1
|
Ginat-Frolich R, Gilboa-Schechtman E, Huppert JD, Aderka IM, Alden LE, Bar-Haim Y, Becker ES, Bernstein A, Geva R, Heimberg RG, Hofmann SG, Kashdan TB, Koster EHW, Lipsitz J, Maner JK, Moscovitch DA, Philippot P, Rapee RM, Roelofs K, Rodebaugh TL, Schneier FR, Schultheiss OC, Shahar B, Stangier U, Stein MB, Stopa L, Taylor CT, Weeks JW, Wieser MJ. Vulnerabilities in social anxiety: Integrating intra- and interpersonal perspectives. Clin Psychol Rev 2024; 109:102415. [PMID: 38493675 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
What are the major vulnerabilities in people with social anxiety? What are the most promising directions for translational research pertaining to this condition? The present paper provides an integrative summary of basic and applied translational research on social anxiety, emphasizing vulnerability factors. It is divided into two subsections: intrapersonal and interpersonal. The intrapersonal section synthesizes research relating to (a) self-representations and self-referential processes; (b) emotions and their regulation; and (c) cognitive biases: attention, interpretation and judgment, and memory. The interpersonal section summarizes findings regarding the systems of (a) approach and avoidance, (b) affiliation and social rank, and their implications for interpersonal impairments. Our review suggests that the science of social anxiety and, more generally, psychopathology may be advanced by examining processes and their underlying content within broad psychological systems. Increased interaction between basic and applied researchers to diversify and elaborate different perspectives on social anxiety is necessary for progress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Idan M Aderka
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Lynn E Alden
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yair Bar-Haim
- School of Psychological Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Eni S Becker
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Amit Bernstein
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Ronny Geva
- Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Israel
| | - Richard G Heimberg
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Stefan G Hofmann
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, United States of America
| | - Todd B Kashdan
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ernst H W Koster
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | | | - Jon K Maner
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Florida, United States of America
| | - David A Moscovitch
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Mental Health Research & Treatment, University of Waterloo, Canada
| | - Pierre Philippot
- Department of Psychology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - Ronald M Rapee
- Centre for Emotional Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Karin Roelofs
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands; Donders Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Thomas L Rodebaugh
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Franklin R Schneier
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Ben Shahar
- The Paul Baerwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ulrich Stangier
- Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Murray B Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and School of Public Health, University of California San Diego, United States of America
| | - Lusia Stopa
- Department of Psychology, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Charles T Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry and School of Public Health, University of California San Diego, United States of America
| | - Justin W Weeks
- Department of Psychology, Nebraska Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Matthias J Wieser
- Department of Psychology, Education, and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kashdan TB, Goodman FR, McKnight PE, Brown B, Rum R. Purpose in life: A resolution on the definition, conceptual model, and optimal measurement. American Psychologist 2023:2024-27574-001. [PMID: 37982782 DOI: 10.1037/amp0001223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Theoretically, purpose serves as a basic dimension of healthy psychological functioning and an important protective factor from psychopathology. Theory alone, however, is insufficient to answer critical questions about human behavior and functioning; we require empirical evidence that explores the parameters of purpose with respect to measurement, prediction, and modification. Here, we provide empirically supported insights about how purpose can operate as a beneficial outcome (e.g., marker of well-being), a predictor or mechanism that accounts for benefits that a person derives (such as from an intervention), or a moderator that offers insight into when benefits arise. Advancing the study of purpose requires careful consideration of how purpose is conceptualized, manipulated, and measured across the lifespan. Our aim is to help scientists understand, specify, and conduct high-quality studies of purpose in life. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fallon R Goodman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, George Washington University
| | | | - Bradley Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida
| | - Ruba Rum
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Goodman FR, Birg JA, Daniel KE, Kashdan TB. Stress generation in social anxiety and depression: A two-study community assessment. J Affect Disord 2023; 329:285-292. [PMID: 36801422 PMCID: PMC10062494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress generation theory suggests that people engage in certain behaviors that causally generate "dependent" stressful life events. Stress generation has primarily been studied in the context of depression with limited consideration of anxiety. People with social anxiety exhibit maladaptive social and regulatory behaviors that may uniquely generate stress. METHOD Across two studies, we examined if people with elevated social anxiety experienced more dependent stressful life events than those lower in social anxiety. On an exploratory basis, we examined differences in perceived intensity, chronicity, and self-blame of stressful life events. As a conservative test, we examined whether observed relationships held after covarying depression symptoms. Community adults (Ns = 303; 87) completed semi-structured interviews about recent stressful life events. RESULTS Participants with higher social anxiety symptoms (Study 1) and social anxiety disorder (SAD; Study 2) reported more dependent stressful life events than those with lower social anxiety. In Study 2, healthy controls rated dependent events as less impactful than independent events; those with SAD rated dependent and independent events as equally impactful. Regardless of social anxiety symptoms, participants placed greater blame on themselves for the occurrence of dependent than independent events. LIMITATIONS Life events interviews are retrospective and preclude conclusions about short-term changes. Mechanisms of stress generation were not assessed. CONCLUSIONS Results provide initial evidence for the role of stress generation in social anxiety that may be distinct from depression. Implications for assessing and treating unique and shared features of affective disorders are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fallon R Goodman
- George Washington University, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, United States of America.
