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Kemper AR, Newman TB, Slaughter JL, Maisels MJ, Watchko JF, Downs SM, Grout RW, Bundy DG, Stark AR, Bogen DL, Holmes AV, Feldman-Winter LB, Bhutani VK, Brown SR, Maradiaga Panayotti GM, Okechukwu K, Rappo PD, Russell TL. Clinical Practice Guideline Revision: Management of Hyperbilirubinemia in the Newborn Infant 35 or More Weeks of Gestation. Pediatrics 2022; 150:188726. [PMID: 35927462 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2022-058859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alex R Kemper
- Division of Primary Care Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Thomas B Newman
- Departments of Epidemiology & Biostatistics and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - M Jeffrey Maisels
- Department of Pediatrics, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Jon F Watchko
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen M Downs
- Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Randall W Grout
- Children's Health Services Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - David G Bundy
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | | | - Debra L Bogen
- Allegheny County Health Department, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Alison Volpe Holmes
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Children's Hospital at Dartmouth-Hitchcock, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Lori B Feldman-Winter
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey
| | - Vinod K Bhutani
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatal and Developmental Medicine Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | | | - Gabriela M Maradiaga Panayotti
- Division of Primary Care, Duke Children's Hospital and Health Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kymika Okechukwu
- Department of Quality, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois
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Swan T, Ritmejerytė E, Sebayang B, Jones R, Devine G, Graham M, Zich FA, Staunton KM, Russell TL, Burkot TR. Sugar prevalence in Aedes albopictus differs by habitat, sex and time of day on Masig Island, Torres Strait, Australia. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:520. [PMID: 34625096 PMCID: PMC8501651 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05020-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sugar feeding is a fundamental behaviour of many mosquito species. For Aedes albopictus, an important vector of dengue virus and chikungunya virus, little is known about its sugar-feeding behaviour, and no studies have been conducted on this in the southern hemisphere. This knowledge is pivotal for determining the potential of attractive targeted sugar baits (ATSBs) to control this important vector. Methods The prevalence of sugar was assessed in 1808 Ae. albopictus from Masig Island, Torres Strait, Australia collected between 13 and 25 March 2020. Fructose presence and content in field-collected Ae. albopictus were quantified using the cold anthrone assay. Results Significantly more male (35.8%) than female (28.4%) Ae. albopictus were sugar fed. There was a significant interaction between sex and time of day on the probability of capturing sugar-fed Ae. albopictus. For both sexes, fructose prevalence and content were higher in mosquitoes caught in the morning than in the afternoon. Female Ae. albopictus collected in the residential habitat were significantly more likely to be sugar fed than those collected in the woodland habitat. Conclusions These findings provide baseline information about the sugar-feeding patterns of Ae. albopictus and provide essential information to enable an assessment of the potential of ATSBs for vector suppression and control on Masig Island, with relevance to other locations where this species occurs. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-05020-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Swan
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia. .,Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia.
