Pituitary gonadotrophic hormone synthesis, secretion, subunit gene expression and cell structure in normal and follicle-stimulating hormone β knockout, follicle-stimulating hormone receptor knockout, luteinising hormone receptor knockout, hypogonadal and ovariectomised female mice

To investigate the relationship between gonadotroph function and ultrastructure, we have compared, in parallel in female mice, the effects of several different mutations that perturb the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Specifically, serum and pituitary gonadotrophin concentrations, gonadotrophin gene expression, gonadotroph structure and number were measured. Follicle-stimulating hormone β knockout (FSHβKO), follicle-stimulating hormone receptor knockout (FSHRKO), luteinising hormone receptor knockout (LuRKO), hypogonadal (hpg) and ovariectomised mice were compared with control wild-type or heterozygote female mice. Serum levels of LH were elevated in FSHβKO and FSHRKO compared to heterozygote females, reflecting the likely decreased oestrogen production in KO females, as demonstrated by the threadlike uteri and acyclicity. As expected, there was no detectable FSH in the serum or pituitary and an absence of expression of the FSHβ subunit gene in FSHβKO mice. However, there was a significant increase in expression of the FSHβ and LHβ subunit genes in FSHRKO female mice. The morphology of FSHβKO and FSHRKO gonadotrophs was not significantly different from the control, except that secretory granules in FSHRKO gonadotrophs were larger in diameter. In LuRKO and ovariectomised mice, stimulation of LHβ and FSHβ mRNA, as well as serum protein concentrations, were reflected in subcellular changes in gonadotroph morphology, including more dilated rough endoplasmic reticula and fewer, larger secretory granules. In the gonadotophin-releasing hormone deficient hpg mouse, gonadotrophin mRNA and protein levels were significantly lower than in control mice and gonadotrophs were correspondingly smaller with less abundant endoplasmic reticula and reduced numbers of secretory granules. In summary, major differences in pituitary content and serum concentrations of the gonadotrophins LH and FSH were found between control and mutant female mice. These changes were associated with changes in expression of the gonadotrophin subunit genes and were reflected in the cellular structure and secretory granule appearance within the gonadotroph cells.

An investigation into pituitary gonadotrophic hormone synthesis, secretion, subunit gene expression and cell structure in normal and mutant male mice

To investigate brain-pituitary-gonadal inter-relationships, we have compared the effects of mutations that perturb the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in male mice. Specifically, serum and pituitary gonadotrophin concentrations, gonadotrophin gene expression, and gonadotroph structure and number were measured. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)β knockout (FSHβKO), FSH receptor knockout (FSHRKO), luteinising hormone (LH) receptor knockout (LuRKO), hypogonadal (hpg), testicular feminised (tfm) and gonadectomised mice were compared with control wild-type mice or heterozygotes. Serum levels of LH were similar in FSHβKO, FSHRKO and heterozygote males despite decreased androgen production in KO males. As expected, there was no detectable FSH in the serum or pituitary and an absence of expression of the FSHβ subunit gene in FSHβKO mice. However, there was a significant increase in expression of the common α and LHβ subunit genes in FSHRKO males. The morphology of FSHβKO and FSHRKO gonadotrophs was not significantly different from controls, except that the subpopulation of granules consisting of an electron-dense core and electron-lucent 'halo' was not observed in FSHβKO gonadotrophs and the granules were smaller in diameter. In the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone deficient hpg mouse, gonadotrophin mRNA and hormone levels were significantly lower compared to control mice and gonadotrophs were correspondingly smaller, with less abundant endoplasmic reticulum and reduced secretory granules. In LuRKO, tfm and gonadectomised mice, hyperstimulation of LHβ and FSHβ mRNA and serum protein concentrations was reflected by subcellular changes in gonadotroph morphology, including more dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum and more secretory granules distributed adjacent to the plasma membrane. In summary, major differences in pituitary content and serum concentrations of the gonadotrophins LH and FSH have been found between normal and mutant male mice. These changes are associated with changes in transcriptional activity of the gonadotrophin subunit genes and are reflected by changes in the cellular structure and secretory granule architecture within the gonadotroph cells.

Biocompatible collagen scaffolds from a human amniotic membrane: physicochemical and in vitro culture characteristics

A reconstituted collagen membrane from human amnion has been investigated as a source of collagen matrix, which could be used as a substratum for culturing human fibroblasts. The suitability of pepsin-solubilized reconstituted human amniotic membrane, before and after cross-linking with chitosan, as a dermal matrix for culturing fibroblast was assessed by morphologic, physicochemical, cytotoxic and histochemical methods. Measurement of thermodynamic behaviour, by differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and tensile strength suggested that the cross-linked membrane had sufficient elasticity to serve as an efficient dermal substrate for in vitro culture of fibroblasts. Fibroblasts cultured on the chitosan cross-linked collagen membrane had good adherence, retaining their morphology as indicated by microscopic analysis. Proliferation of fibroblasts. observed on this membrane affirms its non-toxic nature. These results support the application of reconstituted human amniotic collagen membrane as collagenous scaffolds to culture fibroblasts in vitro.

Age-related uterine and ovarian hypertrophy in FSH receptor knockout and FSHbeta subunit knockout mice

Female mice in which the gene encoding the follicle-stimulating hormone FSH receptor (FSHR) knockout (KO) or its ligand (FSHbetaKO) have been disrupted were infertile. Ovaries of these mice were significantly smaller than those of heterozygous littermates but significantly larger than those of hypogonadal mice of the same age. Uterine masses in all three mutants were <6 mg, significantly reduced compared with heterozygous mice. At 1 year of age uterine mass had increased to >12 mg in 63% of FSHRKO females and 88% of FSHbetaKO females. Despite the increase in uterine size there was no evidence of contractility: uteri were flaccid and unresponsive to electrical or pharmacological stimulation. In most females in which uterine growth had occurred there was evidence of ovarian growth with hypertrophy of the interstitial tissue, occurrence of ovarian cysts and epithelial and tubular inclusions. There was no evidence of uterine or ovarian hypertrophy in hypogonadal (hpg) mice at any age or in 1 year old females in which the FSH mutations were bred onto the hpg background. There was an inverse correlation of plasma LH concentrations and uterine mass in 1 year old mutant females with uterine hypertrophy. Ovariectomy of both FSHRKO and FSHbetaKO females with large uteri resulted in decreased uterine mass and increased plasma concentration of LH. The number of mice with ovarian pathology, reminiscent of the serous ovarian adenocarcinomas found in humans, was significantly greater in the FSHbetaKO mice, indicating that the presence of an intact FSH receptor on ovarian cells of FSHbetaKO females may allow constitutive basal stimulation of the ovary, which is absent in mice lacking FSH receptors.

