% CI 0.89, 6.10) in those not on warfarin vs. 1.25 (95% CI 0.87, 1.79) in those on warfarin. Ipsilateral reflux was more frequent in patients with moderate-to-severe PTS than in patients with mild PTS (65% vs. 40%, respectively; P=0.01) and was independently associated with moderate-to-severe PTS in logistic regression analyses (P=0.01). CONCLUSION D-dimer levels, measured 4months after DVT in patients not on warfarin, are associated with subsequent development of PTS. Venous valvular reflux is associated with moderate-to-severe PTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Latella
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Isabel E, Bateman KP, Chauret N, Cromlish W, Desmarais S, Duong LT, Falgueyret JP, Gauthier JY, Lamontagne S, Lau CK, Léger S, LeRiche T, Lévesque JF, Li CS, Massé F, McKay DJ, Mellon C, Nicoll-Griffith DA, Oballa RM, Percival MD, Riendeau D, Robichaud J, Rodan GA, Rodan SB, Seto C, Thérien M, Truong VL, Wesolowski G, Young RN, Zamboni R, Black WC. The discovery of MK-0674, an orally bioavailable cathepsin K inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 20:887-92. [PMID: 20061146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
MK-0674 is a potent and selective cathepsin K inhibitor from the same structural class as odanacatib with a comparable inhibitory potency profile against Cat K. It is orally bioavailable and exhibits long half-life in pre-clinical species. In vivo studies using deuterated MK-0674 show stereoselective epimerization of the alcohol stereocenter via an oxidation/reduction cycle. From in vitro incubations, two metabolites could be identified: the hydroxyleucine and the glucuronide conjugate which were confirmed using authentic synthetic standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Isabel
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, 16711 TransCanada Hwy, Kirkland, Québec, Canada H9H 3L1.
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Coe JB, Adams CL, Eva K, Desmarais S, Bonnett BN. Development and validation of an instrument for measuring appointment-specific client satisfaction in companion-animal practice. Prev Vet Med 2009; 93:201-10. [PMID: 19926150 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2008] [Revised: 09/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Healthcare research recognizes that 'satisfaction' is an important health outcome of the medical encounter. As a result, many healthcare professions have pursued the development and validation of instruments for measuring patient satisfaction. However, veterinary medicine has developed and properly validated few instruments for measuring client satisfaction. This paper describes the development and psychometric assessment of an instrument for measuring appointment-specific client satisfaction in companion-animal practice. We developed the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ) in four main phases. Phase I relied on a series of six pet-owner focus groups (n=32) to explore clients' expectations of veterinary care to provide a basis for constructing items for the CSQ. Phase II involved developing items for a first draft of the CSQ, using the content and themes taken from the pet-owner focus groups. In phase III we pre-tested the first draft with six veterinarians in companion-animal practice and a convenience sample of their clients (n=129). Data from the pre-test were used to test the initial psychometric characteristics of each item. Together with participant feedback, these findings were used to design the final, 15-item CSQ. Phase IV involved psychometrically testing the final, 15-item CSQ as part of a larger observational study involving 20 veterinarians and 344 of their clients. We used data from this sample to assess the reliability and validity of the CSQ in companion-animal practice. Assessment was based on descriptive statistics, principal-component analysis, generalizability theory and linear mixed modeling. Findings demonstrate excellent reliability (G-coefficient for internal consistency=0.96) and support the face, content and construct validity of the CSQ as a measure of appointment-specific client satisfaction in companion-animal practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Coe
- University of Guelph, Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Desmarais S, Massé F, Percival MD. Pharmacological inhibitors to identify roles of cathepsin K in cell-based studies: a comparison of available tools. Biol Chem 2009; 390:941-8. [PMID: 19453281 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2009.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin K (Cat K) degrades bone type I collagen and is a target for the pharmacological treatment of osteoporosis. Further roles for Cat K have been recently described, some of which are supported by the use of purportedly selective Cat K inhibitors in human and rodent cell-based assays. Twelve commercial and non-commercial Cat K inhibitors were profiled against a panel of purified human, rat, and mouse cysteine cathepsins and in two cell-based enzyme occupancy assays for activity against Cat K, B, and L. Ten inhibitors, including the carbohydrazide Cat K inhibitor II (Boc-Phe-Leu-NHNH-CO-NHNH-Leu-Z), the non-covalent K4b, and the epoxide NC-2300, have either little Cat K selectivity, or appear poorly cell penetrant. The amino-acetonitrile-containing inhibitors L-873724 and odanacatib show greater than 100-fold human Cat K enzyme selectivity and have similar IC(50) values against each cathepsin in cell-based and enzyme assays. The basic inhibitor balicatib has greater cellular potencies than expected on the basis of purified enzyme assays. The accumulation of [(14)C]-balicatib in fibroblasts is blocked by prior treatment of the cells with NH(4)Cl, consistent with balicatib having lysosomotropic properties. These results support the use of L-873724 and odanacatib as tools to identify novel roles for Cat K using human cell-based systems, but suggest using caution in the interpretation of studies employing the other compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Desmarais
- Department of Discovery Biology, Merck Frosst Center for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada
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Kahn SR, Shrier I, Julian JA, Ducruet T, Arsenault L, Miron MJ, Roussin A, Desmarais S, Joyal F, Kassis J, Solymoss S, Desjardins L, Lamping DL, Johri M, Ginsberg JS. Determinants and time course of the postthrombotic syndrome after acute deep venous thrombosis. Ann Intern Med 2008; 149:698-707. [PMID: 19017588 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-149-10-200811180-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 560] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reason some patients with deep venous thrombosis (DVT) develop the postthrombotic syndrome is not well understood. OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency, time course, and predictors of the postthrombotic syndrome after acute DVT. DESIGN Prospective, multicenter cohort study. SETTING 8 Canadian hospital centers. PATIENTS 387 outpatients and inpatients who received an objective diagnosis of acute symptomatic DVT were recruited from 2001 to 2004. MEASUREMENTS Standardized assessments for the postthrombotic syndrome using the Villalta scale at 1, 4, 8, 12, and 24 months after enrollment. Mean postthrombotic score and severity category at each interval was calculated. Predictors of postthrombotic score profiles over time since diagnosis of DVT were identified by using linear mixed modeling. RESULTS At all study intervals, about 30% of patients had mild (score, 5 to 9), 10% had moderate (score, 10 to 14), and 3% had severe (score >14 or ulcer) postthrombotic syndrome. Greater postthrombotic severity category at the 1-month visit strongly predicted higher mean postthrombotic scores throughout 24 months of follow-up (1.97, 5.03, and 7.00 increase in Villalta score for mild, moderate, and severe 1-month severity categories, respectively, vs. none; P < 0.001). Additional predictors of higher scores over time were venous thrombosis of the common femoral or iliac vein (2.23 increase in score vs. distal [calf] venous thrombosis; P < 0.001), higher body mass index (0.14 increase in score per kg/m(2); P < 0.001), previous ipsilateral venous thrombosis (1.78 increase in score; P = 0.001), older age (0.30 increase in score per 10-year age increase; P = 0.011), and female sex (0.79 increase in score; P = 0.020). LIMITATIONS Decisions to prescribe compression stockings were left to treating physicians rather than by protocol. Because international normalized ratio data were unavailable, the relationship between anticoagulation quality and Villalta scores could not be assessed. CONCLUSION The postthrombotic syndrome occurs frequently after DVT. Patients with extensive DVT and those with more severe postthrombotic manifestations 1 month after DVT have poorer long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Kahn