| | - Jessica A Birg
- University of South Florida, Department of Psychology, United States of America
| | - Katharine E Daniel
- University of Virginia, Department of Psychology, United States of America
| | - Todd B Kashdan
- George Mason University, Department of Psychology, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kashdan TB, Goodman FR. A unified approach to managing emotions and pursuing purpose in life. Cogn Emot 2023:1-7. [PMID: 37132217 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2208342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Much of the scientific work on emotion regulation has examined strategies in isolation. Now that we have a better understanding of emotion regulatory strategy use and frequency, there is an opportunity to explore new psychological territory. As a starting point, we illustrate how a highly touted strategy, cognitive reappraisal, supercharges a critical component of well-being: purpose in life. We also examine how purpose in life offers a framework to better understand when and how cognitive reappraisal is adaptive. Examining emotion regulation in the context of a sense of purpose in life opens portals to new questions and testable hypotheses. We end with a reconsideration of emotion regulation flexibility over hyper specialization on singular strategies such as reappraisal. Our aim is to inspire research that examines how emotion regulation facilitates or hinders important elements of the good life, as well as how elements of well-being inform regulation choice and success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todd B Kashdan
- George Mason University, Department of Psychology, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Fallon R Goodman
- George Washington University, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Goodman FR, Brown BA, Silva GM, Bradford DE, Tennen H, Kashdan TB. Motives and Consequences of Alcohol Use in People With Social Anxiety Disorder: A Daily Diary Study. Behav Ther 2022; 53:600-613. [PMID: 35697425 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
People with social anxiety disorder (SAD) are at increased risk for alcohol-related problems. Most research exploring social anxiety and alcohol use has examined negative drinking consequences, with less consideration of positive consequences-namely positive social experiences-that may reinforce alcohol use. In this daily diary study, we examined how adults diagnosed with SAD (N = 26) and a psychologically healthy control group (N = 28) experienced positive drinking consequences in naturally occurring drinking episodes during the study period. For 14 consecutive days, participants answered questions about alcohol use, motives for drinking, and positive consequences of drinking. On days when participants drank, those with SAD were more likely than healthy controls to perceive a reduction in anxiety, but the two groups did not differ in their likelihood of experiencing positive social drinking consequences. For both groups, on days when they were more motivated to drink to enhance social experiences (affiliation motives) or cope with distress (coping motives), they were more likely to obtain positive consequences from drinking. Compared to controls, participants with SAD endorsed stronger trait and daily coping motives (anxiety-coping, social anxiety-coping, and depression-coping). Results are discussed in the context of reinforcement mechanisms that may maintain social anxiety and alcohol use.
Collapse
|
6
|
Rottenberg J, Kashdan TB. Well-Being After Psychopathology: A Transformational Research Agenda. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09637214221093616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
If one struggles with depression, anxiety, or suicidal impulses, what is the best outcome that one can hope for? Can psychopathology be a bridge to a better place where people operate with autonomy and self-mastery, enjoy healthy relationships, experience frequent positive emotions, and view life as meaningful and purposeful? Studies of national samples have revealed that a substantial number of people with depression, panic disorder, and suicidal impulses go on to achieve high levels of psychological well-being. We consider the practical and theoretical implications of these findings and call for a transformational mental-health agenda that focuses on good outcomes.
