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Chen XY, Biswas S, Eppelt S, Schindewolf A, Deng F, Shi T, Yi S, Hilker TA, Bloch I, Luo XY. Ultracold field-linked tetratomic molecules. Nature 2024; 626:283-287. [PMID: 38297128 PMCID: PMC10849947 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06986-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Ultracold polyatomic molecules offer opportunities1 in cold chemistry2,3, precision measurements4 and quantum information processing5,6, because of their rich internal structure. However, their increased complexity compared with diatomic molecules presents a challenge in using conventional cooling techniques. Here we demonstrate an approach to create weakly bound ultracold polyatomic molecules by electroassociation7 (F.D. et al., manuscript in preparation) in a degenerate Fermi gas of microwave-dressed polar molecules through a field-linked resonance8-11. Starting from ground-state NaK molecules, we create around 1.1 × 103 weakly bound tetratomic (NaK)2 molecules, with a phase space density of 0.040(3) at a temperature of 134(3) nK, more than 3,000 times colder than previously realized tetratomic molecules12. We observe a maximum tetramer lifetime of 8(2) ms in free space without a notable change in the presence of an optical dipole trap, indicating that these tetramers are collisionally stable. Moreover, we directly image the dissociated tetramers through microwave-field modulation to probe the anisotropy of their wavefunction in momentum space. Our result demonstrates a universal tool for assembling weakly bound ultracold polyatomic molecules from smaller polar molecules, which is a crucial step towards Bose-Einstein condensation of polyatomic molecules and towards a new crossover from a dipolar Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer superfluid13-15 to a Bose-Einstein condensation of tetramers. Moreover, the long-lived field-linked state provides an ideal starting point for deterministic optical transfer to deeply bound tetramer states16-18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Yan Chen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Munich, Germany
| | - Shrestha Biswas
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Eppelt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Schindewolf
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Munich, Germany
| | - Fulin Deng
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- AS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Su Yi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- AS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation & School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Peng Huanwu Collaborative Center for Research and Education, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Timon A Hilker
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Munich, Germany
| | - Immanuel Bloch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Munich, Germany
- Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Xin-Yu Luo
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany.
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Munich, Germany.
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Dogra LH, Martirosyan G, Hilker TA, Glidden JAP, Etrych J, Cao A, Eigen C, Smith RP, Hadzibabic Z. Universal equation of state for wave turbulence in a quantum gas. Nature 2023; 620:521-524. [PMID: 37495696 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06240-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Boyle's 1662 observation that the volume of a gas is, at constant temperature, inversely proportional to pressure, offered a prototypical example of how an equation of state (EoS) can succinctly capture key properties of a many-particle system. Such relationships are now cornerstones of equilibrium thermodynamics1. Extending thermodynamic concepts to far-from-equilibrium systems is of great interest in various contexts, including glasses2,3, active matter4-7 and turbulence8-11, but is in general an open problem. Here, using a homogeneous ultracold atomic Bose gas12, we experimentally construct an EoS for a turbulent cascade of matter waves13,14. Under continuous forcing at a large length scale and dissipation at a small one, the gas exhibits a non-thermal, but stationary, state, which is characterized by a power-law momentum distribution15 sustained by a scale-invariant momentum-space energy flux16. We establish the amplitude of the momentum distribution and the underlying energy flux as equilibrium-like state variables, related by an EoS that does not depend on the details of the energy injection or dissipation, or on the history of the system. Moreover, we show that the equations of state for a wide range of interaction strengths and gas densities can be empirically scaled onto each other. This results in a universal dimensionless EoS that sets benchmarks for the theory and should also be relevant for other turbulent systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena H Dogra
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - Timon A Hilker
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany
| | | | - Jiří Etrych
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alec Cao
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christoph Eigen
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Hilker TA, Dogra LH, Eigen C, Glidden JAP, Smith RP, Hadzibabic Z. First and Second Sound in a Compressible 3D Bose Fluid. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 128:223601. [PMID: 35714252 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.223601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The two-fluid model is fundamental for the description of superfluidity. In the nearly incompressible liquid regime, it successfully describes first and second sound, corresponding, respectively, to density and entropy waves, in both liquid helium and unitary Fermi gases. Here, we study the two sounds in the opposite regime of a highly compressible fluid, using an ultracold ^{39}K Bose gas in a three-dimensional box trap. We excite the longest-wavelength mode of our homogeneous gas, and observe two distinct resonant oscillations below the critical temperature, of which only one persists above it. In a microscopic mode-structure analysis, we find agreement with the hydrodynamic theory, where first and second sound involve density oscillations dominated by, respectively, thermal and condensed atoms. Varying the interaction strength, we explore the crossover from hydrodynamic to collisionless behavior in a normal gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timon A Hilker
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Lena H Dogra
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Eigen
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Jake A P Glidden
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Robert P Smith
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Zoran Hadzibabic