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Community Studies, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Charni-Ben Tabassi N, Desmarais S, Bay-Jensen AC, Delaissé JM, Percival MD, Garnero P. The type II collagen fragments Helix-II and CTX-II reveal different enzymatic pathways of human cartilage collagen degradation. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008; 16:1183-91. [PMID: 18403221 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis (OA) generates the type II collagen fragments, Helix-II and CTX-II that can be used as clinical biological markers. Helix-II and C-telopeptide of type II collagen (CTX-II) levels are associated independently with progression of OA suggesting that they may be generated through different collagenolytic pathways. In this study we analyzed the release of Helix-II and CTX-II from human cartilage collagen by the proteinases reported to play a role in cartilage degradation. METHODS In vitro, human articular cartilage extract was incubated with activated human recombinant cathepsins (Cats) and matrix-metalloproteases (MMPs). Next, we analyzed the spontaneous release of Helix-II and CTX-II from cartilage sections of patients with knee OA who were immediately deep frozen after joint replacement to preserve endogenous enzyme activity until assay. Cartilage sections were then incubated for up to 84 h in the presence or absence of E-64 and GM6001, inhibitors of cysteine proteases and MMPs, respectively. RESULTS In vitro, Cats K, L and S generated large amount of Helix-II, but not CTX-II. Cat B generated CTX-II fragment, but destroyed Helix-II immunoreactivity. Cat D was unable to digest intact cartilage. MMPs-1, -3, -7, -9, and -13 efficiently released CTX-II, but only small amount of Helix-II. Neither CTX-II nor Helix-II alone was able to reflect accurately the collagenolytic activity of Cats and MMPs as reflected by the release of hydroxyproline. In OA cartilage explants, E-64 blunted the release of Helix-II whereas the release of CTX-II could be completely abrogated by GM6001 and only partly by E-64. CONCLUSION These in vitro and ex vivo experiments of human cartilage suggest that Helix-II and CTX-II could be released in part by different enzymatic pathways. Helix-II and CTX-II alone reflect only partially overall cartilage collagen degradation. These findings may explain why these two biological markers could provide complementary information on disease progression in OA.
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Robichaud J, Black WC, Thérien M, Paquet J, Oballa RM, Bayly CI, McKay DJ, Wang Q, Isabel E, Léger S, Mellon C, Kimmel DB, Wesolowski G, Percival MD, Massé F, Desmarais S, Falgueyret JP, Crane SN. Identification of a nonbasic, nitrile-containing cathepsin K inhibitor (MK-1256) that is efficacious in a monkey model of osteoporosis. J Med Chem 2008; 51:6410-20. [PMID: 18811135 DOI: 10.1021/jm800610j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report on the identification of nonbasic, potent, and highly selective, nitrile-containing cathepsin K (Cat K) inhibitors that are built on our previously identified cyclohexanecarboxamide core structure. Subsequent to our initial investigations, we have found that incorporation of five-membered heterocycles as P2-P3 linkers allowed for the introduction of a methyl sulfone P3-substitutent that was not tolerated in inhibitors containing a six-membered aromatic P2-P3 linker. The combination of a five-membered N-methylpyrazole linker and a methyl sulfone in P3 yielded subnanomolar Cat K inhibitors that were minimally shifted (<10-fold) in our functional bone resorption assay. Issues that arose because of metabolic demethylation of the N-methylpyrazole were addressed through introduction of a 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl substituent. This culminated in the identification of 31 (MK-1256), a potent (Cat K IC 50 = 0.62 nM) and selective (>1100-fold selectivity vs Cat B, L, S, C, H, Z, and V, 110-fold vs Cat F) inhibitor of cathepsin K that is efficacious in a monkey model of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jöel Robichaud
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, 16711 Trans Canada Highway, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada, H9H 3L1
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16
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Kahn SR, Shbaklo H, Lamping DL, Holcroft CA, Shrier I, Miron MJ, Roussin A, Desmarais S, Joyal F, Kassis J, Solymoss S, Desjardins L, Johri M, Ginsberg JS. Determinants of health-related quality of life during the 2 years following deep vein thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6:1105-12. [PMID: 18466316 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.03002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES We prospectively measured change in quality of life (QOL) during the 2 years after a diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and evaluated determinants of QOL, including development of the post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS). PATIENTS/METHODS Consecutive patients with acute DVT were recruited from 2001 to 2004 at eight hospitals in Canada. At study visits at baseline, and 1, 4, 8, 12 and 24 months, clinical data were collected, standardized PTS assessments were performed, and QOL questionnaires were self-completed. Generic QOL was measured using the Short-Form Health Survey-36 (SF-36) questionnaire. Venous disease-specific QOL was measured using the Venous Insufficiency Epidemiological and Economic Study (VEINES)-QOL/Sym questionnaire. The change in QOL scores over a 2-year follow-up was assessed. The influence of PTS and other characteristics on QOL at 2 years was evaluated using multivariable regression analyses. RESULTS Among the 387 patients recruited, the average age was 56 years, two-thirds were outpatients, and 60% had proximal DVT. The cumulative incidence of PTS was 47%. On average, QOL scores improved during follow-up. However, patients who developed PTS had lower scores at all visits and significantly less improvement in QOL over time (P-values for PTS*time interaction were 0.001, 0.012, 0.014 and 0.006 for PCS, MCS, VEINES-QOL and VEINES-Sym). Multivariable regression analyses showed that PTS (P < 0.0001), age (P = 0.0009), proximal DVT (P = 0.01) and inpatient status (P = 0.04) independently predicted 2-year SF-36 PCS scores. PTS alone independently predicted 2-year VEINES-QOL (P < 0.0001) and VEINES-Sym (P < 0.0001) scores. CONCLUSIONS Development of PTS is the principal determinant of health-related QOL 2 years after DVT. Our study provides prognostic information on patient-reported outcomes after DVT and emphasizes the need for effective prevention and treatment of the PTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Kahn
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Community Studies, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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17
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Gauthier JY, Chauret N, Cromlish W, Desmarais S, Duong LT, Falgueyret JP, Kimmel DB, Lamontagne S, Léger S, LeRiche T, Li CS, Massé F, McKay DJ, Nicoll-Griffith DA, Oballa RM, Palmer JT, Percival MD, Riendeau D, Robichaud J, Rodan GA, Rodan SB, Seto C, Thérien M, Truong VL, Venuti MC, Wesolowski G, Young RN, Zamboni R, Black WC. The discovery of odanacatib (MK-0822), a selective inhibitor of cathepsin K. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:923-8. [PMID: 18226527 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Odanacatib is a potent, selective, and neutral cathepsin K inhibitor which was developed to address the metabolic liabilities of the Cat K inhibitor L-873724. Substituting P1 and modifying the P2 side chain led to a metabolically robust inhibitor with a long half-life in preclinical species. Odanacatib was more selective in whole cell assays than the published Cat K inhibitors balicatib and relacatib. Evaluation in dermal fibroblast culture showed minimal intracellular collagen accumulation relative to less selective Cat K inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Yves Gauthier
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, 16711 TransCanada Hwy, Kirkland, Que., Canada
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18