| | - E Ritmejerytė
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - B Sebayang
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia.,Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - R Jones
- Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - G Devine
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - M Graham
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - F A Zich
- Australian Tropical Herbarium, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia.,National Research Collections Australia, Commonwealth Industrial and Scientific Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra, Australia
| | - K M Staunton
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia.,Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - T L Russell
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia.,Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - T R Burkot
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia.,Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
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3
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Abstract
Hypoglycemia is one of the most common neonatal problems. Despite increasing evidence that hypoglycemia is linked to neurologic impairment, knowledge regarding the specific value or duration of hypoglycemia that results in injury to the brain remains unclear. Current published statements/guidelines focused on preventing clinically significant hypoglycemia are conflicting and continue to be based on low evidence. This article reviews transitional events leading to extrauterine euglycemia, risk factors contributing to transient or persistent hypoglycemia, and common treatment approaches. Current information related to neurodevelopmental outcomes and screening strategies to prevent significant hypoglycemia with early treatment is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary L Puchalski
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Division of Neonatology, 25 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Women, Children, and Family Health Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 South Damen Avenue, M/C 802, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Terri L Russell
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Division of Neonatology, 25 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Women, Children, and Family Health Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 South Damen Avenue, M/C 802, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Kristine A Karlsen
- The S.T.A.B.L.E. Program, 3070 Rasmussen Road, Suite 120, Park City, UT 84098, USA; Primary Children's Hospital, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, 100 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84113, USA
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4
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Adams DM, Sholl JS, Haney EI, Russell TL, Silver RK. Perinatal outcome associated with outpatient management of triplet pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 178:843-7. [PMID: 9579454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our goal was to compare the lengths of hospitalization and the perinatal outcomes of triplet pregnancies managed with either outpatient or inpatient third-trimester bed rest. STUDY DESIGN Thirty-two triplet pregnancies in which outpatient bed rest was prescribed (April 1993 to April 1996) were compared with a historic cohort of 34 triplets (January 1985 to March 1993) in which routine hospitalization was undertaken in the third trimester. Length of hospitalization and maternal and neonatal outcome parameters were compared between groups. RESULTS Maternal inpatient hospital days were significantly reduced for the group managed as outpatients, but combined maternal and neonatal hospitalization was similar between groups. The mean gestational age at delivery was 1 week greater in the hospitalized cohort (33.5+/-2.8 vs 32.5+/-2.8, respectively; p=0.16), and average birth weight was correspondingly greater in hospitalized cases (1942 gm vs 1718 gm, p < 0.005). Neonatal lengths of stay were similar between groups, reflecting earlier postnatal discharge in the outpatient era of this study. Preeclampsia occurred with greater frequency in the outpatient group (31.3% vs 8.8%, p=0.02), and the neonatal complication of intraventricular hemorrhage occurred more commonly in this cohort as well (10/96 vs 1/102, p=0.004). All other maternal and neonatal complications were similar between groups. CONCLUSION Reduction in the length of hospitalization attributable to outpatient management was limited to the maternal length of stay. It is possible that the observed maternal and neonatal complications in the outpatient group may have been related to less rigorous bed rest. We would suggest that the differences noted in preeclampsia, birth weight, and intraventricular hemorrhage support prospective evaluation of bed rest in triplet pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Adams
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Evanston Hospital, Northwestern University Medical School, Illinois 60201, USA
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5
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Silver RK, Russell TL, Kambich MP, Leeth EA, MacGregor SN, Sholl JS. Midtrimester amniocentesis. Influence of operator caseload on sampling efficiency. J Reprod Med 1998; 43:191-5. [PMID: 9564643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of operator caseload on the sampling efficiency for early and standard, midtrimester amniocentesis. STUDY DESIGN Prospective ascertainment of genetic amniocenteses performed during 36 months, grouped into early (13-14 weeks' gestation) and standard procedures (15-20 weeks' gestation). Details of each amniocentesis were recorded immediately after sampling, and pregnancy outcomes were retrieved via questionnaires completed by the delivering physician. Sampling efficiency was evaluated separately in the early and standard cohorts in relation to operator caseload. RESULTS In total, 193 and 707 patients underwent early and standard amniocentesis, respectively. Forty of 46 physician-operators performed < 50 total procedures during the study interval (group A). When compared to operators performing > or = 50 cases (group B, n = 6), a higher rate of single-pass success was noted among group B physicians for both early and standard procedures (A vs. B, early: 40/45 vs. 145/148, P = .018; standard: 243/295 vs. 384/412, P < .0001). Logistic regression confirmed an independent effect of physician caseload on sampling efficiency and a significant interaction between physician caseload and simultaneous ultrasound guidance in predicting single-attempt success. CONCLUSION Operator caseload directly influenced sampling efficiency for both early and standard, midtrimester amniocentesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Silver
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Evanston Hospital, Illinois 60201, USA.