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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Zhang J, Eigen C, Zheng W, Glidden JAP, Hilker TA, Garratt SJ, Lopes R, Cooper NR, Hadzibabic Z, Navon N. Many-Body Decay of the Gapped Lowest Excitation of a Bose-Einstein Condensate. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 126:060402. [PMID: 33635703 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.060402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We study the decay mechanism of the gapped lowest-lying axial excitation of a quasipure atomic Bose-Einstein condensate confined in a cylindrical box trap. Owing to the absence of accessible lower-energy modes, or direct coupling to an external bath, this excitation is protected against one-body (linear) decay, and the damping mechanism is exclusively nonlinear. We develop a universal theoretical model that explains this fundamentally nonlinear damping as a process whereby two quanta of the gapped lowest excitation mode couple to a higher-energy mode, which subsequently decays into a continuum. We find quantitative agreement between our experiments and the predictions of this model. Finally, by strongly driving the system below its (lowest) resonant frequency, we observe third-harmonic generation, a hallmark of nonlinear behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Zhang
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Eigen
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Zheng
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jake A P Glidden
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Timon A Hilker
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel J Garratt
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Raphael Lopes
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Collège de France, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nigel R Cooper
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Zoran Hadzibabic
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Nir Navon
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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Koepsell J, Vijayan J, Sompet P, Grusdt F, Hilker TA, Demler E, Salomon G, Bloch I, Gross C. Imaging magnetic polarons in the doped Fermi–Hubbard model. Nature 2019; 572:358-362. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1463-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dogra LH, Glidden JAP, Hilker TA, Eigen C, Cornell EA, Smith RP, Hadzibabic Z. Can Three-Body Recombination Purify a Quantum Gas? Phys Rev Lett 2019; 123:020405. [PMID: 31386523 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.020405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Three-body recombination in quantum gases is traditionally associated with heating, but it was recently found that it can also cool the gas. We show that in a partially condensed three-dimensional homogeneous Bose gas three-body loss could even purify the sample, that is, reduce the entropy per particle and increase the condensed fraction η. We predict that the evolution of η under continuous three-body loss can, depending on small changes in the initial conditions, exhibit two qualitatively different behaviors-if it is initially above a certain critical value, η increases further, whereas clouds with lower initial η evolve towards a thermal gas. These dynamical effects should be observable under realistic experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena H Dogra
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Jake A P Glidden
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Timon A Hilker
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Eigen
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Eric A Cornell
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, and Department of Physics, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
| | - Robert P Smith
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Zoran Hadzibabic
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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Salomon G, Koepsell J, Vijayan J, Hilker TA, Nespolo J, Pollet L, Bloch I, Gross C. Direct observation of incommensurate magnetism in Hubbard chains. Nature 2018; 565:56-60. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0778-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hilker TA, Salomon G, Grusdt F, Omran A, Boll M, Demler E, Bloch I, Gross C. Revealing hidden antiferromagnetic correlations in doped Hubbard chains via string correlators. Science 2017; 357:484-487. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aam8990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Omran A, Boll M, Hilker TA, Kleinlein K, Salomon G, Bloch I, Gross C. Microscopic Observation of Pauli Blocking in Degenerate Fermionic Lattice Gases. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 115:263001. [PMID: 26764988 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.263001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Pauli exclusion principle is one of the most fundamental manifestations of quantum statistics. Here, we report on its local observation in a spin-polarized degenerate gas of fermions in an optical lattice. We probe the gas with single-site resolution using a new generation quantum gas microscope avoiding the common problem of light induced losses. In the band insulating regime, we measure a strong local suppression of particle number fluctuations and a low local entropy per atom. Our work opens a new avenue for studying quantum correlations in fermionic quantum matter both in and out of equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Omran
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Boll
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Timon A Hilker
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | | | - Immanuel Bloch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Fakultät für Physik, 80799 München, Germany
| | - Christian Gross
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Dreher L, Hilker TA, Brandlmaier A, Goennenwein STB, Huebl H, Stutzmann M, Brandt MS. Electroelastic hyperfine tuning of phosphorus donors in silicon. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 106:037601. [PMID: 21405299 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.037601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an electroelastic control of the hyperfine interaction between nuclear and electronic spins opening an alternative way to address and couple spin-based qubits. The hyperfine interaction is measured by electrically detected magnetic resonance in phosphorus-doped silicon epitaxial layers employing a hybrid structure consisting of a silicon-germanium virtual substrate and a piezoelectric actuator. By applying a voltage to the actuator, the hyperfine interaction is changed by up to 0.9 MHz, which would be enough to shift the phosphorus donor electron spin out of resonance by more than one linewidth in isotopically purified 28Si.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dreher
- Walter Schottky Institut, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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