Anti-Müllerian hormone attenuates the effects of FSH on follicle development in the mouse ovary

Although ovarian follicle growth is under the influence of many growth factors and hormones of which FSH remains one of the most prominent regulators. Therefore, factors affecting the sensitivity of ovarian follicles to FSH are also important for follicle growth. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) has an inhibitory effect on follicle growth by decreasing the sensitivity of ovarian follicles to FSH. Furthermore, the combined action of AMH and FSH on ovarian follicle development was examined. Three different experiments were performed. Using an in vitro follicle culture system it was shown that FSH-stimulated preantral follicle growth is attenuated in the presence of AMH. This observation was confirmed by an in vivo experiment showing that in immature AMH-deficient females, more follicles start to grow under the influence of exogenous FSH than in their wild-type littermates. In a third experiment, examination of the follicle population of 4-month-old wild-type, FSH beta-, AMH-, and AMH-/FSH beta-deficient females revealed that loss of FSH expression has no impact on the number of primordial and preantral follicles, but the loss of inhibitory action of AMH on the recruitment of primordial follicles in AMH-deficient mice is increased in the absence of FSH. In conclusion, these studies show that AMH inhibits FSH-stimulated follicle growth in the mouse, suggesting that AMH is one of the factors determining the sensitivity of ovarian follicles for FSH and that AMH is a dominant regulator of early follicle growth.

Male reproductive phenotypes in double mutant mice lacking both FSHbeta and activin receptor IIA

Activins are known to signal through two serine/threonine kinase type II receptors. Activin receptor IIA is widely expressed in the male reproductive axis, including the pituitary and testis. Our previous studies using gene knockout mice have confirmed the essential in vivo role of activin receptor IIA in FSH homeostasis. Activin receptor IIA-null male mice are fertile, have suppressed pituitary and serum FSH levels, and demonstrate a decrease in testis size as a result of reduced Sertoli cells and germ cells. Similarly, FSHbeta null male mice are fertile despite reduced testis size and Sertoli cell number. To define the direct roles of activin receptor IIA signaling locally in the testis, independent of its effects on FSH homeostasis, we generated double mutant mice lacking both activin receptor IIA and FSH by a genetic intercross and analyzed the male reproductive phenotypes. The double mutant male mice lacking both FSH and activin receptor IIA are fertile, demonstrate no significant reduction in testis size, and produce small litters compared with mice lacking either FSH or activin receptor IIA alone. Histological analyses of the testes from double mutant mice revealed the presence of normal stages of spermatogenesis. However, there was a significant reduction in the epididymal sperm number compared with that of the individual mutants. Northern blot analyses of total RNA from testes of double mutants did not reveal transcriptional up-regulation of activin receptor IIB, the other activin type II receptor. Although RNA expression profiles of many testis cell-specific markers are unaltered, stereological analysis of the testes from double mutants indicates that there was a reduction in type A and I spermatogonial number compared with that observed in individual mutants. Our results provide in vivo genetic evidence to demonstrate that activin receptor IIA signaling plays an important local role within the testis, independent of its actions via FSH homeostasis in the pituitary.

Analysis of ovarian gene expression in follicle-stimulating hormone beta knockout mice

FSH is a heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone that is produced in the gonadotroph cells of the anterior pituitary. It acts on Sertoli cells of the testis and granulosa cells of the ovary. We previously demonstrated that FSHbeta knockout female mice are infertile due to a block in folliculogenesis preceding antral stage development. To investigate aberrations of ovarian gene regulation in the absence of FSH, we analyzed the expression of several important marker genes using Northern blot and in situ hybridization techniques. Key findings are as follows: 1) Follicles of FSHbeta knockout mice develop a well organized thecal layer, which is positive for P450 17alpha-hydroxylase and LH receptor messenger RNAs (mRNAs). This indicates that theca recruitment is completed autonomously with respect to FSH. 2) Granulosa cells in FSH-deficient mice demonstrate an increase in FSH receptor mRNA, and decreases in P450 aromatase, serum/glucocorticoid-induced kinase, and inhibin/activin subunit mRNAs. These data support studies that implicate FSH signaling cascades in the expression of these genes. 3) In contrast to the thecal layer, granulosa cell populations in FSHbeta knockout mice do not accumulate LH receptor mRNA. This suggests that although the granulosa cells have a block in proliferation at the antral follicle stage in the absence of FSH, they do not initiate programs of terminal differentiation as seen in luteinizing cells of wild-type ovaries. 4) Ovaries of FSH-deficient mice demonstrate a modest decrease in cyclin D2 mRNA, without up-regulation of cell cycle inhibitor mRNAs associated with luteinization (i.e. p15, p27, and p21). Although components of the FSH null phenotype may be caused by partial cyclin D2 loss of function, these findings indicate that the mechanisms of granulosa cell cycle arrest in FSHbeta knockout mice are distinct from those of cycle withdrawal at luteinization. Underscoring the usefulness of the FSH-deficient mouse model, this study clarifies aspects of gonadotropin-dependent folliculogenesis, thecal layer development, cycle control in granulosa cells, and luteinization.

Development of a novel plant system as biosensor for detecting environmental hazards and bioactive molecules through distinct responses

Currently, chemicals are used excessively in medicine, industry, and agriculture throughout the world. Because of the current rise in environmental pollutants and hazardous exposures of human beings, there is an imperative need for monitoring the environment for biosafety. In addition, the importance of natural products with novel activity for drug or agrochemical scopes is being more and more realized. We report on a novel test system that can act as biosensors for detecting useful compounds while simultaneously monitoring or forecasting the biohazard exposure of organisms to chemicals as well as to physical factors in a given environment. Using different compounds and factors with known biological and cytotoxic activities, a detail plant test procedure has been developed that can be used in detecting and analyzing the value and/or danger of any given compound or treatment, including cell division inhibition, cytotoxicity, growth inhibition, and anticancer activities. The method provides a highly efficient single biosensor system that can replace several individual biotesting procedures. This plant assay procedure is a highly sensitive system for monitoring physical stress factors in the environment, including ionizing and nonionizing radiation. The procedure can be followed throughout the year because of the rapid growth rate of the plant used and its regeneration in ambient conditions. Therefore, the described system is highly useful to thoroughly monitor the environment and detection of new chemicals/compounds.