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6
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Abstract
We investigated the report of a community cluster of cancers in 33 children, which included two siblings known to have dominantly inherited Li-Fraumeni syndrome and a germline p53 mutation. After defining criteria for inclusion in the cluster, the 12 eligible childhood cancer probands diagnosed between 1980 and 1989 were not excessive (expected, ten cases). The corresponding childhood cancer mortality rates for the community fluctuated between 1950 and 1989 and were not increased overall. However, three additional probands had family histories of childhood cancer that suggested a forme fruste of Li-Fraumeni syndrome. The epidemiological data suggested a geographic cluster of this rare hereditary disorder, but absence of germline p53 mutation in the three other multicase families indicates genetic heterogeneity. Laboratory studies can assist analyses of suspected clusters, although investigations of geographic clusters of hereditary cancers raise complex issues of confidentiality and protection of affected individuals, their families, and the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- F P Li
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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7
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Silver RK, Helfand BT, Russell TL, Ragin A, Sholl JS, MacGregor SN. Multifetal reduction increases the risk of preterm delivery and fetal growth restriction in twins: a case-control study. Fertil Steril 1997; 67:30-3. [PMID: 8986679 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(97)81851-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare pregnancy outcome in twin gestations resulting from multifetal reduction to "primary" twin pregnancies derived from either spontaneous conception or infertility therapy. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING University-affiliated tertiary center. PATIENT(S) Multifetal pregnancies (quadruplets or more) reduced to twins (group A) compared with twin gestations conceived either spontaneously (group B) or through infertility therapy (group C). INTERVENTION(S) Multifetal reduction for group A; perinatal care for groups A, B, and C. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Comparison of perinatal complications between groups including antepartum bleeding, premature membrane rupture, and preterm labor. Neonatal outcomes compared including gestational age at delivery, birth weight, incidence of fetal growth restriction, and twin discordancy. RESULT(S) A higher incidence of idiopathic preterm labor was noted in group A cases (14/18) compared with either of the control groups (B: 26/54, or C: 24/54). As a consequence, group A had the lowest gestational age at delivery (32.6 +/- 3.9 weeks) compared with groups B (33.6 +/- 4.4 weeks) and C (36.0 +/- 3.4 weeks). Corresponding birth weights of both first- and second-born twins were significantly lower in group A compared with group C, whereas the birth weight comparison between groups A and B showed a nonsignificant difference. The proportion of pregnancies in which one or both twins weighted less than the 10th percentile was greatest in group A pregnancies (A: 5/18 versus C: 5/54). Discordant birth weight among twin pairs was proportionately greater for group A cases at both the 20% and 30% discordance levels. CONCLUSION(S) Twin gestations resulting from multifetal reduction are at increased risk for preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, and discordancy when compared with fertility therapy-derived, nonreduced twins.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Silver
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Evanston Hospital, Illinois, USA.
