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Lohmann KL, Sieg M, Landmann M, Ganzenberg S, Arnold C, Vahlenkamp T, Ulrich RG. West-Nil-Virus-Infektion bei 12 Pferden in Mitteldeutschland. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2022; 50:362-376. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1965-0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Gegenstand und Ziel Die Vorstellungsgründe, klinische Symptomatik, Diagnostik, Therapie und Ergebnis der Therapie von 12 Pferden mit klinisch apparenter West-Nil-Virus (WNV)-Infektion werden beschrieben.
Material und Methoden Fallserie
Ergebnisse Die adulten Pferde (Alter 6–18 Jahre, 7 Stuten, 5 Wallache) aus Sachsen oder Sachsen-Anhalt wurden zwischen September 2018 und September 2020 mit unterschiedlichen Vorberichten vorgestellt. Alle Pferde wurden im August oder September vorgestellt und keines der Pferde war gegen das WNV geimpft. Fieber war das häufigste Allgemeinsymptom und trat bei 8/12 Pferden auf. An neurologischen Symptomen traten Muskelfaszikulationen (11/12 Pferde), Ataxie (8/12 Pferde) sowie Hyperästhesie und Kopfschiefhaltung (je 6/12 Pferde) am häufigsten auf. Bei allen Pferden wurde die Infektion mittels Nachweises von IgM sowie neutralisierenden Antikörpern gegen das WNV diagnostiziert, zwei euthanasierte Pferde waren zudem PCR-positiv. Die symptomatische Therapie beinhaltete vor allem nicht-steroidale Antiphlogistika oder Dexamethason sowie Infusionstherapie. Die Dauer des Klinikaufenthaltes betrug im Durchschnitt 7,5 Tage. Sieben Pferde erholten sich laut Besitzerangaben vollständig, für 2 Pferde war keine Information erhältlich.
Schlussfolgerungen und klinische Relevanz Die WNV-Enzephalomyelitis muss in Mitteldeutschland seit 2018 als Differentialdiagnose von im Sommer und Spätsommer auftretenden akuten neurologischen Erkrankungen ungeimpfter Pferdes in Betracht gezogen werden. Die beschriebenen Symptome sowie das Ergebnis der Therapie sind weitgehend deckungsgleich mit Berichten aus Nordamerika und anderen europäischen Ländern.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Sieg
- Institut für Virologie, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig
| | - Maria Landmann
- Institut für Veterinär-Pathologie, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig
| | | | - Corinna Arnold
- Klinik für Pferde, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig
| | - Thomas Vahlenkamp
- Institut für Virologie, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig
| | - Reiner Georg Ulrich
- Institut für Veterinär-Pathologie, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig
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Schmidt V, Cramer K, Böttcher D, Heenemann K, Rückner A, Harzer M, Ziegler U, Vahlenkamp T, Sieg M. Usutu virus infection in aviary birds during the cold season. Avian Pathol 2021; 50:427-435. [PMID: 34351827 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2021.1962003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The mosquito-borne flavivirus Usutu virus (USUV) is responsible for countless deaths in both resident populations and birds kept in outdoor aviaries. Since 2001, USUV outbreaks attract increased attention due to the rapid geographical spread of the virus and its close relation to West Nile virus (WNV), an emerging pathogen in humans and animals. Similar to WNV, the USUV enzootic transmission cycle predominantly involves Culex spp. as vectors, whereas birds serve as amplifying reservoir hosts. In Europe, USUV-associated disease outbreaks in birds are nearly exclusively described during late spring and early autumn (early April to late October). Contagiousness of virus particles excreted by infected animals has not yet been proven, so that the role of non-vector-borne transmission, as it is known for the closely related WNV, remains unclear. Here we report the diagnosis of USUV infection in 15 of 24 birds from mortality outbreaks in eight different aviaries located in Germany, that occured during the cold season between late October 2018 and early April 2019. Detection of USUV was performed using standardized molecular biological methods and immunohistochemistry for verification of the infection. USUV infection in a parrot species, a tropical finch and two estrildid finches are reported for the first time. Further research on the occurrence of USUV infection during the cold season is key to understanding the dynamics of viral transmission as well as for a profound health risk assessment for aviary birds as well as humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Schmidt
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 17, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerstin Cramer
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 17, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Denny Böttcher
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 33, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristin Heenemann
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antje Rückner
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maxi Harzer
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ute Ziegler
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas Vahlenkamp
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Sieg