Reproductive defects in gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-deficient mice

Mice deficient in gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) are growth retarded as a result of cysteine deficiency secondary to excessive glutathione excretion in urine and display coat color defects and cataracts. Although GGT is widely expressed throughout the mouse reproductive axis, little is known about its role in reproduction. Here, we present an analysis of the reproductive phenotypes of GGT-deficient mice. Mutant male mice have reduced testis and seminal vesicle size and suppressed serum insulin-like growth factor I and FSH levels and are infertile. Although these mice are severely oligospermic, histological analysis of testes reveals grossly normal stages of spermatogenesis, including late stage spermatids, but the tubule diameter is reduced. GGT-deficient female mice are also hypogonadal and infertile. At 6 weeks of age, the ovaries of mutant mice are histologically indistinguishable from those of its wild-type counterpart. However, the absence of antral follicles and corpora lutea and follicular degeneration are apparent by 11-13 weeks. In addition, immature female mutant mice (at 21-23 days) are insensitive to exogenous gonadotropin administration and fail to superovulate, suggesting an intraovarian defect. Consistent with these mutant phenotypes, HPLC analysis of adult mutant testes and ovaries showed a reduction in intracellular cysteine levels. Administration of N-acetylcysteine in the drinking water beginning on day 21 to mutant mice for 2 weeks restored testis, seminal vesicle, and ovary sizes to values comparable to those in wild-type mice. Furthermore, N-acetylcysteine-fed (continuously) mutant male and female mice were fertile and produced normal numbers of offspring when mated to wild-type control mice. These results demonstrate that GGT itself is not necessary for reproductive function. However, GGT plays an important role in cysteine homeostasis within the mouse reproductive axis.

Activin betaC and betaE genes are not essential for mouse liver growth, differentiation, and regeneration

The liver is an essential organ that produces several serum proteins, stores vital nutrients, and detoxifies many carcinogenic and xenobiotic compounds. Various growth factors positively regulate liver growth, but only a few negative regulators are known. Among the latter are the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) superfamily members TGF-beta1 and activin A. To study the function of novel activin family members, we have cloned and generated mice deficient in the activin betaC and betaE genes. Expression analyses demonstrated that these novel genes are liver specific in adult mice. Here, we show by RNase protection that activin betaC transcripts are present in the liver beginning at embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) whereas activin betaE expression is detected starting from E17.5. Gene targeting in embryonic stem cells was used to generate mice with null mutations in either the individual activin betaC and betaE genes or both genes. In contrast to the structurally related activin betaA and betaB subunits, which are necessary for embryonic development and pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone homeostasis, mice deficient in activin betaC and betaE were viable, survived to adulthood, and demonstrated no reproductive abnormalities. Although activin betaC and betaE mRNAs are abundantly expressed in the liver of wild-type mice, the single and double mutants did not show any defects in liver development and function. Furthermore, in the homozygous mutant mice, liver regeneration after >70% partial hepatectomy was comparable to that in wild-type mice. Our results suggest that activin betaC and betaE are not essential for either embryonic development or liver function.

Follistatin is a modulator of gonadal tumor progression and the activin-induced wasting syndrome in inhibin-deficient mice

Inhibins and activins are dimeric proteins belonging to the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily. Follistatin is an activin-binding protein that antagonizes the function of activin via binding to its beta-subunits. Previously, we demonstrated that mice deficient in inhibin develop ovarian and testicular sex cord-stromal tumors of granulosa and Sertoli cell origin, with 100% penetrance as early as 4 weeks of age. Overproduction of activins in the serum directly causes a cachexia-like wasting syndrome that results in lethality of these mice at an early stage after the onset of the tumors. In an independent set of studies, overexpression of mouse follistatin using the mouse metallothionein I promoter in transgenic mice led to gonadal defects and eventual infertility, primarily due to local effects of follistatin in these tissues. Activin has a positive growth effect on gonadal tumor cells in culture and directly causes the cancer cachexia-like syndrome in inhibin-deficient mice via interaction with activin receptor type IIA in livers and stomachs. We therefore hypothesized that an activin antagonist such as follistatin can act as a physiological modifier, either locally or via the serum, to block the activin-mediated cancer cachexia-like syndrome in inhibin-deficient mice and/or slow the progression of gonadal cancers in these mice. To test this hypothesis, we generated mice that are homozygous mutant for the inhibin alpha null allele (i.e. inham1/inham1) and carry the mouse metallothionein I follistatin (MT-FS) transgene. Our results show that gonadal tumors that are histologically similar in most, but not all, cases to the tumors in inhibin-deficient mice develop in these inham1/inham1, MT-FS+ mice. However, inham1/inham1, MT-FS+ mice exhibit a less severe wasting syndrome, lower serum activin levels, and a statistically significant prolonged survival in a number of cases compared with mice deficient in inhibin alone. Thus, follistatin can act as a modulator of tumor growth and the activin-induced cancer cachexia-like syndrome in inhibin-deficient mice.

Evaluation of efficacy and safety of losartan potassium in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension as compared to enalapril maleate

AIM

To study the effect of losartan potassium in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension and to compare its efficacy and adverse effect profile with enalaparil maleate.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

One hundred and forty five patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension were enrolled in this randomized, double blind, controlled, parallel and multicentric study. Seventy two patients received losartan potassium 50 mg and seventy three received enalapril maleate 5 mg.

RESULTS

Losartan potassium reduced the DBP to < 90 mm Hg in 59% of the patients at the end of 8 weeks compared to 45% in the enalapril maleate group. DBP was reduced by 10 or > than 10 mm Hg in 89% of the patients with losartan as compared to the baseline whereas it was 80% in the enalapril group. Percentage of side effects seen in losartan and enalapril groups were 12 and 22 respectively.

CONCLUSION

Losartan potassium is an efficacious antihypertensive agent in mild to moderate hypertension. It also has fewer side effects when compared to enalapril maleate.

Clinical evaluation of the tolerability and efficacy of trovafloxacin compared with sparfloxacin in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the clinical tolerability and efficacy of trovafloxacin compared with sparfloxacin in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections.

DESIGN

This was a randomised, double-blind, controlled, parallel study.

PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS

92 patients with lower respiratory tract infection were enrolled in three centres. 45 patients received trovafloxacin 200mg once daily orally for 10 days and 43 patients received sparfloxacin 400mg on the first day and 200mg once daily orally for 9 days. Clinical evaluation was performed for fever, dyspnoea, pulmonary symptoms, cough and sputum on days 1, 3, 6 and 12 of the study along with bacteriological evaluation on days 1 and 12. Any adverse effects were also recorded during the study period.

RESULTS

There was a significant reduction in the severity of symptoms from day 4 until the end of the study. Clinical cure or improvement was seen in 87 and 95% of the trovafloxacin and sparfloxacin groups, respectively. Bacteriological eradication rates were 84 and 89% for the trovafloxacin and sparfloxacin groups, respectively. The number of adverse effects was 10 and 13 reported by 10 and 13 patients in the trovafloxacin and sparfloxacin groups, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Trovafloxacin is well tolerated and effective in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections in a dosage of 200mg daily. It was observed that the efficacy and tolerability of trovafloxacin is comparable to that of sparfloxacin (200mg daily, with a loading dose of 400mg on the first day) in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections. However, further studies are needed to confirm this.