Collapse
|
7
|
Tong B, Devendorf A, Panaite V, Miller R, Kashdan TB, Joiner T, Twenge J, Karver M, Janakiraman R, Rottenberg J. Future Well-Being Among U.S. Youth Who Attempted Suicide and Survived. Behav Ther 2022; 53:481-491. [PMID: 35473651 PMCID: PMC9046683 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
To what extent does a suicide attempt impair a person's future well-being? We estimated the prevalence of future well-being (FWB) among suicide attempt survivors using a nationally representative sample of 15,170 youths. Suicide attempt survivors were classified as having high FWB if they reported (a) a suicide attempt at Wave I, (b) no suicidal ideation or attempts over the past year at Wave III (7 years after), and (c) a well-being profile at or above the top quartile of nonsuicidal peers. Seventy-five of 574 suicide attempt survivors (∼13%) met criteria for FWB at Wave III, compared to 26% of nonsuicidal peers. Wave I well-being levels, not depressive symptoms, predicted the likelihood of FWB at Wave III (OR = 1.23, 95% CI [1.05, 1.44], p < .05). In conclusion, a nonfatal suicide attempt reduced but did not preclude FWB in a large national sample. The observation that a segment of the population of suicide attempt survivors achieves FWB carries implications for the prognosis of suicidal behavior and the value of incorporating well-being into investigations of suicide-related phenomena.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vanessa Panaite
- University of South Florida;,James A. Haley Veterans’ Hospital
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Panaite V, Yoon S, Devendorf AR, Kashdan TB, Goodman FR, Rottenberg J. Do positive events and emotions offset the difficulties of stressful life events? A daily diary investigation of depressed adults. Personality and Individual Differences 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
9
|
Goodman FR, Rum R, Silva G, Kashdan TB. Are people with social anxiety disorder happier alone? J Anxiety Disord 2021; 84:102474. [PMID: 34509949 PMCID: PMC9199593 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Quality contact with other people serves as a reliable mood enhancement strategy. We wondered if the emotional benefits of socializing are present even for those with a psychological disorder defined by social distress and avoidance: social anxiety disorder (SAD). We conducted two ecological momentary assessment (EMA) studies and analyzed 7243 total surveys. In both studies, community adults diagnosed with SAD and healthy controls received five surveys each day for 2 weeks. Consistent with research on positivity deficits in SAD, between-person analyses in both studies suggest that, on average, participants with SAD reported lower positive and higher negative affect in social and non-social situations than healthy controls. Within-person analyses, however, revealed that in both studies participants with SAD and healthy controls reported higher positive affect when with others than when alone; no differences were found for negative affect for those with SAD. The difference in positive affect between social and nonsocial situations was smaller for participants with SAD in Study 1, suggesting that people with SAD may experience diminished reward responding when socializing. Our results suggest that even those with a mental illness defined by interpersonal distress can and do derive positive emotions from social interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fallon R. Goodman
- University of South Florida, Department of Psychology, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ruba Rum
- University of South Florida, Department of Psychology, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Gabriella Silva
- University of South Florida, Department of Psychology, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Todd B. Kashdan
- George Mason University, Department of Psychology, Fairfax, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shah PE, Hirsh-Pasek K, Kashdan TB, Harrison K, Rosenblum K, Weeks HM, Singh P, Kaciroti N. Daily television exposure, parent conversation during shared television viewing and socioeconomic status: Associations with curiosity at kindergarten. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258572. [PMID: 34710118 PMCID: PMC8553096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine the main and interactive effects of the amount of daily television exposure and frequency of parent conversation during shared television viewing on parent ratings of curiosity at kindergarten, and to test for moderation by socioeconomic status (SES). Study design Sample included 5100 children from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort. Hours of daily television exposure and frequency of parent screen-time conversation were assessed from a parent interview at preschool, and the outcome of early childhood curiosity was derived from a child behavior questionnaire at kindergarten. Multivariate linear regression examined the main and interactive effects of television exposure and parent screen-time conversation on kindergarten curiosity and tested for moderation by SES. Results In adjusted models, greater number of hours of daily television viewing at preschool was associated with lower curiosity at kindergarten (B = -0.14, p = .008). More frequent parent conversation during shared screen-time was associated with higher parent-reported curiosity at kindergarten with evidence of moderation by SES. The magnitude of association between frequency of parent conversation during television viewing and curiosity was greater for children from low SES environments, compared to children from high SES environments: (SES ≤ median): B = 0.29, p < .001; (SES > median): B = 0.11, p < .001. Conclusions Higher curiosity at kindergarten was associated with greater frequency of parent conversation during shared television viewing, with a greater magnitude of association in low-SES families. While the study could not include measures of television program content, digital media use and non-screen time conversation, our results suggest the importance of parent conversation to promote early childhood curiosity, especially for children with socioeconomic disadvantage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prachi E. Shah