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Harzer M, Heenemann K, Sieg M, Vahlenkamp T, Freick M, Rückner A. Prevalence of pigeon rotavirus infections: animal exhibitions as a risk factor for pigeon flocks. Arch Virol 2020; 166:65-72. [PMID: 33067650 PMCID: PMC7815556 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04834-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A total of 289 cloacal swabs from pigeons from 29 different breeders in Germany were collected. In addition, samples from pigeons exhibited at shows were collected. The detailed health status of the pigeon flocks was recorded. Samples were analysed for the presence of the recently discovered pigeon rotavirus and pigeon circovirus. Pigeon rotavirus was found in 10.3% and pigeon circoviruses was found in 65.5% of sampled pigeon lofts. The study revealed a strong relationship between the attendance of shows and the occurrence of different clinical signs. The higher prevalence of pigeon rotavirus in exhibited animals indicates that exhibitions are a risk factor for the transmission of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxi Harzer
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Virology, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Kristin Heenemann
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Virology, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Sieg
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Virology, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Vahlenkamp
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Virology, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Freick
- Faculty of Agriculture/Environment/Chemistry, HTW Dresden-University of Applied Sciences, Dresden, Germany
| | - Antje Rückner
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Virology, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Rieckmann K, Pendzialek SM, Vahlenkamp T, Baums CG. A critical review speculating on the protective efficacies of autogenous Streptococcus suis bacterins as used in Europe. Porcine Health Manag 2020; 6:12. [PMID: 32391166 PMCID: PMC7201539 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00150-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus (S.) suis is a major porcine pathogen causing high morbidity worldwide. This includes well-managed herds with high hygiene standards. In Europe, no licensed vaccine is available. As practitioners are obliged to reduce the use of antibiotics, autogenous S. suis vaccines have become very popular in Europe. Main body Autogenous vaccines (AV) are generally neither tested for safety, immunogenicity nor protective efficacy, which leads to substantial uncertainties regarding control of disease and return on investment. Here, S. suis publications are reviewed that include important data on epidemiology, pathologies and bacterin vaccination relevant for the use of AV in the field. Differences between herds such as the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection status and the impact of specific S. suis pathotypes are probably highly relevant for the outcome of immunoprophylaxis using autogenous S. suis bacterins. Thus, a profound diagnosis of the herd status is crucial for management of expectations and successful implementation of AV as a tool to control S. suis disease. Induction of opsonizing antibodies is an in vitro correlate of protective immunity elicited by S. suis bacterins. However, opsonophagocytosis assays are difficult to include in the portfolio of diagnostic services. Conclusion Autogenous S. suis bacterins are associated with limitations and risks of failure, which can partly be managed through improvement of diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Rieckmann
- 1Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sophia-Mareike Pendzialek
- 1Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Vahlenkamp
- 2Institute of Virology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph G Baums
- 1Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Spahr C, Knauf-Witzens T, Vahlenkamp T, Ulrich RG, Johne R. Hepatitis E virus and related viruses in wild, domestic and zoo animals: A review. Zoonoses Public Health 2017; 65:11-29. [PMID: 28944602 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E is a human disease mainly characterized by acute liver illness, which is caused by infection with the hepatitis E virus (HEV). Large hepatitis E outbreaks have been described in developing countries; however, the disease is also increasingly recognized in industrialized countries. Mortality rates up to 25% have been described for pregnant women during outbreaks in developing countries. In addition, chronic disease courses could be observed in immunocompromised transplant patients. Whereas the HEV genotypes 1 and 2 are mainly confined to humans, genotypes 3 and 4 are also found in animals and can be zoonotically transmitted to humans. Domestic pig and wild boar represent the most important reservoirs for these genotypes. A distinct subtype of genotype 3 has been repeatedly detected in rabbits and a few human patients. Recently, HEV genotype 7 has been identified in dromedary camels and in an immunocompromised transplant patient. The reservoir animals get infected with HEV without showing any clinical symptoms. Besides these well-known animal reservoirs, HEV-specific antibodies and/or the genome of HEV or HEV-related viruses have also been detected in many other animal species, including primates, other mammals and birds. In particular, genotypes 3 and 4 infections are documented in many domestic, wildlife and zoo animal species. In most cases, the presence of HEV in these animals can be explained by spillover infections, but a risk of virus transmission through contact with humans cannot be excluded. This review gives a general overview on the transmission pathways of HEV to humans. It particularly focuses on reported serological and molecular evidence of infections in wild, domestic and zoo animals with HEV or HEV-related viruses. The role of these animals for transmission of HEV to humans and other animals is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Spahr