Male-mediated dominant lethal mutations in mice following prooxidant treatment

This study's primary aim is to examine if prooxidant treatment has the propensity to induce dominant lethal (DL) type mutations in a randomly bred closed colony of CFT-Swiss mice. Initially, graded doses of both organic hydroperoxides viz., t-butyl hydroperoxide (tbHP), and cumene hydroperoxide (cHP) were administered (i.p.) to adult males and the mortality data was analysed to determine the LD(50) values. cHP was relatively more toxic compared to tbHP. The computed LD(50) values were 1500 and 3000 micromol (kg body weight)(-1) for cHP and tbHP, respectively. Subsequently, adult males were administered (i.p.) with 1/10 LD(50) doses of hydroperoxide (HP) (tbHP--30 micromol (100 g body weight)(-1) and cHP - 15 micromol (100 g body weight)(-1)) on 5 consecutive days and were mated with virgin females for a period of 5 weeks to characterise the male-mediated DL mutations. Male-based analysis of the three major variables viz., implantations, live embryos and dead implants (DI) were carried out to assess the DL-type response induction. While tbHP induced significant increases (2- to 5-fold) in the incidence of DI during the first 4 weeks, cHP induced a marginal increase only during the first week. These results suggest that prooxidants induce DL-type effect only in specific post-meiotic stages of spermatogenesis and stress the need to further investigate the implications of chronic oxidative stress on the male reproductive system.

Transgenic models to study gonadotropin function: the role of follicle-stimulating hormone in gonadal growth and tumorigenesis

The role of FSH in gonadal tumorigenesis and, in particular, in human ovarian cancer has been debated. It is also unclear what role the elevated FSH levels in the inhibin-deficient mouse play in the gonadal tumorigenesis. To directly assess the role of FSH in gonadal growth, differentiation, and gonadal tumorigenesis, we have generated both gain-of-function and loss-of-function transgenic mutant mice. In the gain-of-function model, we have generated transgenic mice that ectopically overexpress human FSH from multiple tissues using a mouse metallothionein-1 promoter, achieving levels far exceeding those seen in postmenopausal women. Male transgenic mice are infertile despite normal testicular development and demonstrate enlarged seminal vesicles secondary to elevated serum testosterone levels. Female transgenic mice develop highly hemorrhagic and cystic ovaries, have elevated serum estradiol and progesterone levels, and are infertile, mimicking the features of human ovarian hyperstimulation and polycystic ovarian syndromes. Furthermore, the female transgenic mice develop enlarged and cystic kidneys and die between 6-13 weeks as a result of urinary bladder obstruction. In a complementary loss-of-function approach, we have generated double-homozygous mutant mice that lack both inhibin and FSH by a genetic intercross. In contrast to male mice lacking inhibin alone, 95% of which die of a cancer cachexia-like syndrome by 12 weeks of age, only 30% of the double-mutant male mice lacking both FSH and inhibin die by 1 yr of age. The remaining double-mutant male mice develop slow-growing and less hemorrhagic testicular tumors, which are noted after 12 weeks of age, and have minimal cachexia. Similarly, the double-mutant female mice develop slow-growing, less hemorrhagic ovarian tumors, and 70% of these mice live beyond 17 weeks. The double-mutant mice demonstrate minimal cachexia in contrast to female mice lacking only inhibin, which develop highly hemorrhagic ovarian tumors, leading to cachexia and death by 17 weeks of age in 95% of the cases. The milder cachexia-like symptoms of the inhibin and FSH double-mutant mice are correlated with low levels of serum estradiol and activin A and reduced levels of aromatase mRNA in the gonadal tumors. Based on these and our previous genetic analyses, we conclude that elevated FSH levels do not directly cause gonadal tumors. However, these results suggest FSH is an important trophic modifier factor for gonadal tumorigenesis in inhibin-deficient mice.

Defective whisker follicles and altered brainstem patterns in activin and follistatin knockout mice

Whisker pad innervation and whisker-specific pattern formation were examined in mice lacking the gene for activin betaA or for follistatin. Both strains of mice die within 24 h after birth. A normal array of whisker follicles is present in the snout of either phenotype. However, activin betaA-deficient mice lack whiskers, and in follistatin-deficient mice the whiskers are thin and curled. We examined the effects of aberrant, albeit innervated, follicles on the formation of whisker-specific patterns (barrelettes) in the trigeminal brainstem. Activin betaA knockout mice lack barrelettes, although the trigeminal afferent topography is not compromised. Physiological recordings suggest that trigeminal ganglion cells in these mice are less responsive to stimulation of whisker follicles. Barrelettes in follistatin-deficient mice are not as well developed as in controls, but can be discerned in some cases. These results are consistent with the notion that formation of barrelettes depends on neural activity initiated by the whiskers.

Ovarian function in superoxide dismutase 1 and 2 knockout mice

Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2) are the two major intracellular enzymes which inactivate superoxide radicals. SOD1 is present in both cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments whereas SOD2 is localized to mitochondria. Both enzymes are expressed in multiple tissues as well as ovaries of several species including humans and rodents. Dominant mutations in SOD1 are associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We have previously demonstrated that SOD2-deficient mice die within three weeks of birth due to oxidative mitochondrial injury in central nervous system neurons and cardiac myocytes. In this report, we demonstrate that female homozygous mutant mice lacking SOD1 can survive to the adult stage but are subfertile. Whereas breeding of 5 SOD1 heterozygote females produced an average of 1.0 litter/month with 8.6 offspring/litter (n = 31 litters), only 11 of 16 SOD1 homozygote mice over a 2-6 month period became pregnant averaging 0.23 litters/month with an average litter size of 2.7 (n = 21 litters). Histological analysis of the ovaries from SOD1-deficient mice often reveals many primary and small antral follicles but few corpora lutea. In addition, ovaries from postnatal SOD2-deficient mice, transplanted to the bursa of wild-type hosts, show all stages of folliculogenesis including corpora lutea and can give rise to viable offspring. These studies support an important role of SOD1 in female reproductive function and suggest that SOD2 is not essential for ovarian function.