- Division of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kathy Hirsh-Pasek
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Todd B. Kashdan
- Department of Psychology and Center for the Advancement of Well-Being, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States of America
| | - Kristen Harrison
- Department of Communication and Media, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Katherine Rosenblum
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Heidi M. Weeks
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Priya Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati Medical School, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Niko Kaciroti
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Goodman FR, Kelso KC, Wiernik BM, Kashdan TB. Social comparisons and social anxiety in daily life: An experience-sampling approach. J Abnorm Psychol 2021; 130:468-489. [PMID: 34472884 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Judgments about the self compared to internalized standards are central to theoretical frameworks of social anxiety. Yet, empirical research on social comparisons-how people view themselves relative to others-and social anxiety is sparse. This research program examines the nature of everyday social comparisons in the context of social anxiety across 2 experience-sampling studies containing 8,396 unique entries from 273 adults. Hypotheses and analyses were preregistered with the Open Science Foundation (OSF) prior to data analysis. Study 1 was a 3-week daily diary study with undergraduates, and Study 2 was a 2-week ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study with a clinical sample of adults diagnosed with social anxiety disorder (SAD) and a psychologically healthy comparison group. In both studies, social anxiety was associated with less favorable, more unstable social comparisons. In both studies, favorable social comparisons were associated with higher positive affect and lower negative affect and social anxiety. In both studies, social comparisons and momentary affect/social anxiety were more strongly linked in people with elevated trait social anxiety/SAD compared to less socially anxious participants. Participants in Study 2-even those with SAD-made more favorable social comparisons when they were with other people than when alone. Taken together, results suggest that social anxiety is associated with unfavorable, unstable self-views that are linked to compromised well-being. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
|
12
|
Tong B, Kashdan TB, Joiner T, Rottenberg J. Future Well-Being Among People Who Attempt Suicide and Survive: Research Recommendations. Behav Ther 2021; 52:1213-1225. [PMID: 34452674 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Over 48,000 people died by suicide in 2018 in the United States, and more than 25 times that number attempted suicide. Research on suicide has focused much more on risk factors and adverse outcomes than on protective factors and more healthy functioning. Consequently, little is known regarding relatively positive long-term psychological adaptation among people who attempt suicide and survive. We recommend inquiry into the phenomenon of long-term well-being after nonfatal suicide attempts, and we explain how this inquiry complements traditional risk research by (a) providing a more comprehensive understanding of the sequelae of suicide attempts, (b) identifying protective factors for potential use in interventions and prevention, and (c) contributing to knowledge and public education that reduce the stigma associated with suicide-related behaviors.
Collapse
|
13
|
Disabato DJ, Kashdan TB, Doorley JD, Kelso KC, Volgenau KM, Devendorf AR, Rottenberg J. Optimal well-being in the aftermath of anxiety disorders: A 10-year longitudinal investigation. J Affect Disord 2021; 291:110-117. [PMID: 34029881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although preliminary research has explored the possibility of optimal well-being after depression, it is unclear how rates compare to anxiety. Using Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and Panic Disorder (PD) as exemplars of anxiety, we tested the rates of optimal well-being one decade after being diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. Based on reward deficits in depression, we pre-registered our primary hypothesis that optimal well-being would be more prevalent after anxiety than depression as well as tested two exploratory hypotheses. METHOD We used data from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study, which contains a nationally representative sample across two waves, 10 years apart. To reach optimal well-being, participants needed to have no symptoms of GAD, PD, or major depressive disorder (MDD) at the 10 year follow-up and exceed cut-offs across nine dimensions of well-being. RESULTS The results failed to support our primary hypothesis. Follow-up optimal well-being rates were highest for adults previously diagnosed with MDD (8.7%), then PD (6.1%), and finally GAD (0%). Exploratory analyses revealed optimal well-being was approximately twice as prevalent in people without anxiety or depression at baseline and provided partial support for baseline well-being predicting optimal well-being after anxiety. Results were largely replicated across different classifications of optimal well-being. LIMITATIONS Findings are limited by the somewhat unique measurement of anxiety in the MIDUS sample as well as the relatively high rate of missing data. CONCLUSIONS We discuss possible explanations for less prevalent optimal well-being after anxiety vs. depression and the long-term positivity deficits from GAD.