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Desmarais S, Black WC, Oballa R, Lamontagne S, Riendeau D, Tawa P, Duong LT, Pickarski M, Percival MD. Effect of Cathepsin K Inhibitor Basicity on in Vivo Off-Target Activities. Mol Pharmacol 2007; 73:147-56. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.039511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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19
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Ruffolo SC, Forsell PKA, Yuan X, Desmarais S, Himms-Hagen J, Cromlish W, Wong KK, Kennedy BP. Basal Activation of p70S6K Results in Adipose-specific Insulin Resistance in Protein-tyrosine Phosphatase 1B–/– Mice. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:30423-33. [PMID: 17664276 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m700697200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP-1B) is a negative regulator of insulin action, adipose tissue from PTP-1B-/- mice does not show enhanced insulin-stimulated insulin receptor phosphorylation. Investigation of glucose uptake in isolated adipocytes revealed that the adipocytes from PTP-1B-/- mice have a significantly attenuated insulin response as compared with PTP-1B+/+ adipocytes. This insulin resistance manifests in PTP-1B-/- animals older than 16 weeks of age and could be partially rescued by adenoviral expression of PTP-1B in null adipocytes. Examination of adipose signaling pathways found that the basal p70S6K activity was at least 50% higher in adipose from PTP-1B-/- mice compared with wild type animals. The increased basal activity of p70S6K in PTP-1B-/- adipose correlated with decreases in IR substrate-1 protein levels and insulin-stimulated Akt/protein kinase B activity, explaining the decrease in insulin sensitivity even as insulin receptor phosphorylation was unaffected. The insulin resistance of the of the PTP-1B-/- adipocytes could also be rescued by treatment with rapamycin, suggesting that in adipose the loss of PTP-1B results in basal activation of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) complex 1 leading to a tissue-specific insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore C Ruffolo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Pointe-Claire-Dorval, Quebec, H9R 4P8, Canada
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20
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Léger S, Bayly CI, Black WC, Desmarais S, Falgueyret JP, Massé F, Percival MD, Truchon JF. Primary amides as selective inhibitors of cathepsin K. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4328-32. [PMID: 17544269 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Revised: 05/05/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The nitrile warhead used in a series of cathepsin K inhibitors can be replaced by a less electrophilic primary amide. The accompanying loss of potency can be partially recovered by introducing a substituent alpha to the amide. The potency gain resulting from this addition is not achieved with the nitrile derivatives due to a different geometry of the cysteine adduct in the enzyme active site. This study led to the identification of the primary amide 2g, which is an inhibitory substrate, with an IC(50) of 10 nM against cathepsin K and excellent selectivity versus the other cathepsins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Léger
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, PO Box 1005, Pointe-Claire-Dorval, Que., Canada H9R 4P8.
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21
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Funicello M, Novelli M, Ragni M, Vottari T, Cocuzza C, Soriano-Lopez J, Chiellini C, Boschi F, Marzola P, Masiello P, Saftig P, Santini F, St-Jacques R, Desmarais S, Morin N, Mancini J, Percival MD, Pinchera A, Maffei M. Cathepsin K null mice show reduced adiposity during the rapid accumulation of fat stores. PLoS One 2007; 2:e683. [PMID: 17668061 PMCID: PMC1925145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidences indicate that proteases are implicated in adipogenesis and in the onset of obesity. We previously reported that the cysteine protease cathepsin K (ctsk) is overexpressed in the white adipose tissue (WAT) of obese individuals. We herein characterized the WAT and the metabolic phenotype of ctsk deficient animals (ctsk−/−). When the growth rate of ctsk−/− was compared to that of the wild type animals (WT), we could establish a time window (5–8 weeks of age) within which ctsk−/−display significantly lower body weight and WAT size as compared to WT. Such a difference was not observable in older mice. Upon treatment with high fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks ctsk−/− gained significantly less weight than WT and showed reduced brown adipose tissue, liver mass and a lower percentage of body fat. Plasma triglycerides, cholesterol and leptin were significantly lower in HFD-fed-ctsk−/− as compared to HFD-fed WT animals. Adipocyte lipolysis rates were increased in both young and HFD-fed-ctsk−/−, as compared to WT. Carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 activity, was higher in mitochondria isolated from the WAT of HFD treated ctsk−/− as compared to WT. Together, these data indicate that ctsk ablation in mice results in reduced body fat content under conditions requiring a rapid accumulation of fat stores. This observation could be partly explained by an increased release and/or utilization of FFA and by an augmented ratio of lipolysis/lipogenesis. These results also demonstrate that under a HFD, ctsk deficiency confers a partial resistance to the development of dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Funicello
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute at Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Michela Novelli
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Medical Biotechnologies, Infectivology and Epidemiology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ragni
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute at Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Teresa Vottari
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute at Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cesare Cocuzza
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute at Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Joaquin Soriano-Lopez
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute at Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Chiellini
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute at Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Boschi
- Department of Morphological-Biomedical Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, Medical Faculty, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Pasquina Marzola
- Department of Morphological-Biomedical Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, Medical Faculty, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Pellegrino Masiello
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Medical Biotechnologies, Infectivology and Epidemiology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paul Saftig
- Biochemical Institute, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ferruccio Santini
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rene St-Jacques
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sylvie Desmarais
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Morin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joseph Mancini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada
| | - M. David Percival
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aldo Pinchera
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Margherita Maffei
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute at Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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22
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Gauthier JY, Black WC, Courchesne I, Cromlish W, Desmarais S, Houle R, Lamontagne S, Li CS, Massé F, McKay DJ, Ouellet M, Robichaud J, Truchon JF, Truong VL, Wang Q, Percival MD. The identification of potent, selective, and bioavailable cathepsin S inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4929-33. [PMID: 17590332 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Revised: 06/06/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Highly potent, selective, and bioavailable inhibitors of human, mouse, or rat cathepsin S are described. The key structural features combine a sulfonyl moiety attached to a large group in P2 and a small substituent in P3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Yves Gauthier
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kirkland, QUE, Canada.