Genetic rescue of follicle-stimulating hormone beta-deficient mice

FSH is an alpha:beta heterodimeric pituitary glycoprotein that shares a common alpha-subunit with LH and TSH. To study the role of FSH in mammalian reproduction, we have previously generated an FSH-deficient mouse model using embryonic stem (ES) cell technology by introducing a null mutation in the unique FSHbeta gene. Male mice deficient in FSH are fertile despite their small testes and reduced sperm number and motility. In contrast, FSH-deficient female mice are infertile due to a block in folliculogenesis at the preantral stage. In this set of experiments, we have rescued the mutant phenotypes of FSHbeta-deficient mice by two genetic strategies. In the type I rescue mice, we introduced into the FSHbeta-deficient background a 10-kb human FSHbeta transgene that is selectively expressed in pituitary gonadotropes. The presence of this transgene [and thus the interspecies hybrid (i.e. mouse alpha:human FSHbeta hormone)] in the background of mouse FSHbeta deficiency completely restored the testis size, sperm number, and motility defects to levels comparable to those seen in control male mice. All of the mouse FSHbeta-deficient female mice carrying this human FSHbeta transgene resumed normal folliculogenesis, were fertile and delivered normal size litters. In the type II rescue mice, human FSH (human alpha:human FSHbeta) was ectopically produced from multiple tissues in the mutant background using a mouse metallothionein-I promoter. Whereas ectopic production of human FSH completely rescued the mouse FSHbeta-deficient male mice, only 3 out of 10 mouse FSHbeta-deficient females bearing these human FSH transgenes were fertile and carried their pregnancies to term and parturition. We conclude that the resultant phenotypes due to a genetic deficiency of mouse FSHbeta can be corrected by appropriate expression of human FSH transgenes and that human FSHbeta gene regulation and function in the mouse pituitary are indistinguishable from the endogenous mouse FSHbeta gene.

Simian virus 40 T antigen-induced gonadotroph adenomas: a model of human null cell adenomas

The cell of origin of human null cell pituitary adenomas is disputed. Although these tumors, by definition, do not produce any of the anterior pituitary hormones in vivo, they have been shown to express gonadotropin subunit genes, release gonadotropin hormones in vitro, and express the gonadotroph-associated transcription factor steroidogenic factor-1. However, they demonstrate variable responses to releasing hormones in vitro, raising questions about their origin from differentiated gonadotrophs or pluripotent stem cells. In this set of experiments, transgenic mice carrying a temperature-sensitive mutant (TSA58) of simian virus 40 T antigen driven by human FSHbeta regulatory elements were produced. These animals developed slow growing, multifocal pituitary nodules that demonstrated secretion of FSH with serum FSH levels 10-fold higher in male transgenic animals and 5-fold higher in female transgenic animals than those in nontransgenic controls. Anterior pituitary pathology progressed from diffuse gonadotroph hyperplasia to nodular adenomas with persistent, but decreasing, immunoreactivity for FSHbeta and LHbeta. Ultrastructural characteristics of the tumors were identical to those of human null cell adenomas. These results support the hypothesis that human null cell adenomas are derived from gonadotrophs and provide an animal model for further study of this disease.

Transgenic mouse models for tumor suppressor genes

The identification and cloning of tumor suppressor genes has mostly relied on familial human cancer predisposition syndromes and reverse genetics. Recent advances in manipulating the mouse genome by gene targeting techniques in embryonic stem (ES) cells has led to the generation of mutant mouse models mimicking many human syndromes. Mice lacking one or both alleles of known tumor suppressor genes have been generated to evaluate the normal function of these genes in vivo. These mice have proven to be highly susceptible to tumor development, indicating that the mouse is a potent in vivo assay system for tumor suppressor genes. The initiation of gonadal tumor development in mice lacking both copies of the alpha-inhibin gene demonstrates that this assay is also useful for identifying new tumor suppressor genes. In the future, murine ES cell/gene targeting strategies will continue to be used to identify novel tumor suppressors and analyze their in vivo roles in growth control.

Overexpression of mouse follistatin causes reproductive defects in transgenic mice

Follistatin is an activin-binding protein that can act as an activin antagonist in vitro. Follistatin also binds heparin sulfate proteoglycans and may function as a reservoir for activins in vivo. In the mouse, follistatin mRNA is first detected in the deciduum on embryonic day 5.5 and later in the developing hindbrain, somites, vibrissae, teeth, epidermis, and muscle. We have previously shown that follistatin-deficient mice have numerous embryonic defects including shiny, taut skin, growth retardation, and cleft palate leading to death within hours of birth. To further define the roles of follistatin during mammalian reproduction and development, we created gain-of-function mutant mice in which mouse follistatin is overexpressed. The mouse metallothionein (MT)-I promoter was placed upstream of the six-exon mouse follistatin (FS) gene. To distinguish wild-type and transgenic follistatin mRNA, the 3'-untranslated region of the mouse follistatin gene was replaced with the SV40 untranslated and polyA sequences. Three male and two female founder transgenic mice were produced, were fertile, and transmitted the transgene to offspring. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that the transgene mRNA was expressed at varying levels in the livers of offspring from four of five of the transgenic lines and was expressed in the testes in all five lines. In MT-FS line 4, which had the highest expression of the transgene mRNA in the liver, the transgene transcripts were also present in multiple other tissues. Phenotypically, the MT-FS transgenic lines had defects in the testis, ovary, and hair. Mice from MT-FS lines 7 and 10 had slightly decreased testis size, whereas mice from lines 4, 5, and 9 had much smaller testes and shiny, somewhat irregular, fur. Histological analysis of the adult testes from line 5 and 9 males showed variable degrees of Leydig cell hyperplasia, an arrest of spermatogenesis, and seminiferous tubular degeneration leading to infertility. Female transgenic mice from lines 4 and 9 had thin uteri and small ovaries due to a block in folliculogenesis at various stages. Many of the line 9 female mice eventually became infertile, and all of the line 4 female mice were infertile. Suppressed serum FSH levels were seen in only the line 4 transgenic male and female mice, the line with widespread expression of the transgene. Serum FSH levels were not significantly different in gonadectomized wild-type and line 5 transgenic male mice despite high levels of the follistatin transgene mRNA in the liver of these transgenic mice. These results suggest that follistatin exerts its effects at the levels of the gonads and pituitary as a local regulator of activin and possibly other transforming growth factor-beta family members.

Insulin-like growth factor I regulates gonadotropin responsiveness in the murine ovary

The present study shows that insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and FSH receptor (FSHR) mRNAs are selectively coexpressed in a subset of healthy-appearing follicles in murine ovaries, irrespective of cycle stage. Aromatase gene expression, a prime marker for FSH effect, is found only in IGF-I/FSHR-positive follicles, showing that these are healthy, gonadotropin-responsive follicles. Given the striking coexpression of FSHR and IGF-I, we hypothesized that FSH was responsible for follicular IGF-I expression. We found, however, that granulosa cell IGF-I mRNA levels are not reduced in hypophysectomized (+/-PMSG) or FSH knockout mice, indicating that FSH does not have a major role in regulation of granulosa cell IGF-I gene expression. To test the alternative hypothesis that IGF-I regulates FSHR gene expression, we studied ovaries from IGF-I knockout mice. FSHR mRNA was significantly reduced in ovaries from homozygous IGF-I knockout compared with wild type mice and was restored to control values by exogenous IGF-I treatment. The functional significance of the reduced FSHR gene expression in IGF-I knockout ovaries is suggested by reduced aromatase expression and by the failure of their follicles to develop normally beyond the early antral stage. In fact, IGF-I knockout and FSH knockout ovaries appear very similar in terms of arrested follicular development. In summary, we have shown that IGF-I and FSHR are selectively coexpressed in healthy, growing murine follicles and that FSH does not affect IGF-I expression but that IGF-I augments granulosa cell FSHR expression. These data suggest that ovarian IGF-I expression serves to enhance granulosa cell FSH responsiveness by augmenting FSHR expression.

