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Lin Y, Yan B, Mitas B, Li C, Fabritius T, Shu Q. Calcium carbonate synthesis from Kambara reactor desulphurization slag via indirect carbonation for CO 2 capture and utilization. J Environ Manage 2024; 351:119773. [PMID: 38113789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
In this work, industrial Kambara reactor desulphurization slag (KR slag) was indirectly carbonated. The effects of leaching time, leaching temperature, leaching agent types, and leaching agent concentration on the leaching ratio of calcium from KR slag were investigated. Subsequently, precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) was synthesized by bubbling CO2 gas (flow rate of 15 mL/min) into 400 mL leaching solutions at 40 °C for 120 min with magnetic stirring at 300 rpm. It is found that calcium in KR slag can be selectively extracted using a diluted solution of ammonium acetate (CH3COONH4) or ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), while ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) solution is not suitable as leaching agent due to the formation of slightly soluble calcium sulfate (CaSO4). The leaching ratio of calcium is improved by extending the leaching time or increasing the leaching solvent concentration. However, leaching temperature has little effect on calcium extraction. After carbonating the NH4Cl- and CH3COONH4-leachate for 120 min, calcite and vaterite type PCC with a purity of 99% is synthesized. Each gram of KR slag can produce 0.794 g and 0.803 g PCC using NH4Cl and CH3COONH4 leaching agents respectively. Calculations show that 349.6 kg CO2 is captured by per ton of KR slag. The CO2 capture capacity of KR slag is significantly higher compared with previously studied materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Lin
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production of Rare Earths, Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou, 341119, China; Key Laboratory of Rare Earths, Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou, 341119, China; School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Baijun Yan
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Bernhard Mitas
- Ferrous Metallurgy, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Leoben, 8700, Austria.
| | - Chenglei Li
- Key Laboratory of Rare Earths, Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou, 341119, China.
| | - Timo Fabritius
- Process Metallurgy Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, FI-90014, Finland.
| | - Qifeng Shu
- Process Metallurgy Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, FI-90014, Finland.
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2
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Wang S, Rani E, Gyakwaa F, Singh H, King G, Shu Q, Cao W, Huttula M, Fabritius T. Unveiling Non-isothermal Crystallization of CaO-Al 2O 3-B 2O 3-Na 2O-Li 2O-SiO 2 Glass via In Situ X-ray Scattering and Raman Spectroscopy. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:7017-7025. [PMID: 35467857 PMCID: PMC9092335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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The crystallization
in glasses is a paradoxical phenomenon and
scarcely investigated. This work explores the non-isothermal crystallization
of a multicomponent alumino-borosilicate glass via in situ high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction, atomic pair distribution
function, and Raman spectroscopy. Results depict the crystallization
sequence as Ca3Al2O6 and CaSiO4 followed by LiAlO2 with the final compound formation
of Ca3B2O6. These precipitations
occur in a narrow temperature range and overlap, resulting in a single
exothermic peak in the differential scanning calorimetry thermogram.
The concurrent nucleation of Ca3Al2O6 and CaSiO4 is intermediated by their corresponding hydrates,
which have dominantly short-range order. Moreover, the crystallization
of LiAlO2 and Ca3B2O6 is
strongly linked with the changes of structural units during the incubation
stage in non-isothermal heating. These findings clarify the crystallization
of multicomponent glass, which have been inferred from ex
situ reports but never evidenced via in situ studies. This work explores the non-isothermal
crystallization behaviors
of multicomponent alumino-borosilicate glasses via in situ high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction, atomic pair distribution
function, and Raman spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubo Wang
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Ekta Rani
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Francis Gyakwaa
- Process Metallurgy Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Harishchandra Singh
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Graham King
- Canadian Light Source, 44 Innovation Blvd., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Qifeng Shu
- Process Metallurgy Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Wei Cao
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Marko Huttula
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Timo Fabritius
- Process Metallurgy Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