- Wilhelma Zoological-Botanical Gardens, Stuttgart, Germany.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - T Vahlenkamp
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - R G Ulrich
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Insel Riems, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - R Johne
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
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Naguib MM, Arafa AS, Parvin R, Beer M, Vahlenkamp T, Harder TC. Insights into genetic diversity and biological propensities of potentially zoonotic avian influenza H9N2 viruses circulating in Egypt. Virology 2017; 511:165-174. [PMID: 28863277 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 viruses have established endemic status in Egyptian poultry populations since 2012. Recently, four cases of human H9N2 virus infections in Egypt demonstrated the zoonotic potential of these viruses. Egyptian H9N2 viruses obtained from 2011 to 2014 phylogenetically grouped into three clusters (1-3) within subclade B of the G1 lineage. Antigenically, a close clustering of the Egyptian H9N2 viruses with other recent G1-B like H9N2 strains and a significant antigenic distance from viruses outside the G1-B lineage was evident. Recent Egyptian LPAIV H9N2 showed a tendency to increased binding with erythrocytes expressing α 2,6-linked sialic acid which correlated with the Q226L amino acid substitution at the receptor binding unit of the hemagglutinin (Q234L, H9 numbering). Sequence analyses of the N2 neuraminidase (NA) revealed substitutions in the NA hemadsorption site similar to the N2 of prepandemic H3N2/1968, but no distinct antigenic or functional characteristics of the H9N2 NA associated with increased zoonotic potential could be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Naguib
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, Greifswald Insel-Riems 17493, Germany; National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Satar Arafa
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Rokshana Parvin
- Department of Pathology Faculty of Veterinary Science Bangladesh Agricultural University Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, Greifswald Insel-Riems 17493, Germany
| | - Thomas Vahlenkamp
- Department of Pathology Faculty of Veterinary Science Bangladesh Agricultural University Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Timm C Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, Greifswald Insel-Riems 17493, Germany.
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Vahlenkamp T, Baums C. Viral-bakterielle Interaktionen bei Erkrankungen im Respirationstrakt unterschiedlicher Haustiere. Pneumologie 2016. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1584379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Shehata AA, Parvin R, Sultan H, Halami MY, Talaat S, Abd Elrazek A, Ibrahim M, Heenemann K, Vahlenkamp T. Isolation and full genome characterization of avian influenza subtype H9N2 from poultry respiratory disease outbreak in Egypt. Virus Genes 2015; 50:389-400. [PMID: 25782728 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-015-1188-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Low pathogenic avian influenza virus of subtype H9N2 is panzootic in multiple avian species causing respiratory manifestations and severe economic losses. H9N2 co-circulate simultaneously with high pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 in Egyptian chicken farms suggesting the possibility of reassortment. The aim of the present study was to isolate and characterize H9N2 from the recent outbreaks in chicken farms. Also the diversity of amantadine-resistant mutants among these isolates was tested by in situ ELISA and sequence analysis. Three influenza H9N2 viruses, designated A/chicken/Egypt/SCU8/2014, A/chicken/Egypt/SCU9/2014 and A/chicken/Egypt/SCU20/2014 were isolated from commercial broiler and broiler breeder chickens in specific pathogen free embryonated chicken eggs. The eight gene segments were amplified by RT-PCR, cloned, and subjected to full length sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of these viruses revealed a close relationship between Egyptian, Middle Eastern and Israel isolates with an average of 96-99 % nucleotide homology and identified an ancestor relationship to low pathogenic H9N2 Quail/HK/G1/1997 prototype. The internal segments of the currently isolated viruses were derived from the same sub-lineage with no new evidence of reassortment. The three isolates were sensitive to amantadine as suggested by absence of mutations of M2 and confirmed by a phenotypic assay. In conclusion, avian influenza H9N2 virus is circulating in Egyptian chicken farms causing respiratory manifestations. Continuous monitoring of the molecular epidemiology and its impact on the virulence as well as emergence of new strains are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awad A Shehata
- Institute of Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany,