Follicle stimulating hormone is required for ovarian follicle maturation but not male fertility

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is a member of the glycoprotein hormone family that includes luteinzing hormone (LH), thyroid stimulating hormone, and chorionic gonadotropin. These heterodimeric hormones share a common alpha subunit and differ in their hormone-specific beta subunit. The biological activity is conferred only by the heterodimers. FSH and LH are synthesized in the same cells of the pituitary, the gonadotrophs. FSH receptors are localized to Sertoli cells of the testes and granulosa cells of the ovary. Minimal data has been accumulated so far involving human mutations in the FSH beta, LH beta, or the gonadotropin receptor genes. There are no known mouse strains with mutations in the FSH beta gene. To generate animal models for human diseases involving the gonadotropin signal transduction pathway, we produced mice deficient in the FSH beta subunit and therefore in FSH using ES cell technology. FSH-deficient females are infertile due to a block in folliculogenesis prior to antral follicle formation. Although FSH was predicted to be necessary for spermatogenesis and Sertoli cell growth in males, FSH-deficient males are fertile despite having small testes. Our findings have important implications for male contraceptive development in humans.

Growth differentiation factor-9 is required during early ovarian folliculogenesis

Growth factors synthesized by ovarian somatic cells directly affect oocyte growth and function, but it is unclear whether oocyte-secreted factors play a reciprocal role in modulating somatic cell functions in vivo. During the functional analysis of members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily in mouse development, we have uncovered a new family member, growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9), which is required for ovarian folliculogenesis. GDF-9 messenger RNA is synthesized only in the oocyte from the primary one-layer follicle stage until after ovulation. Here we analyse ovaries from GDF-9-deficient female mice and demonstrate that primordial and primary one-layer follicles can be formed, but there is a block in follicular development beyond the primary one-layer follicle stage which leads to complete infertility. Oocyte growth and zona pellucida formation proceed normally, but other aspects of oocyte differentiation are compromised. Thus, GDF-9 is the first oocyte-derived growth factor required for somatic cell function in vivo.

Gonadotropins are essential modifier factors for gonadal tumor development in inhibin-deficient mice

We previously demonstrated that mice deficient in inhibin develop gonadal sex cord-stromal tumors with nearly 100% penetrance. These ovarian and testicular tumors develop as early as 4 weeks of age and eventually cause cachexia-like symptoms and death in the inhibin-deficient mice. Gonadectomized inhibin-deficient mice initially do not develop this wasting syndrome, but eventually will develop adrenal cortical tumors with similar penetrance. These studies have demonstrated that inhibin is a secreted type of tumor suppressor in the gonads and adrenal glands. Gonadotropins are implicated to influence gonadal tumor development in humans as well as experimental animals, and in inhibin-deficient mice, serum FSH levels are elevated. To determine whether gonadotropins influence the development and/or progression of the tumors in the inhibin-deficient mice, we took advantage of a naturally occurring mutant mouse, hypogonadal (hpg); hpg/hpg mice lack a functional GnRH gene and, therefore, have suppressed FSH and LH levels. Heterozygous hpg/+mice were crossed to heterozygous inhibin mutant mice to generate compound homozygous mutant mice that lack both inhibin and GnRH. These compound homozygous mutant mice do not develop a wasting syndrome, do not exhibit gonadal or adrenal tumors, and can survive for more than 1 yr. These results demonstrate that gonadotropins are essential modifier factors for tumor development in inhibin-deficient mice.

Cloning of the mouse gonadotropin beta-subunit-encoding genes, I. Structure of the follicle-stimulating hormone beta-subunit-encoding gene

More than 16kb of genomic sequence encompassing the mouse follicle-stimulating hormone beta subunit (FSH beta)-encoding gene was isolated from a 129SvEv mouse genomic library. Comparisons of the nucleotide and deduced amino-acid sequences to the FSH beta sequences of other mammalian species confirm an evolutionarily conserved role of this important protein in reproduction.

Cloning of the mouse gonadotropin beta-subunit-encoding genes, II. Structure of the luteinizing hormone beta-subunit-encoding genes

A genomic clone encoding the mouse luteinizing hormone (LH) beta-subunit was isolated. The nucleotide and the deduced amino-acid sequences show high identity to the rat, bovine and human homologues. This confirms an important role of LH, together with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), in regulating several aspects of reproduction.

Transgenic mouse models for tumour-suppressor genes

Tumour-suppressor genes are negative regulators of cell division and growth. Over the past decade, multiple, distinct tumour-suppressor genes have been identified and cloned. In recent years, the ability to specifically manipulate the mouse genome via overexpression, underexpression or deletion of genes using transgenic expression systems and embryonic stem cell (ES) technology has led to the identification and definition of the precise function of several tumour suppressor genes in vivo. Included in this group are mice with mutations in the p53 and retinoblastoma (Rb) genes. p53 Mutant mice are highly susceptible to tumour development and will serve as excellent models to understand the aetiology and pathology of several human cancers. In contrast to the role of the Rb gene in human retinoblastomas, mice heterozygous for a mutant Rb allele do not develop retinoblastoma, but develop pituitary tumours instead. Similar ES cell technology has been used to generate alpha-inhibin deficient mice. Inhibin-deficient mice develop gonadal and adrenal tumours with nearly 100% penetrance. These studies have identified inhibin as a novel secreted tumour suppressor. In the future, many of the unidentified functions of tumour-suppressor genes can be tested using this powerful in vivo assay system.

Comparison of phenytoin with auranofin and chloroquine in rheumatoid arthritis--a double blind study

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate efficacy of phenytoin in modifying the course of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by comparing it to gold (auranofin) and chloroquine.

METHODS

A double blind, randomized study of 6 months' duration was conducted at the Nizam Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India. One hundred and thirty-two patients with active RA (defined by the 1987 ARA criteria) were entered into the study and randomized into 3 groups: phenytoin, chloroquine, or auranofin.