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Kistanov AA, Rani E, Singh H, Fabritius T, Huttula M, Cao W. Discerning phase-matrices for individual nitride inclusions within ultra-high-strength steel: experiment driven DFT investigation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:1456-1461. [PMID: 34985487 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05068k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-metallic inclusions play a decisive role in the steel's performance. Therefore, their determination and control over their formation are crucial to engineer ultra-high-strength steel. Currently, bare experimental approaches are limited in the identification of non-metallic inclusions within microstructural phases of complex steel matrices. Herein, we performed a density functional theory study on the characteristics of different nitride inclusions as observed in spectro-microscopy studies. As per the simulations, TiN inclusions preferentially formed in the austenite matrix, while the ferrite matrix generally hosts BN inclusions. Furthermore, although the presence of both BN and TiN inclusions in the Fe3C matrix is possible, their formation is impeded because of the strong inclusion-carbon interactions. The observed regularity in the formation of nitride inclusions in different phases of steel was also confirmed by the comparison of simulated and experimental K-edge XAS spectrum of nitride inclusions. Our work shed the light on the formation of nitride inclusions in different steel matrices and facilitates their further experimental identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Kistanov
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland. .,Centre for Advanced Steels Research, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Ekta Rani
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Harishchandra Singh
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland. .,Centre for Advanced Steels Research, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Timo Fabritius
- Centre for Advanced Steels Research, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland.,Process Metallurgy Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Marko Huttula
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland. .,Centre for Advanced Steels Research, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Wei Cao
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland. .,Centre for Advanced Steels Research, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
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Lin Y, Yan B, Shu Q, Fabritius T. Synergetic valorization of basic oxygen furnace slag and stone coal: Metal recovery and preparation of glass-ceramics. Waste Manag 2021; 135:158-166. [PMID: 34509054 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A synergetic valorization method was proposed to convert the basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag and stone coal into ferroalloy and glass-ceramic in this work. Effects of reduction time, temperature, and the mass ratio of BOF slag to stone coal on the reduction were studied. The reduction mechanism was investigated by in-situ observation and dissolution experiments. The effect of sintering temperature on the properties of glass-ceramics prepared from the final slag was further studied. The in-situ observation results indicate that the reduction reactions occurred mainly in the temperature range of 1673-1793 K. The reduction ratio of oxides and size of metal droplets can be improved by increasing reduction time, temperature, and decreasing stone coal addition. The recovered ferroalloys consisted of Fe, Mn, P, and V, which has the potential of returning to the steelmaking process or extracting vanadium. The modified final slag was suitable material for preparing glass-ceramic. Wollastonite-based glass-ceramic with a maximum bending strength of 95.83 MPa was prepared, which could be applied as abrasion-resistant and building decoration materials. Therefore, the present technological route can convert two kinds of industrial solid waste into two kinds of cleaner products and achieve the target of "zero waste".
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Lin
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; Process Metallurgy Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Baijun Yan
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qifeng Shu
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; Process Metallurgy Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland.
| | - Timo Fabritius
- Process Metallurgy Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland
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Omran M, Fabritius T, Heikkinen EP, Vuolio T, Yu Y, Chen G, Kacar Y. Microwave catalyzed carbothermic reduction of zinc oxide and zinc ferrite: effect of microwave energy on the reaction activation energy. RSC Adv 2020; 10:23959-23968. [PMID: 35517350 PMCID: PMC9055094 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04574h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, more attention has been paid to the use of microwave (MW) energy in accelerating chemical reactions. The effect of microwave energy on the reduction of zinc oxide and zinc ferrite was investigated. The results indicated that the temperatures required to initiate zinc oxide and zinc ferrite reduction under MW heating were 550 and 450 °C, respectively, while under conventional thermal (CT) heating, were 950 and 850 °C, respectively. Apparently, the MW reaction had a negative standard Gibbs free energy (ΔG) at a lower temperature (∼400 °C) when compared to the CT reaction. Additionally, the activation energy (E a) substantially decreased from 223.7 and 221.1 kJ mol-1 under CT heating to 64.8 and 32.9 kJ mol-1 under MW heating for Zn oxide and zinc ferrite, respectively. The enhancement in zinc reduction under MW energy was due to the rapid and bulk heating phenomena of MWs as well as the interactions occurring between the electromagnetic MW pattern and the molecules of heated materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamdouh Omran
- Process Metallurgy Research Group, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu Oulu Finland .,State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University Shanghai China
| | - Timo Fabritius
- Process Metallurgy Research Group, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Eetu-Pekka Heikkinen
- Process Metallurgy Research Group, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Tero Vuolio
- Process Metallurgy Research Group, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Yaowei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University Shanghai China
| | - Guo Chen
- Kunming Key Laboratory of Energy Materials Chemistry, Yunnan Minzu University Kunming China