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Hofmann-Orsetti C, Franke J, Kacza J, Vahlenkamp T, Abraham G. Effect of the ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 on Proliferation and Differentiation of Equine Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Pneumologie 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1367909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Harder TC, Siebert U, Wohlsein P, Vahlenkamp T. Influenza A virus infections in marine mammals and terrestrial carnivores. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2013; 126:500-508. [PMID: 24511825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV), members of the Orthomyxoviridae, cover a wide host spectrum comprising a plethora of avian and, in comparison, a few mammalian species. The viral reservoir and gene pool are kept in metapopulations of aquatic wild birds. The mammalian-adapted IAVs originally arose by transspecies transmission from avian sources. In swine, horse and man, species-adapted IAV lineages circulate independently of the avian reservoir and cause predominantly respiratory disease of highly variable severity. Sporadic outbreaks of IAV infections associated with pneumonic clinical signs have repeatedly occurred in marine mammals (harbour seals [Phoca vitulina]) off the New England coast of the U.S.A. due to episodic transmission of avian IAV. However, no indigenous marine mammal IAV lineages are described. In contrast to marine mammals, avian- and equine-derived IAVs have formed stable circulating lineages in terrestrial carnivores: IAVs of subtype H3N2 and H3N8 are found in canine populations in South Korea, China, and the U.S.A. Experimental infections revealed that dogs and cats can be infected with an even wider range of avian IAVs. Cats, in particular, also proved susceptible to native infection with human pandemic H1N1 viruses and, according to serological data, may be vulnerable to infection with further human-adapted IAVs. Ferrets are susceptible to a variety of avian and mammalian IAVs and are an established animal model of human IAV infection. Thus, a potential role of pet cats, dogs and ferrets as mediators of avian-derived viruses to the human population does exist. A closer observation for influenza virus infections and transmissions at this animal-human interface is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm C Harder
- Institute for Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Büsum, Germany
| | - Peter Wohlsein
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Vahlenkamp
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Penski N, Härtle S, Rubbenstroth D, Krohmann C, Ruggli N, Schusser B, Pfann M, Reuter A, Gohrbandt S, Hundt J, Veits J, Breithaupt A, Kochs G, Stech J, Summerfield A, Vahlenkamp T, Kaspers B, Staeheli P. Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses do not inhibit interferon synthesis in infected chickens but can override the interferon-induced antiviral state. J Virol 2011; 85:7730-41. [PMID: 21613402 PMCID: PMC3147912 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00063-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
From infection studies with cultured chicken cells and experimental mammalian hosts, it is well known that influenza viruses use the nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) to suppress the synthesis of interferon (IFN). However, our current knowledge regarding the in vivo role of virus-encoded NS1 in chickens is much more limited. Here, we report that highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of subtypes H5N1 and H7N7 lacking fully functional NS1 genes were attenuated in 5-week-old chickens. Surprisingly, in diseased birds infected with NS1 mutants, the IFN levels were not higher than in diseased birds infected with wild-type virus, suggesting that NS1 cannot suppress IFN gene expression in at least one cell population of infected chickens that produces large amounts of the cytokine in vivo. To address the question of why influenza viruses are highly pathogenic in chickens although they strongly activate the innate immune system, we determined whether recombinant chicken alpha interferon (IFN-α) can inhibit the growth of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in cultured chicken cells and whether it can ameliorate virus-induced disease in 5-week-old birds. We found that IFN treatment failed to confer substantial protection against challenge with highly pathogenic viruses, although it was effective against viruses with low pathogenic potential. Taken together, our data demonstrate that preventing the synthesis of IFN is not the primary role of the viral NS1 protein during infection of chickens. Our results further suggest that virus-induced IFN does not contribute substantially to resistance of chickens against highly pathogenic influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Penski
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Härtle
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Carsten Krohmann
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolas Ruggli
- Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Schusser
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Pfann
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Antje Reuter
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Jana Hundt
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Jutta Veits
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Isle of Riems, Germany
| | | | - Georg Kochs