RESULTS

Full data were evaluable in 100 patients who satisfactorily completed the protocol (phenytoin, 35; auranofin, 30; and chloroquine, 35). Twenty-four patients were noncompliant and did not take medication or return for evaluation; 8 patients had the drug withdrawn because of side effects before study completion. For each of the 3 drugs all clinical and laboratory variables improved when pre and posttreatment values (p < 0.05 to 0.001) were compared. There was a greater reduction in posttreatment mean morning stiffness in the chloroquine group than in the phenytoin and auranofin groups (p < 0.05). Posttreatment grip strength was also greatest in the chloroquine group. On the other hand, there were statistically significant decreases in IgM levels in both the phenytoin and auranofin groups (p < 0.001), but not with chloroquine. Among the 53 patients with a disease history of 3-6 months, global outcome was best with phenytoin (16/17), compared to chloroquine (12/18) and auranofin (12/18) (p < 0.03). However, there was no such difference in the 47 patients in all 3 groups with a disease history longer than 6 months. Eight patients had side effects (phenytoin, auranofin, 2; chloroquine, 1) requiring withdrawal of the drug. However, the incidence of side effects was not significantly different for the 3 drugs.

CONCLUSION

Our data indicate that phenytoin is comparable to auranofin and chloroquine in its efficacy in RA and may be considered an alternative disease modifying agent for RA.

Hormonal regulation of human follicle-stimulating hormone-beta subunit gene expression: GnRH stimulation and GnRH-independent androgen inhibition

Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated that chronic testosterone administration to castrated transgenic mice suppressed human follicle-stimulating hormone-beta (FSH beta) mRNA levels transcribed from a human transgene to approximately 20% of control values. In the present study we used primary pituitary cultures prepared from the transgenic mice and in vivo experiments in hypogonadal (hpg) mice carrying the human transgene to assess the role of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in this inhibitory action. The levels of human FSH beta mRNA in monolayer cultures of pituitary cells were decreased by 24-hour treatments with 10 nM testosterone propionate or 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone to 13 and 26% of control values, respectively, in the absence of GnRH. For the in vivo experiments we introduced the 10-kb human FSH beta transgene into the hpg genetic background by selective crossbreeding. Daily injections of 1 microgram GnRH for 14 days induced expression of the human FSH beta gene in male and female mice. Maximal effects were obtained by GnRH treatment of gonadectomized, hpg transgenic mice. Human FSH beta mRNA levels rose to approximately 4- or 10-fold that of control males and females, respectively. The stimulation was blocked completely by simultaneous administration of testosterone propionate in males and partially by estradiol in females. Pituitary content of immunoreactive FSH paralleled the mRNA changes. These data suggest that testosterone feedback inhibits the human FSH beta subunit gene directly at the pituitary gland in addition to the indirect mechanism of GnRH suppression. Furthermore, the in vitro data indicate that the suppression of human FSH beta gene expression is at least partly a direct androgen effect that does not require aromatization of testosterone to estradiol.

Different phenotypes for mice deficient in either activins or activin receptor type II

Activins are believed to initiate a signal transduction cascade by binding to serine/threonine kinase receptors types I and II. Activins bind to several different receptors in vitro, but the significance of this interaction in vivo has not been confirmed. To test the function of the type II activin receptor (ActRcII) in mammalian development and reproduction, we generated a null mutation in the ActRcII gene in mice using embryonic stem cell technology. We expected ActRcII-deficient mice to phenocopy activin-deficient mice. A few ActRcII-deficient mice had skeletal and facial abnormalities reminiscent of the Pierre-Robin syndrome in humans, but most lacked these defects and developed into adults; their follicle-stimulating hormone was suppressed, and their reproductive performance was defective. These findings confirm a role of ActRcII in activin signalling in pituitary gonadotrophs. The striking lack of overlap between phenotypes of ActRcII-deficient and activin-deficient mice suggests that the ligands that signal through ActRcII during embryonic development are not activins.

Functional analysis of activins during mammalian development

Activins are dimeric (beta A beta A; beta B beta B; beta A beta B) members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily. They are widely expressed during murine development, are highly conserved during vertebrate evolution, and may be involved in mesoderm induction and neurulation in Xenopus laevis and Oryzias latipes. To investigate the function of mammalian activins in vivo, we generated mice with mutations either in activin-beta A or in both activin-beta A and activin-beta B. Activin-beta A-deficient mice develop to term but die within 24 h of birth. They lack whiskers and lower incisors and have defects in their secondary palates, including cleft palate, demonstrating that activin-beta A must have a role during craniofacial development. Mice lacking both activin subunits show the defects of both individual mutants but no additional defects, indicating that there is no functional redundancy between these proteins during embryogenesis. In contrast to observations in lower vertebrates, zygotic expression of activins is not essential for mesoderm formation in mice.

Inhalation steroids, some aspects and ways in the management of asthma

Inhalation of steroid is important in the management of asthma and at present various steroids are available for inhalation. Aerosol treatment with steroids is most effective if used in several doses throughout the day. In moderately severe asthma it may be ineffective until airways are cleared by adequate oral doses. There are several methods of inhalation eg, metered dose inhalation, dry powder inhalation and nebulisation. The pressurised metered dose inhaler is widely used for its main advantage of compactness, convenience and readiness for use. Powdered inhalers are considered safe especially for use in children. No co-ordination is required by the patient in cases of administration by nebulisation. Inhaled route is preferred to systemic route because of its better therapeutic index ie, fewer side-effects for equivalent clinical effects. But poor inhalation technique is the reason for failure of aerosol steroids.

Evaluation of ketorolac, ibuprofen-paracetamol, and dextropropoxyphene-paracetamol in postoperative pain

STUDY OBJECTIVE

To compare the analgesic efficacy of ketorolac, ibuprofen-paracetamol (acetaminophen), and dextropropoxyphene-paracetamol in postoperative pain.

DESIGN

Randomized, double-blind, parallel, single-dose study.

SETTING

Multicenter, with five centers participating.

PATIENTS

One hundred sixty patients with moderate to severe postoperative pain requiring oral analgesics were enrolled. Seventeen patients were excluded from final analysis due to deviation from protocol.

INTERVENTIONS

Ketorolac tromethamine 10 mg, a combination of ibuprofen 400 mg plus paracetamol 325 mg, or a combination of dextropropoxyphene 65 mg plus paracetamol 400 mg was given orally to patients with moderate to severe baseline pain.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

Pain intensity and pain relief scores were rated at baseline, at 30 minutes, and hourly to 6 hours. Until the end of first hour, analgesia was similar for all three regimens. Ketorolac had a significantly higher analgesic effect than the two combinations between hours 2 and 6. Analgesia was similar for the two combinations. For all three test drugs the frequency of adverse effects was similar.