| | - Yilmaz Kacar
- Material Science and Engineering Dep., Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh USA
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6
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Isteri V, Ohenoja K, Hanein T, Kinoshita H, Tanskanen P, Illikainen M, Fabritius T. Production and properties of ferrite-rich CSAB cement from metallurgical industry residues. Sci Total Environ 2020; 712:136208. [PMID: 31931225 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Blast furnace slag from the steel industry is commercially utilized as a cement replacement material without major processing requirements; however, there are many unutilized steel production slags which differ considerably from the blast furnace slag in chemical and physical properties. In this study, calcium sulfoaluminate belite (CSAB) cement clinkers were produced using generally unutilized metallurgical industry residues: AOD (Argon Oxygen Decarburisation) slag from stainless steel production, Fe slag from zinc production, and fayalitic slag from nickel production. CSAB clinker with a target composition of ye'elimite-belite-ferrite was produced by firing raw materials at 1300 °C. The phase composition of the produced clinkers was identified using quantitative XRD analyses, and the chemical composition of the clinker phases produced was established using FESEM-EDS and mechanical properties were tested through compressive strength test. It is demonstrated that these metallurgical residues can be used successfully as alternative raw materials for the production of CSAB cement that can be used for special applications. In addition, it is shown that the available quantities of these side-streams are enough for significant replacement of virgin raw materials used in cement production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visa Isteri
- Process Metallurgy, Faculty of Technology, PO Box 4300, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Katja Ohenoja
- Fibre and Particle Engineering, Faculty of Technology, PO Box 4300, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Theodore Hanein
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Hajime Kinoshita
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Pekka Tanskanen
- Process Metallurgy, Faculty of Technology, PO Box 4300, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Mirja Illikainen
- Fibre and Particle Engineering, Faculty of Technology, PO Box 4300, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Timo Fabritius
- Process Metallurgy, Faculty of Technology, PO Box 4300, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland.
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7
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8
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Omran M, Fabritius T, Chen G, He A. Microwave absorption properties of steelmaking dusts: effects of temperature on the dielectric constant (ε′) and loss factor (ε′′) at 1064 MHz and 2423 MHz. RSC Adv 2019; 9:6859-6870. [PMID: 35518455 PMCID: PMC9061110 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00009g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of temperature on the dielectric properties was found to be minor at temperatures below 600 °C. Above this temperature, sharp rises in the values of both the dielectric constant and the loss factor were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamdouh Omran
- Process Metallurgy Research Group
- Faculty of Technology
- University of Oulu
- Oulu
- Finland
| | - Timo Fabritius
- Process Metallurgy Research Group
- Faculty of Technology
- University of Oulu
- Oulu
- Finland
| | - Guo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Clean Conversion in Ethnic Regions of Education Department of Yunnan
- Yunnan Minzu University
- Kunming 650500
- P. R. China
| | - Aoxi He
- Key Laboratory of Resource Clean Conversion in Ethnic Regions of Education Department of Yunnan
- Yunnan Minzu University
- Kunming 650500
- P. R. China
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9
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Omran M, Fabritius T, Heikkinen EP, Chen G. Dielectric properties and carbothermic reduction of zinc oxide and zinc ferrite by microwave heating. R Soc Open Sci 2017; 4:170710. [PMID: 28989772 PMCID: PMC5627112 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to study the dielectric properties and carbothermic reduction of zinc oxide (zincite, ZnO) and zinc ferrite (franklinite, ZnFe2O4) by microwave heating. To achieve this aim, the dielectric properties were measured with an open-ended coaxial method to understand the behaviour of the samples under microwave irradiation. The effects of microwave power, duration time and sample mass on the heating rate, and the effects of the stoichiometric amount of graphite on the reduction of ZnO and decomposition of ZnFe2O4 were investigated. The results show that ZnFe2O4 has significantly higher dielectric properties compared to ZnO. Generally, for both samples, the dielectric values at room temperature were quite low, indicating that both ZnO and ZnFe2O4 are poor microwave absorbers. It was found that the temperatures have a more significant effect on the imaginary permittivities than on the real permittivities. The heating rate showed that the sample temperature increased with increase in microwave power and sample mass. Using 700 W of microwave power and two times the stoichiometric amount of graphite, almost complete reduction of ZnO was achieved in 12 min, while ZnFe2O4 completely decomposed to zincite and wustite in 3 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamdouh Omran
- Process Metallurgy Research Group, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Mineral Processing and Agglomeration Laboratory, Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Timo Fabritius
- Process Metallurgy Research Group, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Eetu-Pekka Heikkinen