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8
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to determine whether a reduction in nitric oxide synthesis occurs in women with severe preeclampsia as a consequence of soluble serum factors. STUDY DESIGN Circulating nitrate and nitrite levels were compared between women who met standard clinical criteria for severe preeclampsia (n = 21) and maternal or gestational age-matched, normotensive, primagravid control subjects (n = 21). End-products of nitric oxide synthesis were measured from venous blood samples using nitrate reduction and chemiluminescence. To detect in vitro suppression of nitric oxide synthesis, human umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayers were grown to confluence and exposed to culture media containing 20% severe preeclamptic or control sera. Nitrate and nitrite production were compared in duplicate monolayers for each experimental condition, expressed as means +/- SEM in picomoles per 10(6) cells. Data were compared by Student's t or Mann-Whitney U tests, when appropriate, along with Spearman correlations for comparisons of laboratory and clinical data. RESULTS Circulating nitrate and nitrite levels were similar in normotensive and preeclamptic cohorts (976 +/- 88 vs 1009 +/- 41 pmol/ml, respectively; p = 0.22), and no correlations between blood pressure and nitric oxide metabolite levels were observed for the control or severely preeclamptic subsets. Similar patterns of in vitro endothelial nitrite production were observed after 1-, 12-, and 24-hour incubations with 20% control or preeclamptic sera. CONCLUSIONS Circulating nitrate and nitrite levels are not reduced in patients with severe preeclampsia compared with normotensive controls, and sera from these women do not suppress endothelial cell nitric oxide synthesis in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Silver
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Medical School, Evanston, IL, USA
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9
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Stravitz RT, Vlahcevic ZR, Russell TL, Heizer ML, Avadhani NG, Hylemon PB. Regulation of sterol 27-hydroxylase and an alternative pathway of bile acid biosynthesis in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1996; 57:337-47. [PMID: 8639470 DOI: 10.1016/0960-0760(95)00282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In man, hepatic mitochondrial sterol 27-hydroxylase and microsomal cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase initiate distinct pathways of bile acid biosynthesis from cholesterol, the "acidic" and "neutral" pathways, respectively. A similar acidic pathway in the rat has been hypothesized, but its quantitative importance and ability to be regulated at the level of sterol 27-hydroxylase are uncertain. In this study, we explored the molecular regulation of sterol 27-hydroxylase and the acidic pathway of bile acid biosynthesis in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes. mRNA and protein turnover rates were approximately 10-fold slower for sterol 27-hydroxylase than for cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase. Sterol 27-hydroxylase mRNA was not spontaneously expressed in culture. The sole requirement for preserving sterol 27-hydroxylase mRNA at the level of freshly isolated hepatocytes (0 h) after 72 h was the addition of dexamethasone (0.1 microM; > 7-fold induction). Sterol 27-hydroxylase mRNA, mass and specific activity were not affected by thyroxine (1.0 microM), dibutyryl-cAMP (5O microM), nor squalestatin 1 (15O nM-1.0 microM), an inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis. Taurocholate (50 microM), however, repressed sterol 27-hydroxylase mRNA levels by 55%. Sterol 27-hydroxylase specific activity in isolated mitochondria was increased > 10-fold by the addition of 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin. Under culture conditions designed to maximally repress cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase and bile acid synthesis from the neutral pathway but maintain sterol 27-hydroxylase mRNA and activity near 0 h levels, bile acid synthesis from [14C]cholesterol remained relatively high and consisted of beta-muricholate, the product of chenodeoxycholate in the rat. We conclude that rat liver harbors a quantitatively important alternative pathway of bile acid biosynthesis and that its initiating enzyme, sterol 27-hydroxylase, may be slowly regulated by glucocorticoids and bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Stravitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond 23298, USA
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10