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23
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Robichaud J, Bayly CI, Black WC, Desmarais S, Léger S, Massé F, McKay DJ, Oballa RM, Pâquet J, Percival MD, Truchon JF, Wesolowski G, Crane SN. β-Substituted cyclohexanecarboxamide cathepsin K inhibitors: Modification of the 1,2-disubstituted aromatic core. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:3146-51. [PMID: 17408953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2006] [Revised: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Further SAR study around the central 1,2-disubstituted phenyl of the previously disclosed Cat K inhibitor (-)-1 has demonstrated that the solvent exposed P2-P3 linker can be replaced by various 5- or 6-membered heteroaromatic rings. While some potency loss was observed in the 6-membered heteroaromatic series (IC(50)=1 nM for pyridine-linked 4 vs 0.5 nM for phenyl-linked (+/-)-1), several inhibitors showed a significantly decreased shift in the bone resorption functional assay (10-fold for pyridine 4 vs 53-fold for (-)-1). Though this shift was not reduced in the 5-membered heteroaromatic series, potency against Cat K was significantly improved for thiazole 9 (IC(50)=0.2 nM) as was the pharmacokinetic profile of N-methyl pyrazole 10 over our lead compound (-)-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Robichaud
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, 16711 TransCanada Highway, Kirkland, Que., Canada H9H 3L1.
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24
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Weicker S, Cromlish W, Lamontagne S, Gauthier JY, Desmarais S, Oballa R, Ouellet M, Percival MD, Black C, Guimond A, Frossard N, O’Neil G, Slipetz D, Tan C. Cathepsin S in a Murine Model of Allergic Asthma (B108). The Journal of Immunology 2007. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.b108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Cathepsin S (Cat S), expressed predominately on antigen presenting cells, has been proposed as a therapeutic target for asthma. We used genetic and pharmacological tools to investigate the role of Cat S in murine models of allergic asthma. Mice null for Cat S were protected from OVA-induced pulmonary inflammation, but exhibited no protection from OVA-induced airway hyper-reactivity. To determine the role of Cat S during the challenge phase, we identified a potent and selective Cat S inhibitor, Compound A (Cpd A, IC50 mCat S = 0.6 nM, ≥470 fold selective vs mCat B, K, L), which inhibited antigen presentation in a mouse cell-based assay (IC50 = 44 nM). The prodrug of Cpd A, Cpd B, gave excellent plasma levels of Cpd A when dosed in mice by gavage, or in food. In vivo competition in mice with an irreversible pan-selective cysteine cathepsin probe showed that Cpd B gave selective inhibition of lung and spleen Cat S at 1 mpk, but lost selectivity at 50 mpk. Cpd B was dosed in mice (10, 100 mpk in food) over 4 days of the challenge period in the murine ovalbumin model. Both doses had no effect on bronchoalveolar lavage infiltrating cells, despite showing high levels of Cat S inhibition. Thus, Cat S inhibition in a therapeutic mode does not attenuate airway inflammation in antigen sensitised mice suggesting that anti-Cat S therapy would not be an effective asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jacques-Yves Gauthier
- 3Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, 16711 Trans Canada Highway, Kirkland, Quebec, H9H 3L1, Canada,
| | | | - Renata Oballa
- 3Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, 16711 Trans Canada Highway, Kirkland, Quebec, H9H 3L1, Canada,
| | | | | | - Cameron Black
- 3Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, 16711 Trans Canada Highway, Kirkland, Quebec, H9H 3L1, Canada,
| | - Alain Guimond
- 4Mouse Clinical Institute, 1, rue Laurent Fries, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nelly Frossard
- 4Mouse Clinical Institute, 1, rue Laurent Fries, Strasbourg, France
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Desmarais S, Gauthier J, Oballa R, Percival D, Tawa P, Black C. ID: 186 Application of In Vivo Labeling of Cysteine Cathepsin Protease activities: Identification of Drug Inhibition Profiles in Mouse Tissues. J Thromb Haemost 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.00186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Kahn SR, Lamping DL, Ducruet T, Arsenault L, Miron MJ, Roussin A, Desmarais S, Joyal F, Kassis J, Solymoss S, Desjardins L, Johri M, Shrier I. VEINES-QOL/Sym questionnaire was a reliable and valid disease-specific quality of life measure for deep venous thrombosis. J Clin Epidemiol 2006; 59:1049-56. [PMID: 16980144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2005.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2005] [Revised: 10/03/2005] [Accepted: 10/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the validity of VEINES-QOL/Sym, a patient-reported questionnaire to evaluate quality of life and symptoms in patients with deep venous thrombosis (DVT). STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING Psychometric study within the Venous Thrombosis Outcomes (VETO) Study, a prospective cohort study of long-term outcomes after DVT. A total of 359 English- and French-speaking patients with acute, objectively diagnosed DVT were recruited at seven hospitals in Quebec, Canada. The VEINES-QOL/Sym questionnaire, a 26-item patient-reported measure that generates separate summary scores for symptoms (VEINES-Sym) and quality of life (VEINES-QOL) was evaluated for acceptability, reliability, validity, and responsiveness in VETO Study subjects. RESULTS Standard psychometric tests confirmed the acceptability (missing data, item endorsement frequencies, floor and ceiling effects), reliability (internal consistency, item-total and inter-item correlations, test-retest), validity (content, construct, convergent, discriminant, known groups), and responsiveness to clinical change of the VEINES-QOL/Sym in patients with DVT. CONCLUSION The VEINES-QOL/Sym is a practical and scientifically sound patient-reported measure of outcomes that was developed using gold-standard methods. VEINES-QOL/Sym is valid and reliable for use as a measure of quality of life and symptoms in patients with acute DVT and provides a rigorous tool to allow more comprehensive evaluation of outcomes in clinical trials and epidemiological studies of patients with DVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Kahn
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Community Studies, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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27
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Li CS, Deschenes D, Desmarais S, Falgueyret JP, Gauthier JY, Kimmel DB, Léger S, Massé F, McGrath ME, McKay DJ, Percival MD, Riendeau D, Rodan SB, Thérien M, Truong VL, Wesolowski G, Zamboni R, Black WC. Identification of a potent and selective non-basic cathepsin K inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:1985-9. [PMID: 16413777 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2005] [Revised: 12/16/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Based on our previous study with trifluoroethylamine as a P2-P3 amide isostere of cathepsin K inhibitor, further optimization led to identification of compound 22 (L-873724) as a potent and selective non-basic cathepsin K inhibitor. This compound showed excellent pharmacokinetics and efficacy in an ovariectomized (OVX) rhesus monkey model. The volumes of distribution close to unity were consistent with this compound not being lysosomotropic, which is a characteristic of basic cathepsin K inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Sing Li
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, PO Box 1005, Pointe-Claire-Dorval, Que., Canada H9R 4P8.