- Process Metallurgy Research Group, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Guo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
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Omran M, Fabritius T. Effect of steelmaking dust characteristics on suitable recycling process determining: Ferrochrome converter (CRC) and electric arc furnace (EAF) dusts. POWDER TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2016.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Omran M, Fabritius T, Elmahdy AM, Abdel-Khalek NA, Gornostayev S. Improvement of phosphorus removal from iron ore using combined microwave pretreatment and ultrasonic treatment. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ahnood A, Zhou H, Suzuki Y, Sliz R, Fabritius T, Nathan A, Amaratunga GAJ. Orthogonal Thin Film Photovoltaics on Vertical Nanostructures. Nanoscale Res Lett 2015; 10:486. [PMID: 26676997 PMCID: PMC4681713 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-015-1187-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Decoupling paths of carrier collection and illumination within photovoltaic devices is one promising approach for improving their efficiency by simultaneously increasing light absorption and carrier collection efficiency. Orthogonal photovoltaic devices are core-shell type structures consisting of thin film photovoltaic stack on vertical nanopillar scaffolds. These types of devices allow charge collection to take place in the radial direction, perpendicular to the path of light in the vertical direction. This approach addresses the inherently high recombination rate of disordered thin films, by allowing semiconductor films with minimal thicknesses to be used in photovoltaic devices, without performance degradation associated with incomplete light absorption. This work considers effects which influence the performance of orthogonal photovoltaic devices. Illumination non-uniformity as light travels across the depth of the pillars, electric field enhancement due to the nanoscale size and shape of the pillars, and series resistance due to the additional surface structure created through the use of pillars are considered. All of these effects influence the operation of orthogonal solar cells and should be considered in the design of vertically nanostructured orthogonal photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Ahnood
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - H Zhou
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Y Suzuki
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK
| | - R Sliz
- Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Laboratory, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - T Fabritius
- Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Laboratory, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Arokia Nathan
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - G A J Amaratunga
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Omran M, Fabritius T, Mattila R. Thermally assisted liberation of high phosphorus oolitic iron ore: A comparison between microwave and conventional furnaces. POWDER TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2014.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Aula M, Mäkinen A, Fabritius T. Analysis of arc emission spectra of stainless steel electric arc furnace slag affected by fluctuating arc voltage. Appl Spectrosc 2014; 68:26-32. [PMID: 24405950 DOI: 10.1366/13-07079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Control of chromium oxidation in the electric arc furnace (EAF) is a significant problem in stainless steel production due to variations of the chemical compositions in the EAF charge. One potential method to control chromium oxidation is to analyze the emission spectrum of the electric arc in order to find indicators of rising chromium content in slag. The purpose of this study was to determine if slag composition can be gained by utilizing electric arc emission spectra in the laboratory environment, despite electric arc voltage fluctuations and varying slag composition. The purpose of inducing voltage fluctuation was to simulate changes in the industrial EAF process. The slag samples were obtained from Outokumpu Stainless Oy Tornio Works, and three different arc currents were used. The correlation analysis showed that the emission spectra offer numerous peak ratios with high correlations to the X-ray fluorescence-measured slag CrO(x)/FeO(x) and MnO/SiO2 ratios. These ratios are useful in determining if the reduction agents have been depleted in the EAF. The results suggest that analysis of laboratory-scale electric arc emission spectra is suitable for indicating the high CrO(x) or MnO content of the slag despite the arc fluctuations. Reliable analysis of other slag components was not successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Aula
- Laboratory of Process Metallurgy, Box 4300, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland
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Omran M, Fabritius T, Abdel-Khalek N, El-Aref M, Elmanawi AEH, Nasr M, Elmahdy A. Microwave Assisted Liberation of High Phosphorus Oolitic Iron Ore. JMMCE 2014; 02:414-427. [DOI: 10.4236/jmmce.2014.25046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Czajkowski J, Lauri J, Sliz R, Fält P, Fabritius T, Myllylä R, Cense B. Sub-micron resolution high-speed spectral domain optical coherence tomography in quality inspection for printed electronics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1117/12.922443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Kukkola J, Jansson E, Popov A, Lappalainen J, Mäklin J, Halonen N, Tóth G, Shchukarev A, Mikkola JP, Jantunen H, Kordás K, Hast J, Hassinen T, Sunnari A, Jokinen K, Haverinen H, Sliz R, Jabbour G, Fabritius T, Myllylä R, Vasiliev A, Zaretskiy N. Novel Printed Nanostructured Gas Sensors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2011.12.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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