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Stech
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | | | - Bernd Kaspers
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Staeheli
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Starick E, Fereidouni SR, Lange E, Grund C, Vahlenkamp T, Beer M, Harder TC. Analysis of influenza A viruses of subtype H1 from wild birds, turkeys and pigs in Germany reveals interspecies transmission events. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2011; 5:276-84. [PMID: 21651738 PMCID: PMC4634544 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00201.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Please cite this paper as: Starick et al. (2011) Analysis of influenza A viruses of subtype H1 from wild birds, turkeys and pigs in Germany reveals interspecies transmission events. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 5(4), 276–284 Background Despite considerable host species barriers, interspecies transmissions of influenza A viruses between wild birds, poultry and pigs have been demonstrated repeatedly. In particular, viruses of the subtypes H1 and H3 were transmitted between pigs and poultry, predominantly turkeys, in regions with a high population density of both species. The recovery of a swine influenza H1N1 virus from a turkey flock in Germany in 2009 prompted us to investigate molecularly the subtype H1 viruses recently detected in wild birds, pigs and poultry. Objectives The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between H1N1 viruses originating from wild and domestic animals of Germany and to identify potential trans‐species transmission or reassortment events. Methods Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase gene or full‐length genome sequences were generated from selected, current H1N1 viruses from wild birds, pigs and turkeys. Phylogenetic analyses were combined with genotyping and analyses of the deduced amino acid sequences with respect to biologically active sites. Antigenic relationships were assessed by hemagglutination inhibition reactions. Results Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin sequences showed that viruses from distinct H1 subgroups co‐circulate among domestic animals and wild birds. In addition, these viruses comprised different genotypes and were distinguishable antigenically. An H1N1 virus isolated from a turkey farm in northern Germany in 2009 showed the highest similarity with the avian‐like porcine H1N1 influenza viruses circulating in Europe since the late 1970s. Conclusions The data demonstrate the genetic and antigenic heterogeneity of H1 viruses currently circulating in domestic and wild animals in Germany and points to turkeys as a possible bridge between avian and mammalian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Starick
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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Starick E, Lange E, Fereidouni S, Bunzenthal C, Höveler R, Kuczka A, Grosse Beilage E, Hamann HP, Klingelhöfer I, Steinhauer D, Vahlenkamp T, Beer M, Harder T. Reassorted pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza A virus discovered from pigs in Germany. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:1184-1188. [PMID: 21307227 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.028662-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A natural reassortant influenza A virus consisting of seven genome segments from pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus and a neuraminidase segment from a Eurasian porcine H1N1 influenza A virus was detected in a pig herd in Germany. The obvious reassortment compatibility between the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and H1N1 viruses of porcine origin raises concern as to whether swine may become a reservoir for further reassortants of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 viruses with unknown implications for human health and swine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Starick
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Elke Lange
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Bunzenthal
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Rhein-Ruhr-Wupper, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Robert Höveler
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Rhein-Ruhr-Wupper, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Annette Kuczka
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Rhein-Ruhr-Wupper, Krefeld, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Timm Harder
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Fereidouni SR, Beer M, Vahlenkamp T, Starick E. Differentiation of two distinct clusters among currently circulating influenza A(H1N1)v viruses, March-September 2009. Euro Surveill 2009; 14:19409. [PMID: 19941799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of all complete genome sequences of the pandemic influenza A(H1N1)v virus available as of 10 September 2009 revealed that two closely related but distinct clusters were circulating in most of the affected countries at the same time. The characteristic differences are located in genes encoding the two surface proteins - haemagglutinin and neuraminidase - and four internal proteins - the polymerase PB2 subunit, nucleoprotein, matrix protein M1 and the non-structural protein NS1. Phylogenetic inference was demonstrated by neighbour joining, maximum likelihood and Bayesian trees analyses of the involved genes and by tree construction of concatenated sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Fereidouni