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Kahn SR, Desmarais S, Ducruet T, Arsenault L, Ginsberg JS. Comparison of the Villalta and Ginsberg clinical scales to diagnose the post-thrombotic syndrome: correlation with patient-reported disease burden and venous valvular reflux. J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4:907-8. [PMID: 16634767 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.01824.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Crane SN, Black WC, Palmer JT, Davis DE, Setti E, Robichaud J, Paquet J, Oballa RM, Bayly CI, McKay DJ, Somoza JR, Chauret N, Seto C, Scheigetz J, Wesolowski G, Massé F, Desmarais S, Ouellet M. β-Substituted Cyclohexanecarboxamide: A Nonpeptidic Framework for the Design of Potent Inhibitors of Cathepsin K. J Med Chem 2006; 49:1066-79. [PMID: 16451072 DOI: 10.1021/jm051059p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new series of nonpeptidic cathepsin K inhibitors that are based on a beta-substituted cyclohexanecarboxamide motif has been developed. Lead optimization yielded compounds with sub-nanomolar potency and exceptional selectivity profiles against cathepsins B, L, and S. Use of fluorine atoms to block metabolism on the cyclohexyl ring led to compounds with excellent pharmacokinetic properties. Considering the well-established role of cathepsin K in osteoclast-mediated bone turnover, compounds such as (-)-34a (hrab Cat K IC(50) 0.28 nM; >800-fold selectivity vs Cat B, L, and S; PK data in dogs: F 55%, t(1/2) = 15 h) exhibit great potential for development as an orally bioavailable therapeutic for treatment of diseases that involve bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheldon N Crane
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, 16711 TransCanada Highway, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada, H9H 3L1.
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30
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Falgueyret JP, Desmarais S, Oballa R, Black WC, Cromlish W, Khougaz K, Lamontagne S, Massé F, Riendeau D, Toulmond S, Percival MD. Lysosomotropism of Basic Cathepsin K Inhibitors Contributes to Increased Cellular Potencies against Off-Target Cathepsins and Reduced Functional Selectivity. J Med Chem 2005; 48:7535-43. [PMID: 16302795 DOI: 10.1021/jm0504961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin K is a target for osteoporosis therapy. The aryl-piperazine-containing cathepsin K inhibitor CRA-013783/L-006235 (1) displays greater than 4000-fold selectivity against the lysosomal/endosomal antitargets cathepsin B, L, and S. However, 1 and other aryl-piperazine-containing analogues, including balicatib (10), are approximately 10-100-fold more potent in cell-based enzyme occupancy assays than against each purified enzyme. This phenomenon arises from their basic, lipophilic nature, which results in lysosomal trapping. Consistent with its lysosomotropic nature, 1 accumulates in cells and in rat tissues of high lysosome content. In contrast, nonbasic aryl-morpholino-containing analogues do not exhibit lysosomotropic properties. Increased off-target activities of basic cathepsin K inhibitors were observed in a cell-based cathepsin S antigen presentation assay. No potency increases of basic inhibitors in a functional cathepsin K bone resorption whole cell assay were detected. Therefore, basic cathepsin K inhibitors, such as 1, suffer from reduced functional selectivities compared to those predicted using purified enzyme assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Falgueyret
- Department of Biochemistry, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada
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31
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Black WC, Bayly CI, Davis DE, Desmarais S, Falgueyret JP, Léger S, Li CS, Massé F, McKay DJ, Palmer JT, Percival MD, Robichaud J, Tsou N, Zamboni R. Trifluoroethylamines as amide isosteres in inhibitors of cathepsin K. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:4741-4. [PMID: 16154747 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2005] [Revised: 07/15/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The P2-P3 amide of dipeptide cathepsin K inhibitors can be replaced by the metabolically stable trifluoroethylamine group. The non-basic nature of the nitrogen allows the important hydrogen bond to Gly66 to be made. The resulting compounds are 10- to 20-fold more potent than the corresponding amide derivatives. Compound 8 is a 5 pM inhibitor of human cathepsin K with >10,000-fold selectivity over other cathepsins.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Cameron Black
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, P.O. Box 1005, Pointe-Claire-Dorval, Que., Canada H9R 4P8.
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32
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Kahn SR, Ducruet T, Lamping DL, Arsenault L, Miron MJ, Roussin A, Desmarais S, Joyal F, Kassis J, Solymoss S, Desjardins L, Johri M, Shrier I. Prospective Evaluation of Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients With Deep Venous Thrombosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 165:1173-8. [PMID: 15911732 DOI: 10.1001/archinte.165.10.1173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To our knowledge, the burden of deep venous thrombosis from the patient's perspective has not been quantified. We evaluated health-related quality of life (QOL) after deep vein thrombosis and compared results with general population norms. METHODS This was a multicenter prospective cohort study of 359 consecutive eligible patients with deep vein thrombosis recruited at 7 Canadian hospital centers. Quality of life was assessed at baseline and at 1 and 4 months after diagnosis using generic (36-Item Short-Form Health Survey) and disease-specific (Venous Insufficiency Epidemiological and Economic Study [VEINES]-QOL and VEINES symptom [VEINES-Sym] questionnaires) measures. Changes in QOL scores during the 4-month period were calculated, and determinants of lack of improvement in QOL were evaluated. RESULTS During the 4 months, mean 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey physical and mental component summary scores improved by 5.1 and 4.6 points, respectively, and VEINES-QOL and VEINES-Sym scores improved by 3.1 and 2.2 points, respectively (P < .001 for time trend for all measures). However, about one third of patients had worsening of QOL during follow-up. Multivariate analyses showed that worsening of the postthrombotic syndrome score was an independent predictor of worsening of 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey physical component summary (P = .04), VEINES-QOL (P < .001), and VEINES-Sym (P < .001) scores. The 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey physical component summary scores were lower than population norms at all points assessed. CONCLUSIONS On average, QOL improves during the 4 months following deep vein thrombosis. However, in about one third of patients, QOL deteriorates, and at 4 months, average QOL remains poorer than population norms. Worsening of the postthrombotic syndrome score is associated with worsening of QOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Kahn
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Community Studies, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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33
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Falgueyret JP, Black WC, Cromlish W, Desmarais S, Lamontagne S, Mellon C, Riendeau D, Rodan SB, Tawa P, Wesolowski G, Bass KE, Venkatraman S, Percival MD. Erratum to “An activity-based probe for the determination of cysteine cathepsin protease activities in whole cells” [Anal. Biochem. 335 (2004) 218–227]. Anal Biochem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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34
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Falgueyret JP, Black WC, Cromlish W, Desmarais S, Lamontagne S, Mellon C, Riendeau D, Rodan S, Tawa P, Wesolowski G, Bass KE, Venkatraman S, Percival MD. An activity-based probe for the determination of cysteine cathepsin protease activities in whole cells. Anal Biochem 2004; 335:218-27. [PMID: 15556560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We describe a novel diazomethylketone-containing irreversible inhibitor (BIL-DMK) which is specific for a subset of pharmaceutically important cysteine cathepsin proteases. BIL-DMK rapidly inactivates cathepsins B, F, K, L, S, and V in isolated enzyme assays and labels cathepsins in whole cells. The presence of catalytically active cathepsins B, L, and K or S was demonstrated using radioiodinated BIL-DMK in HepG2 (hepatoma), HIG82 (rabbit synoviocyte), and Ramos (B lymphoma) cell lines, respectively. The identity of each protein labeled was confirmed from the isoelectric point and molecular mass of the radioactive spots on two-dimensional gel and by comigration with each cathepsin as identified by immunoblotting. These cell lines were used to establish whole-cell enzyme occupancy assays to determine the potency of both irreversible and reversible inhibitors against each cathepsin in their native cellular lysosomal or endosomal environment. These whole-cell enzyme occupancy assays are useful to determine the cellular permeability of competing inhibitors and have the advantage of not requiring specific substrates for each cathepsin of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Falgueyret
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Que., Canada
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35
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Dufresne C, Roy P, Wang Z, Asante-Appiah E, Cromlish W, Boie Y, Forghani F, Desmarais S, Wang Q, Skorey K, Waddleton D, Ramachandran C, Kennedy BP, Xu L, Gordon R, Chan CC, Leblanc Y. The development of potent non-peptidic PTP-1B inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:1039-42. [PMID: 15013019 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2003] [Accepted: 11/14/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The SAR from our peptide libraries was exploited to design a series of potent deoxybenzoin PTP-1B inhibitors. The introduction of an ortho bromo substituent next to the difluoromethylphosphonate warhead gave up to 20-fold increase in potency compared to the desbromo analogues. In addition, these compounds were orally bioavailable and active in the animal models of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Dufresne
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, PO Box 1005, Pointe-Claire, Dorval, Canada H9R 4P8.