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
Brown BA, Goodman FR, Disabato DJ, Kashdan TB, Armeli S, Tennen H. Does negative emotion differentiation influence how people choose to regulate their distress after stressful events? A four-year daily diary study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 21:1000-1012. [PMID: 33829837 DOI: 10.1037/emo0000969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Much is known about the types of strategies people use to regulate emotions. Less is known about individual differences that influence emotion regulation strategy selection. In this study, we tested the moderating role of negative emotion differentiation (NED; i.e., the ability to label and describe subtle differences among negative emotions) on the relationship between the intensity of stressful daily events and the strategies used to regulate distress arising from these events. Prior research shows that NED is associated with low endorsement of disengagement emotion regulation (e.g., substance use), but less is known about the link to engagement regulation (e.g., problem-solving, seeking social support). Participants were college students (N = 502) completing a 30-day daily diary survey for each of four college years. We preregistered hypotheses that 1) the intensity of each day's most stressful event would be associated with greater use of disengagement and engagement regulation strategies, and 2) people higher in NED would be less likely to use disengagement and more likely to use engagement strategies when highly stressed. Results suggest that higher stress intensity is associated with greater use of all regulation strategies. Greater NED is associated with less use of disengagement regulation strategies, whereas NED was unrelated to engagement regulation strategies and did not moderate the relationship between stress and engagement strategies. The majority of hypothesized moderation effects of NED were nonsignificant, prompting a reconsideration of whether, when, and how NED plays a role in stress responding. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
|
16
|
Kaczmarek LD, Kelso KC, Behnke M, Kashdan TB, Dziekan M, Matuła E, Kosakowski M, Enko J, Guzik P. Give and take: The role of reciprocity in capitalization. The Journal of Positive Psychology 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2021.1885054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kerry C. Kelso
- George Mason University, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Fairfax, United States
| | - Maciej Behnke
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Adam Mickiewicz University
| | - Todd B. Kashdan
- George Mason University, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Fairfax, United States
| | - Martyna Dziekan
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Adam Mickiewicz University
| | - Ewelina Matuła
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Adam Mickiewicz University
| | - Michał Kosakowski
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Adam Mickiewicz University
| | - Jolanta Enko
- Department of Psychology and Law, SWPS University in Poznań, Poznan, Poland
| | - Przemysław Guzik
- Poznan University of Medical Science,Faculty of Medicine II, Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Doorley JD, Kashdan TB. Positive and Negative Emotion Regulation in College Athletes: A Preliminary Exploration of Daily Savoring, Acceptance, and Cognitive Reappraisal. Cognit Ther Res 2021; 45:598-613. [PMID: 33518842 PMCID: PMC7821841 DOI: 10.1007/s10608-020-10202-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite increasing interest in positive psychological states, we know little about how regulatory responses to positive (savoring) compared to negative events (e.g. acceptance, cognitive reappraisal) influence emotional functioning. Savoring may be particularly helpful for athletes who are often trained to attend more to negative (e.g. rectifying weaknesses) compared to positive stimuli (e.g. enjoying progress). METHODS Sixty-seven college athletes completed a two-week daily diary study. Using multi-level modeling, we first explored whether various regulatory responses to daily negative events predicted unique variance in daily emotions (i.e. happy, content, grateful, sad, angry, annoyed). Next, we tested whether savoring positive events strengthened the association between event intensity and positive daily emotions. Finally, we tested whether regulatory responses to positive compared to negative events had stronger moderating (buffering) effects on the association between daily negative event intensity and daily emotions. RESULTS Based on 836 daily observations, reappraising and accepting negative events were the only strategies that predicted unique variance in daily emotions. Savoring enhanced positive emotions related to positive events. Reappraising negative events buffered associations between negative event intensity and decreased daily gratitude, while savoring positive events buffered associations between negative event intensity and increased anger, annoyance, and average negative emotions. Accepting negative events had similar effects. CONCLUSIONS Savoring positive events may be an underappreciated strategy for helping athletes regulate emotions related to negative events. Since our sample predominantly identified as white and female, further research is needed to understand savoring use and effectiveness among the full, diverse spectrum of college athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James D. Doorley