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Kupferminc MJ, Mullen TA, Russell TL, Silver RK. Serum from patients with severe preeclampsia is not cytotoxic to endothelial cells. J Soc Gynecol Investig 1996; 3:89-92. [PMID: 8796814 DOI: 10.1016/1071-5576(95)00052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated the hypothesis that circulating factors in preeclampsia promote direct endothelial cell injury using an in vitro index of cytotoxicity. METHODS Subconfluent umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayers were established and radiolabeled with chromium (51Cr), then randomly exposed for 24 hours in triplicate to 20% sera from nonlaboring patients with severe preeclampsia (n = 5) or mild preeclampsia and normotensive controls (n = 5). Additional experiments were performed by exposing endothelial monolayers to sera for 3 and 48 hours, and under hypoxic conditions (1% oxygen). Cytotoxicity was defined by the percentage of 51Cr release, expressed as the ratio of radioactivity in the supernatant to the maximum cell-associated radioactivity. RESULTS Mean 51Cr release was similar in all experiments comparing preeclamptic and normal sera. Although consistently greater 51Cr release was noted in hypoxic as compared with normoxic incubations, no differences in cytotoxicity were identified among severe preeclampsia, mild preeclampsia, and normal sera in hypoxia. CONCLUSION Sera from patients with preeclampsia do not appear to be cytotoxic to vascular endothelium in this in vitro model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Kupferminc
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Medical School, Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA
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11
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Abstract
The bioavailability of dipyridamole, a poorly soluble weak base, was evaluated in 11 healthy, older subjects (> or = 65 years), 6 with a low fasting gastric pH (control) and 5 with a fasting gastric pH > 5 (achlorhydric), in a randomized, crossover design. Subjects received 50 mg dipyridamole as a single oral dose both with and without pretreatment with 40 mg famotidine (control subjects) or 1360 mg glutamic acid HCl (achlorhydric subjects). Gastric pH was monitored by Heidelberg radiotelemetric capsule. Gastric emptying of 99mTc-radiolabeled orange juice was measured. Gastric pH appeared to be a primary determinant in dipyridamole absorption in the elderly. Elevated gastric pH resulted in compromised dipyridamole absorption compared to low-gastric pH conditions in all cases. The administration of glutamic acid hydrochloride to achlorhydric subjects prior to the dose of dipyridamole corrected for the decreased Cmax and AUC(0-36) exhibited in achlorhydric subjects without pretreatment. Tmax and ka were slower in achlorhydrics, although pretreatment with glutamic acid HCl tended to normalize these parameters. Based on these results, it would be beneficial for achlorhydrics to take glutamic acid hydrochloride prior to taking dipyridamole and other medications which need a low gastric pH for complete absorption. The administration of 40 mg famotidine was successful in elevating the gastric pH to > 5 in all subjects and maintained it at > 5 for at least 3 hr in all subjects tested.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Russell
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-1065
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12
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Russell TL, Berardi RR, Barnett JL, Dermentzoglou LC, Jarvenpaa KM, Schmaltz SP, Dressman JB. Upper gastrointestinal pH in seventy-nine healthy, elderly, North American men and women. Pharm Res 1993; 10:187-96. [PMID: 8456064 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018970323716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Gastric and duodenal pH levels were measured in 79 healthy, elderly men and women (mean +/- SD = 71 +/- 5 years) under both fasted and fed conditions using the Heidelberg capsule technique. The pH was recorded for 1 hr in the fasted state, a standard liquid and solid meal of 1000 cal was given over 30 min, then the pH was measured for 4 hr postprandially. Results are given as medians and interquartile ranges: fasted gastric pH, 1.3 (1.1-1.6); gastric pH during the meal, 4.9 (3.9-5.5); fasted duodenal pH, 6.5 (6.2-6.7); and duodenal pH during the meal, 6.5 (6.4-6.7). Although fasted gastric pH, fasted duodenal pH, and duodenal pH during the meal differ statistically from those observed in young subjects, the differences are not expected to be clinically significant in terms of drug absorption for the majority of elderly subjects. Following a meal, gastric pH decreased from a peak pH of 6.2 (5.8-6.7) to pH 2.0 within 4 hr in most subjects. This rate of return was considerably slower than in young, healthy subjects. Nine subjects (11%) had a median fasted gastric pH > 5.0, and in five of these subjects the median pH remained > 5.0 postprandially. In this group, drugs and dosage forms which require an acidic environment for dissolution or release may be poorly assimilated.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Russell
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
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13