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36
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Lau CK, Bayly CI, Gauthier JY, Li CS, Therien M, Asante-Appiah E, Cromlish W, Boie Y, Forghani F, Desmarais S, Wang Q, Skorey K, Waddleton D, Payette P, Ramachandran C, Kennedy BP, Scapin G. Structure based design of a series of potent and selective non peptidic PTP-1B inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:1043-8. [PMID: 15013020 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.11.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2003] [Accepted: 11/14/2003] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of benzotriazole phenyldifluoromethylphosphonic acids were found to be potent PTP-1B inhibitors. Molecular modeling on the X-ray crystal structure of the lead structure led to the design of potent PTP-1B inhibitors that show moderate selectivity against TC-PTP, a very closely related protein tyrosine phosphatase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheuk K Lau
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, PO Box 1005, Pointe Claire-Dorval, Quebec H9R 4P8, Canada.
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37
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Alksnis C, Desmarais S, Senn C, Hunter N. Methodologic concerns regarding estimates of physical violence in sexual coercion: overstatement or understatement? Arch Sex Behav 2000; 29:323-334. [PMID: 10948722 DOI: 10.1023/a:1001962219365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Self-report measures of sexual violence that ask women whether they have experienced threats of physical violence have attracted criticism in recent years; detractors claim that these measures lead researchers to overestimate the prevalence of sexual violence. Our study explored this issue by collecting data on the prevalence of threats versus force in the context of sexual aggression. Female undergraduates at two universities (n1 = 69; n2 = 111) were asked about their experiences with sexual coercion using a revised version of the Sexual Experiences Scale (Koss and Gidycz, 1985). Four of the original items were modified to distinguish between sexual contact that occurred as a result of a perpetrator using physical force and sexual contact that occurred because a perpetrator threatened physical violence. Analyses of the revised items revealed that the use of physical force was at least as likely as threats and that for some types of sexual acts, physical force was actually more likely than verbal threats. Furthermore, prevalence figures for three of the four types of sexual acts considered were not significantly altered by collapsing threat of force with use of force. Implications for future research on women's experiences of sexual coercion are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alksnis
- University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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38
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Huang Z, Wang Q, Ly HD, Gorvindarajan A, Scheigetz J, Zamboni R, Desmarais S, Ramachandran C. 3,6-Fluorescein Diphosphate: A Sensitive Fluorogenic and Chromogenic Substrate for Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases*. J Biomol Screen 2000; 4:327-334. [PMID: 10838430 DOI: 10.1177/108705719900400608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A highly sensitive and continuous protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) assay using 3,6-fluorescein diphosphate (FDP) is described. Leukocyte phosphatase CD45 (leukocyte common antigen), protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B, and leukocyte common antigen-related protein LAR preferentially hydrolyze FDP to fluorescein monophosphate (FMP) with V(max) and K(m) values comparable with those of phosphotyrosine peptide substrates. Further hydrolysis of FMP to fluorescein was less efficient because of increased K(m) values compared with those of FDP. FMP absorbs strongly at 445 nm and fluoresces intensely near 515 nm, both of which are insensitive to pH perturbations above pH 6. Its high catalytic efficiency, coupled with the highly sensitive dual detection in the visible wavelength region and wider pH operating range, make FDP the substrate of choice for PTPase inhibitor screening in HTS format and assay miniaturization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Huang
- Merck Frosst Center for Therapeutic Research, Pointe-Claire, Dorval, Quebec, Canada
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39
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Ducret A, Desponts C, Desmarais S, Gresser MJ, Ramachandran C. A general method for the rapid characterization of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins by mini two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2000; 21:2196-208. [PMID: 10892730 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(20000601)21:11<2196::aid-elps2196>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Our preliminary results are reported in the investigation of the tyrosine phosphorylation cascade triggered by the stimulation of the insulin receptor in the adipocyte cell line 3T3-L1 using a mini two-dimensional gel electrophoresis approach. The minigel format, 8 x 10 cm, was found sufficiently resolving and reproducible to study complex biological samples while considerably increasing throughput and lowering costs compared to larger gel formats. Consequently, we used the minigel format to rapidly screen a large number of samples, of which only the most relevant were then analyzed by optimized, preparative two-dimensional gels. The accurate localization and relative quantification of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins was performed using a nonradioactive triple labeling method. After transfer onto polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes, proteins were stained with Sypro Ruby to verify the separation quality and to localize the general region of interest for immunostaining. The membranes were subsequently blocked with polyvinylpyrrolidone-40 and probed with the relevant antibodies for visualization of the phosphorylated proteins by chemiluminescence. Finally, membranes were stained with colloidal gold to obtain a pattern reminiscent of the silver staining of a polyacrylamide gel. We believe that the presented strategy can be generalized for any gel application in which a protein has to be detected and identified based on its immunoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ducret
- Merck Frosst Center for Therapeutic Research, Pointe-Claire-Dorval, Québec, Canada.