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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Fereidouni SR, Beer M, Vahlenkamp T, Starick E. Differentiation of two distinct clusters among currently circulating influenza A(H1N1)v viruses, March-September 2009. Euro Surveill 2009. [DOI: 10.2807/ese.14.46.19409-en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of all complete genome sequences of the pandemic influenza A(H1N1)v virus available as of 10 September 2009 revealed that two closely related but distinct clusters were circulating in most of the affected countries at the same time. The characteristic differences are located in genes encoding the two surface proteins - haemagglutinin and neuraminidase - and four internal proteins – the polymerase PB2 subunit, nucleoprotein, matrix protein M1 and the non-structural protein NS1. Phylogenetic inference was demonstrated by neighbour joining, maximum likelihood and Bayesian trees analyses of the involved genes and by tree construction of concatenated sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Fereidouni
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - M Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - T Vahlenkamp
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - E Starick
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Behrendt R, Thi VLD, Vahlenkamp T, Kurth R, Denner J. The transmembrane envelope protein of HIV-1 and other retroviruses modulate cytokine production and induce Treg cells. Retrovirology 2006. [PMCID: PMC1717001 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-3-s1-s87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Schwiegk S, Vahlenkamp T, Xu Y, Wegner G. Origin of orientation phenomena observed in layered Langmuir-Blodgett structures of hairy-rod polymers. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma00035a034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Balzarini J, Vahlenkamp T, Egberink H, Hartmann K, Witvrouw M, Pannecouque C, Casara P, Navé JF, De Clercq E. Antiretroviral activities of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates [9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine, 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)guanine, (R)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine, and MDL 74,968] in cell cultures and murine sarcoma virus-infected newborn NMRI mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41:611-6. [PMID: 9056002 PMCID: PMC163760 DOI: 10.1128/aac.41.3.611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
From a side-by-side comparative study, the acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (R)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine [(R)-PMPA] and 9-(2-methylidene-3-phosphonomethoxypropyl)guanine (MDL 74,968) proved more selective in their inhibitory effect on human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2, feline immunodeficiency virus, and Moloney murine sarcoma virus (MSV) in cell cultures than the 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl) derivatives of adenine (PMEA) and guanine (PMEG). In particular, PMEG proved quite toxic. PMEA, (R)-PMPA, and MDL 74,968 afforded a marked delay in MSV-induced tumor initiation in MSV-infected newborn NMRI mice and substantially delayed associated animal death at doses as low as 4 to 10 mg/kg of body weight. Treatment of the NMRI mice with PMEA, (R)-PMPA, and MDL 74,968 at 25 or 50 mg/kg resulted in a high percentage of long-term survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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Balzarini J, Egberink H, Hartmann K, Cahard D, Vahlenkamp T, Thormar H, De Clercq E, McGuigan C. Antiretrovirus specificity and intracellular metabolism of 2',3' -didehydro-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (stavudine) and its 5'-monophosphate triester prodrug So324. Mol Pharmacol 1996; 50:1207-13. [PMID: 8913352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
2',3'-Didehydro-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (d4T) and its lipophilic 5'-monophosphate triester prodrug, So324, were evaluated for their antiretroviral and metabolic properties in four different animal species cell lines. The antiretrovirus activity of So324 was approximately 4-10-fold greater than that of d4T against human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 and simian immunodeficiency virus in human T lymphocyte CEM and MT-4 cells and against feline immunodeficiency virus in feline Crandell kidney cells, 50-fold greater against visna virus in sheep choroid plexus cells, but 5-fold inferior against murine (Moloney) sarcoma virus in murine embryo fibroblast (C3H) cells. Although the administration of both d4T and So324 resulted in the formation of the 5'-monophosphate (d4T-MP), 5'-diphosphate, and 5'-triphosphate in the different cell lines, a new d4T metabolite markedly accumulated in So324-treated cells and exceeded d4T-TP levels by 13-242-fold depending on the cell line used. This metabolite could be identified as alaninyl d4T-MP. Alanyl d4T-MP may be considered to be an intracellular depot form of d4T and/or d4T-MP, which may account for the superior antiretroviral activity of the lipophilic d4T-MP triester So324 compared with d4T.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.
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