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Dressman JB, Berardi RR, Dermentzoglou LC, Russell TL, Schmaltz SP, Barnett JL, Jarvenpaa KM. Upper gastrointestinal (GI) pH in young, healthy men and women. Pharm Res 1990. [PMID: 2395805 DOI: 10.1023/a: 1015827908309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The pH in the upper gastrointestinal tract of young, healthy men and women was measured in the fasting state and after administration of a standard solid and liquid meal. Calibrated Heidelberg capsules were used to record the pH continuously over the study period of approximately 6 hr. In the fasted state, the median gastric pH was 1.7 and the median duodenal pH was 6.1. When the meal was administered the gastric pH climbed briefly to a median peak value of 6.7, then declined gradually back to the fasted state value over a period of less than 2 hr. In contrast to the pH behavior in the stomach, feeding a meal caused a reduction in the median duodenal pH to 5.4. In addition, there was considerable fluctuation in the postprandial duodenal pH on an intrasubject basis. The pH in the duodenum did not return to fasted state values within the 4-hr postprandial observation period. There was no tendency for the duodenal pH to be related to the gastric pH in either the fed or fasted phases of the study. Furthermore, pH in the upper GI tract of young, healthy subjects appears to be independent of gender. The differences in upper GI pH between the fasted and the fed state are discussed in terms of dosage form performance and absorption for orally administered drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Dressman
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-1065
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14
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Dressman JB, Berardi RR, Dermentzoglou LC, Russell TL, Schmaltz SP, Barnett JL, Jarvenpaa KM. Upper gastrointestinal (GI) pH in young, healthy men and women. Pharm Res 1990; 7:756-61. [PMID: 2395805 DOI: 10.1023/a:1015827908309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 508] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The pH in the upper gastrointestinal tract of young, healthy men and women was measured in the fasting state and after administration of a standard solid and liquid meal. Calibrated Heidelberg capsules were used to record the pH continuously over the study period of approximately 6 hr. In the fasted state, the median gastric pH was 1.7 and the median duodenal pH was 6.1. When the meal was administered the gastric pH climbed briefly to a median peak value of 6.7, then declined gradually back to the fasted state value over a period of less than 2 hr. In contrast to the pH behavior in the stomach, feeding a meal caused a reduction in the median duodenal pH to 5.4. In addition, there was considerable fluctuation in the postprandial duodenal pH on an intrasubject basis. The pH in the duodenum did not return to fasted state values within the 4-hr postprandial observation period. There was no tendency for the duodenal pH to be related to the gastric pH in either the fed or fasted phases of the study. Furthermore, pH in the upper GI tract of young, healthy subjects appears to be independent of gender. The differences in upper GI pH between the fasted and the fed state are discussed in terms of dosage form performance and absorption for orally administered drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Dressman
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-1065
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Mason PW, Russell TL, DeVries GH. Identification and isolation of an axonal plasma membrane enriched fraction from cerebellar granule cell neurites. J Neurosci Res 1990; 25:511-23. [PMID: 2161932 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490250408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A procedure is described to isolate a fraction enriched in cerebellar granule cell neuritic membranes. Morphological markers that are specific for either the granule cell perikarya or neuritic membranes have been identified. Concanavalin A (Con A) has been shown to bind predominantly to the granule cell neurites whereas, the enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and 2',3',cyclic nucleotide-3'-phosphohydrolase (CNPase) are localized predominantly in the neuronal cell bodies. The membrane fraction enriched in Con A binding has been used to generate a monoclonal antibody which morphologically recognized the cerebellar granule cell neuritic membrane. Following fractionation of the granule cells, each marker was used to identify the cellular origin of the fractions. The neuritic markers Con A and the neuritic membrane antibody MR2 bound predominantly to membranes found in the 29.1% and 31.5% region of the sucrose gradient. The perikaryal markers, CNPase and AChE activity were most enriched in membrane fractions found at a sucrose concentration of 23% and 21%, respectively. Morphological examination of the neuritic enriched fraction shows that it contains predominantly membranous material with few subcellular organelles. The protein profiles of the cerebellar granule cell fractions are unique when compared with the protein profiles of other neuronal and non-neuronal fractions. The membrane fraction isolated from the cerebellar granule cells should prove useful in furthering our understanding of the axonal influence on glial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Mason
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298
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French AP, Russell TL, Tupin JP. Subjective changes with the sentic cycles of Clynes. A preliminary psychometric study. Dis Nerv Syst 1972; 33:598-602. [PMID: 4405420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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