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40
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Perrier A, Miron MJ, Desmarais S, de Moerloose P, Slosman D, Didier D, Unger PF, Junod A, Patenaude JV, Bounameaux H. Using clinical evaluation and lung scan to rule out suspected pulmonary embolism: Is it a valid option in patients with normal results of lower-limb venous compression ultrasonography? Arch Intern Med 2000; 160:512-6. [PMID: 10695691 DOI: 10.1001/archinte.160.4.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with a low clinical probability of pulmonary embolism (PE) and a nondiagnostic lung scan, the prevalence of PE is theoretically very low. We assessed the safety and usefulness of this association for ruling out PE. METHODS We analyzed data from 2 consecutive cohort management studies performed in 2 university hospitals (Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland, and Hospital Saint-Luc, Montreal, Quebec), which enrolled 1034 consecutive patients who came to the emergency department with clinically suspected PE. All patients were submitted to a sequential diagnostic protocol of lung scan, D-dimer testing, lower-limb venous compression ultrasonography (US), and pulmonary angiography in case of inconclusive results of noninvasive workup. RESULTS The prevalence of PE was 27.6%. Empirical assessment was accurate for identifying patients with a low likelihood of PE (8.2% prevalence of PE in the low clinical probability category). One hundred eighty patients had a low clinical probability of PE and a nondiagnostic lung scan. Among these patients, US showed deep vein thrombosis in 5. Hence, PE could be ruled out by a low clinical probability, a nondiagnostic lung scan, and a normal US in 175 patients (21.5%). The 3-month thromboembolic risk in these patients was low (1.7%; 95% confidence interval, 0.4%-4.9%). CONCLUSIONS Anticoagulant treatment could be safely withheld in patients with a low clinical probability of PE and a nondiagnostic lung scan, provided that the US is normal. This combination of findings avoided pulmonary angiography in 21.5% of patients with suspected PE in this series.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Perrier
- Medical Clinic 1, Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland.
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41
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Sadouk M, Desmarais S, Patenaude JV, Lepage R. Comparison of Diagnostic Performance of Three New Fast D-Dimer Assays in the Exclusion of Deep Vein Thrombosis. Clin Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/46.2.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylvie Desmarais
- Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Hôpital Saint-Luc, 1058 Rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 3J4
| | - Jean-Victor Patenaude
- Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Hôpital Saint-Luc, 1058 Rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 3J4
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42
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Sadouk M, Desmarais S, Patenaude JV, Lepage R. Comparison of diagnostic performance of three new fast D-dimer assays in the exclusion of deep vein thrombosis. Clin Chem 2000; 46:286-7. [PMID: 10657389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Sadouk
- Biochemistry and Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Hôpital Saint-Luc, 1058 Rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 3J4.
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Cuncic C, Desmarais S, Detich N, Tracey AS, Gresser MJ, Ramachandran C. Bis(N,N-dimethylhydroxamido)hydroxooxovanadate inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase activity in intact cells: comparison with vanadate. Biochem Pharmacol 1999; 58:1859-67. [PMID: 10591140 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(99)00284-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have shown previously that bis(N,N-dimethylhydroxamido)hydroxooxovanadate (DMHV) is an excellent reversible inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) in vitro. DMHV does not carry a charge under physiological pH conditions and is anticipated to permeate cell membranes more easily than vanadate. In the present study, the efficacy of DMHV as a PTP inhibitor in intact cells was compared with that of vanadate by measuring phosphotyrosine levels in various cells treated with these compounds. DMHV was more effective in increasing both the phosphotyrosine levels of various proteins in 3T3L1 fibroblasts and the level of insulin-receptor phosphorylation in CHO cells overexpressing the human insulin receptor. DMHV was about 10- to 20-fold more effective than vanadate in increasing glucose transport and glycogen synthesis in 3T3L1 adipocytes. DMHV, unlike vanadate, also inhibited PTP in Jurkat cells. The implications of these observations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cuncic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Center for Therapeutic Research, Pointe-Claire-Dorval, Quebec, Canada
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44
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Perrier A, Desmarais S, Miron MJ, de Moerloose P, Lepage R, Slosman D, Didier D, Unger PF, Patenaude JV, Bounameaux H. Non-invasive diagnosis of venous thromboembolism in outpatients. Lancet 1999; 353:190-5. [PMID: 9923874 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(98)05248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 449] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We designed a simple and integrated diagnostic algorithm for acute venous thromboembolism based on clinical probability assessment of deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE), plasma D-dimer measurement, lower-limb venous compression ultrasonography, and lung scan to reduce the need for phlebography and pulmonary angiography. METHODS 918 consecutive patients presenting at the emergency ward of the Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland, and Hôpital Saint-Luc, Montreal, Canada, with clinically suspected venous thromboembolism were entered into a sequential diagnostic protocol. Patients in whom venous thromboembolism was deemed absent were not given anticoagulants and were followed up for 3 months. FINDINGS A normal D-dimer concentration (<500 microg/L by a rapid ELISA) ruled out venous thromboembolism in 286 (31%) members of the study cohort, whereas DVT by ultrasonography established the diagnosis in 157 (17%). Lung scan was diagnostic in 80 (9%) of the remaining patients. Venous thromboembolism was also deemed absent in patients with low to intermediate clinical probability of DVT and a normal venous ultrasonography (236 [26%] patients), and in patients with a low clinical probability of PE and a non-diagnostic result on lung scan (107 [12%] patients). Pulmonary angiography and phlebography were done in only 50 (5%) and 2 (<1%) of the patients, respectively. Hence, a non-invasive diagnosis was possible in 866 (94%) members of the entire cohort. The 3-month thromboembolic risk in patients not given anticoagulants, based on the results of the diagnostic protocol, was 1.8% (95% CI 0.9-3.1). INTERPRETATION A diagnostic strategy combining clinical assessment, D-dimer, ultrasonography, and lung scan gave a non-invasive diagnosis in the vast majority of outpatients with suspected venous thromboembolism, and appeared to be safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Perrier
- Medical Clinic 1, Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland.