CONCLUSIONS

Ketorolac 10 mg is a superior analgesic to ibuprofen-paracetamol or dextropropoxyphene-paracetamol in the treatment of postoperative pain.

Strategies for purification of four reproductive hormones from the same batch of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) pituitaries

The occurrence of different reproductive hormones like LH, FSH, TSH and prolactin, in different side fractions obtained during the extraction of buffalo pituitary glands either by the procedure of Papkoff et al. [Arch Biochem Biophys, 111 (1965) 431] or by that of Ellis [Endocrinology, 69 (1961) 554], was examined with the aid of antisera to respective heterologous hormones as well as bio-assays. Thus in the procedure of Papkoff et al., the SP-Sephadex fractions could be taken for purification of LH and TSH, while the acid pellet yielded prolactin. Further it was shown that 50% (NH4)2SO4 could be directly size fractionated and following cation exchange chromatography yields LH and TSH. FSH could be purified from 80% ammonium sulphate pellet. In another protocol of Ellis, differential extraction and chromatographic separation yielded all the four reproductive hormones. Some of the physico-chemical and immunobiological characteristics of these hormones are described.

Gonadal steroid hormone regulation of human and mouse follicle stimulating hormone beta-subunit gene expression in vivo

Transgenic mice that express a 10-kilobase human FSH beta (hFSH beta) gene exclusively in pituitary gonadotropes were used to study the regulation of hFSH beta gene expression by gonadal steroids. For comparison, the mouse FSH beta (mFSH beta) gene was studied in parallel in nontransgenic sibling (normal) mice. The hFSH beta gene showed a sexually dimorphic expression pattern, identical to mFSH beta, in the mouse environment. Intact normal and transgenic male mice had elevated (P < 0.05) levels of serum [16 +/- 2 ng/ml (normal); 38 +/- 6 (transgenic)] and pituitary FSH content [2 +/- 0.3 micrograms/mg protein (normal); 36 +/- 6 (transgenic)] and FSH beta mRNA [1.47 +/- 0.10 arbitrary density units (normal); 1.00 +/- 0.23 (transgenic)] compared to the corresponding female mice ([< 2.0 ng/ml (normal and transgenic)] [0.1 +/- 0.01 microgram/mg protein (normal); 0.2 +/- 0.03 (transgenic)] [< 0.03 arbitrary density units (normal and transgenic)]). Serum FSH levels were increased (P < 0.05) 2 weeks after castration of normal (22 +/- 2 ng/ml) and transgenic males (135 +/- 19 ng/ml) and were suppressed (P < 0.05) by testosterone [7 +/- 0.8 ng/ml (normal); 12 +/- 2 (transgenic)] or estradiol [14 +/- 1 ng/ml (normal); 16 +/- 1 (transgenic)] replacement. The increased serum FSH levels were associated with an inverse drop (P < 0.05) in pituitary FSH content to 1 +/- 0.1 microgram/mg protein in normal and 16 +/- 2 in transgenic males. Testosterone replacement further suppressed (P < 0.05) pituitary FSH content in transgenic (3 +/- 0.5 micrograms/mg protein) but not normal (1 +/- 0.1) males.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Comparative study of omeprazole and famotidine in the treatment of duodenal ulcer

In a double blind, multicenter, parallel group clinical trial in patients with symptomatic duodenal ulcers, 129 patients were randomized to receive either omeprazole 20 mg once daily (n = 65) or famotidine 40 mg once daily (n = 64) for 2 weeks, and if the ulcers were not healed, for a total of 4 weeks. Seventy four percent of these receiving omeprazole had healed ulcers after 2 weeks compared with 34.3% of those receiving famotidine (p < 0.001). At 4 weeks, the respective figures were 97.3% and 77.6% (p < 0.001). After 2 weeks of treatment, only 11.1% and 29.8% of omeprazole and famotidine treated patients respectively had day time pain (p < 0.02). Diary cards (successfully completed by 2/3rd of patients) showed that omeprazole treated patients required smaller amounts of antacids (p = ns). Over the first two weeks, ulcer healing rate was similar in smokers and non- smokers. No significant side effects were reported in either group. Omeprazole 20 mg/day provides more rapid relief of symptoms and heals a greater proportion of duodenal ulcers at 2 and 4 weeks than famotidine 40 mg/day.

Gonadotrope-specific expression of the human follicle-stimulating hormone beta-subunit gene in pituitaries of transgenic mice

The molecular basis for the cell-specific and hormonal regulation of the pituitary gonadotropin beta-subunit genes is unknown. To identify the essential DNA regulatory elements of the human FSH beta (hFSH beta) gene, we introduced a 10-kilobase cloned fragment encompassing the gene into the germline of transgenic mice. We showed by a combination of Northern blot hybridization, RIA, and immunofluorescence histochemistry that the hFSH beta gene was expressed exclusively in mouse pituitary gonadotropes. Human FSH beta was actively secreted, presumably as an interspecies heterodimer, with mouse alpha-subunit, and no free hFSH beta was detected in serum. Male transgenic mice consistently had higher basal pituitary expression and secretion of hFSH beta than the female transgenic mice. Castration combined with testosterone replacement caused a marked reduction in hFSH beta gene expression in transgenic males, but had no effect on the pituitary levels of FSH in normal male mice. These experiments demonstrate that the essential DNA regulatory elements and gonadotrope transcription factors required for cell-specific expression of the FSH beta gene must be conserved between human and mouse. There appear to be important differences in the hormonal regulation of the gene between species, however.

Studies on buffalo pituitary lutropin (LH): physicochemical and immunological properties

Physicochemical and immunological properties of buffalo pituitary lutropin (buffalo LH) are reported here. The preparation was shown to be homogeneous by several physicochemical criteria. The molecular weight was found to be 30,000-40,000 by SDS-PAGE, GP-HPLC, and ultracentrifugation analyses. It showed certain interesting features, such as anomalous sedimentation behavior, microheterogeneity due to sugar-linked sulfate, and weak immunogenicity in rabbits. The subunit nature of the hormone has been confirmed. Sugar composition showed similarities as well as differences with LH of other species. Preliminary data on the homologous and heterologous RIAs, using iodinated sheep LH and buffalo LH and the respective antisera, have also been given.

Early beneficial effects of low dose oral methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis

The effect of low dose methotrexate pulse therapy was studied in 21 patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Three doses of oral methotrexate 2.5 mg at 12 hourly intervals weekly was administered to all the patients. Patients were followed up for clinical, radiological and serological evaluation. Significant reduction in the number of painful and swollen joints, decrease in the duration of morning stiffness, fall in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and improvement in global assessment were seen in 15 patients (71.4%) by the end of 16 weeks. Five patients (23.8%) complained of minor gastric discomfort. None of the patients discontinued the treatment because of any side effect.