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45
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Desmarais S, Friesen RW, Zamboni R, Ramachandran C. [Difluro(phosphono)methyl]phenylalanine-containing peptide inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatases. Biochem J 1999; 337 ( Pt 2):219-23. [PMID: 9882618 PMCID: PMC1219955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Peptides containing the non-hydrolysable phosphotyrosine analogue 4-[difluro(phosphono)methyl]phenylalanine [Phe(CF2P)] were synthesized and tested as inhibitors of the protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) PTP1B, CD45, PTPbeta, LAR and SHP-1. We have identified peptides containing two adjacent Phe(CF2P) residues as potent inhibitors of PTPs. The tripeptide having the sequence Glu-Phe(CF2P)-Phe(CF2P) is a potent and selective inhibitor of PTP1B. This peptide inhibits PTP1B with an IC50 of 40 nM, which is at least 100-fold lower than with other PTPs. A second tripeptide, Pro-Phe(CF2P)-Phe(CF2P), is most potent against PTPbeta, with an IC50 of 200 nM, and inhibits PTP1B with an IC50 of 300 nM. These data suggest that it is possible to develop selective, active-site-directed, reversible, potent inhibitors of PTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Desmarais
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Center for Therapeutic Research, P.O. Box 1005, Pointe-Claire, Dorval, Quebec H9R 4P8, Canada
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Abstract
Sulfotyrosyl peptides corresponding to the known high-affinity substrate phosphotyrosyl peptide sequences in casein and the autophosphorylation sites of insulin receptor and EGF receptor were investigated as inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatases PTP1B and CD45. These peptides inhibit both PTP1B and CD45 in the micromolar range competitively and reversibly. The elements required for inhibition were investigated by truncation and substitution of these peptides. Acidic residues N-terminal to the sulfotyrosyl residues are essential for high-affinity binding to PTP1B. The recognition elements required for inhibition of PTP1B and CD45 are different and this suggests the possibility of identifying selective active-site-directed inhibitors for these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Desmarais
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Center for Therapeutic Research, Dorval, Pointe-Claire, H9R 4P8, Canada
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47
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Dubé D, Blouin M, Brideau C, Chan CC, Desmarais S, Ethier D, Falgueyret JP, Friesen RW, Girard M, Girard Y, Guay J, Riendeau D, Tagari P, Young RN. Quinolines as potent 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors: synthesis and biological profile of L-746,530. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:1255-60. [PMID: 9871745 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00201-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitors have potential as new therapeutic agents for asthma and inflammatory diseases. A series of novel substituted 2-cyanoquinolines have been synthesized and the structure activity relationships were evaluated with respect to their ability to inhibit the formation of leukotrienes via the 5-lipoxygenase enzyme. [1S,5R]-2-Cyano-4-(3-furyl)-7-¿3-fluoro-5-[3-(3 alpha-hydroxy-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]-octanyl)]phenoxymethyl ¿quinoline (L-746,530) 3 represents a distinct class of inhibitors and possesses in vitro and in vivo potency comparable or superior to naphthalenic analog (L-739,010) 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dubé
- Merck Frosst Centre For Therapeutic Research, Québec, Canada
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48
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Kalra M, Wood E, Desmarais S, Verberg N, Senn CY. Exploring negative dating experiences and beliefs about rape among younger and older women. Arch Sex Behav 1998; 27:145-153. [PMID: 9562898 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018630513681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Although there is extensive research describing negative dating experiences and rape myth beliefs among university- and college-age women, there is little exploration of these issues among older dating women. An exploratory study that extends existing research by investigating rape myth beliefs and negative dating experiences of women ranging in age from 18 to 85 years is described. Participants (N = 115) completed a questionnaire which included a standardized measure of rape myth adherence (R-Scale; Costin, 1985), and a series of questions that assessed concerns about the potential for negative experiences while dating and actual negative dating experiences (ranging from unwanted affection to rape). There were remarkable similarities among younger and older women with respect to their dating behaviors and experiences. Women from both age groups reported being the target of negative dating experiences and being concerned about these experiences--with older women expressing slightly more concern. Older women, however, endorsed rape myths to a greater extent. This suggests that older women may be at greater risk for self-deprecation because they may be more likely to attribute the negative experiences they encounter to personal faults. Findings highlight the need for more life-span research of dating experiences and attitudes towards dating violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kalra
- University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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49
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Hamel P, Riendeau D, Brideau C, Chan CC, Desmarais S, Delorme D, Dubé D, Ducharme Y, Ethier D, Grimm E, Falgueyret JP, Guay J, Jones TR, Kwong E, McAuliffe M, McFarlane CS, Piechuta H, Roumi M, Tagari P, Young RN, Girard Y. Substituted (pyridylmethoxy)naphthalenes as potent and orally active 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors; synthesis, biological profile, and pharmacokinetics of L-739,010. J Med Chem 1997; 40:2866-75. [PMID: 9288168 DOI: 10.1021/jm970046b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dioxabicyclooctanyl naphthalenenitriles have been reported as a class of potent and nonredox 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) inhibitors. These bicyclo derivatives were shown to be metabolically more stable than their tetrahydropyranyl counterparts but were not well orally absorbed. Replacement of the phenyl ring in the naphthalenenitrile 1 by a pyridine ring leads to the potent and orally absorbed inhibitor 3g (L-739,010, 2-cyano-4-(3-furyl)-7-[[6-[3-(3-hydroxy-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1] octanyl)]-2-pyridyl]methoxy]naphthalene). Compound 3g inhibits 5-HPETE production by human 5-LO and LTB4 biosynthesis by human PMN leukocytes and human whole blood (IC50S of 20, 1.6, and 42 nM, respectively). Derivative 3g is orally active in the rat pleurisy model (inhibition of LTB4, ED50 = 0.3 mg/kg) and in the anesthetized dog model (inhibition of ex vivo whole blood LTB4 and urinary LTE4, ED50 = 0.45 and 0.23 microgram/kg/min, respectively, i.v. infusion). In addition, 3g shows excellent functional activity against ovalbumin-induced dyspnea in rats (60% inhibition at 0.5 mg/kg, 4 h pretreatment) and Ascaris-induced bronchoconstriction in conscious sheep (50% and > 85% inhibition in early and late phases, respectively at 2.5 micrograms/kg/min, i.v. infusion) and, more particularly in the conscious antigen sensitive squirrel monkey model (53% inhibition of the increase in RL and 76% in the decrease of Cdyn, at 0.1 mg/kg, po). In rats and dogs, 3g presents excellent pharmacokinetics (estimated half-lives of 5 and 16 h, respectively) and bioavailabilities (26% and 73% when dosed as its hydrochloride salt at doses of 20 and 10 mg/kg, respectively, in methocel suspension). Based on its overall biological profile, compound 3g has been selected for preclinical animal toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hamel
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Pointe Claire-Dorval, Quebec, Canada
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50
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Perrier A, Desmarais S, Goehring C, de Moerloose P, Morabia A, Unger PF, Slosman D, Junod A, Bounameaux H. D-dimer testing for suspected pulmonary embolism in outpatients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156:492-6. [PMID: 9279229 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.156.2.9702032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasma level of D-dimer, a fibrin degradation product (FDP), is nearly always increased in the presence of acute pulmonary embolism (PE). Hence, a normal D-dimer level (below a cutoff value of 500 micrograms/L by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]) may allow the exclusion of PE. To assess the negative predictive value of a D-dimer concentration below 500 micrograms/L in outpatients with suspected PE, and the safety of withholding anticoagulant treatment from such patients, we performed D-dimer assays, lower limb venous compression ultrasonography, and lung scans in 671 consecutive outpatients presenting in the Emergency Center of the Geneva University Hospital with suspected PE. Pulmonary angiography was reserved for patients with an inconclusive noninvasive workup. Patients with a normal D-dimer concentration were discharged without anticoagulant treatment and followed for 3 mo. The prevalence of PE was 29%, and D-dimer (using a cutoff of 500 micrograms/L) had a diagnostic sensitivity for PE of 99.5%. Overall diagnostic specificity of D-dimer was 41%, but it was lower among older patients. Of the 198 patients with a D-dimer concentration below the cutoff value, 196 were free of PE, one had a PE, and one had incomplete information because of loss to follow-up. Thus, the negative predictive value of D-dimer concentration fell between 197 of 198 and 196 of 198 cases of PE (99% [95% CI: 96.4 to 99.9]). Using a cutoff value of 4,000 micrograms/L, the overall specificity of D-dimer concentration for PE was 93.1%. In conclusion, a plasma D-dimer concentration below 500 micrograms/L allows the exclusion of PE in 29% of outpatients suspected of having PE. Withholding anticoagulation from such patients is associated with a conservative 1% risk of thromboembolic events during follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Perrier
- Medical Clinic 1, Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland
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