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, MS 3F5, 4400 University Dr, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA
| | - Todd B. Kashdan
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, MS 3F5, 4400 University Dr, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Doorley JD, Goodman FR, Kelso KC, Kashdan TB. Psychological flexibility: What we know, what we do not know, and what we think we know. Soc Personal Psychol Compass 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James D. Doorley
- Department of Psychology George Mason University Fairfax Virginia USA
| | - Fallon R. Goodman
- Department of Psychology University of South Florida Tampa Florida USA
| | - Kerry C. Kelso
- Department of Psychology George Mason University Fairfax Virginia USA
| | - Todd B. Kashdan
- Department of Psychology George Mason University Fairfax Virginia USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Goodman FR, Disabato DJ, Kashdan TB. Reflections on unspoken problems and potential solutions for the well-being juggernaut in positive psychology. The Journal of Positive Psychology 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2020.1818815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David J. Disabato
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, USA
| | - Todd B. Kashdan
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kashdan TB, Disabato DJ, Goodman FR, Doorley JD, McKnight PE. Understanding psychological flexibility: A multimethod exploration of pursuing valued goals despite the presence of distress. Psychol Assess 2020; 32:829-850. [DOI: 10.1037/pas0000834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
21
|
Kelso KC, Kashdan TB, Imamoğlu A, Ashraf A. Meaning in life buffers the impact of experiential avoidance on anxiety. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
22
|
Kashdan TB, Disabato DJ, Goodman FR, McKnight PE. The Five-Dimensional Curiosity Scale Revised (5DCR): Briefer subscales while separating overt and covert social curiosity. Personality and Individual Differences 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.109836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
23
|
Goodman FR, Kashdan TB, İmamoğlu A. Valuing emotional control in social anxiety disorder: A multimethod study of emotion beliefs and emotion regulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 21:842-855. [PMID: 32191093 DOI: 10.1037/emo0000750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study examines relationships between emotion beliefs and emotion regulation strategy use among people with social anxiety disorder (SAD) and a psychologically healthy control group. Using experience-sampling methodology, we tested group differences in 2 types of emotion beliefs (emotion control values and emotion malleability beliefs) and whether emotion beliefs predicted trait and daily use of cognitive reappraisal and emotion suppression. People with SAD endorsed higher emotion control values and lower emotion malleability beliefs than did healthy controls. Across groups, emotion control values were positively associated with suppression (but unrelated to reappraisal), and emotion malleability beliefs were negatively associated with suppression and positively associated with reappraisal. We also addressed 2 exploratory questions related to measurement. First, we examined whether trait and state measures of emotion regulation strategies were related to emotion control values in different ways and found similar associations across measures. Second, we examined whether explicit and implicit measures of emotion control values were related to daily emotion regulation strategy use in different ways-and found that an implicit measure was unrelated to strategy use. Results are discussed in the context of growing research on metaemotions and the measurement of complex features of emotion regulation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
|
24
|
Kashdan TB, Goodman FR, Disabato DJ, McKnight PE, Kelso K, Naughton C. Curiosity has comprehensive benefits in the workplace: Developing and validating a multidimensional workplace curiosity scale in United States and German employees. Personality and Individual Differences 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.109717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
25
|
Doorley JD, Goodman FR, Disabato DJ, Kashdan TB, Weinstein JS, Shackman AJ. The momentary benefits of positive events for individuals with elevated social anxiety. Emotion 2020; 21:595-606. [PMID: 31944786 DOI: 10.1037/emo0000725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how individuals with varying levels of social anxiety respond to daily positive events is important. Psychological processes that increase positive emotions are being widely used as strategies to not only enhance well-being but also reduce the symptoms and impairment tied to negative emotional dispositions and conditions, including excessive social anxiety. At present, it is unclear whether and how levels of social anxiety impact the psychological benefits derived from momentary positive events. We used ecological momentary assessment to examine the impact of trait social anxiety on momentary changes in emotions, sense of belonging, and social approach versus avoidance motivation following positive events in daily life. Over the course of a week, people with elevated social anxiety experienced greater momentary anxiety and social avoidance motivation and lower momentary happiness and sense of belonging on average. Despite these impairments, individuals with elevated social anxiety experienced greater psychological benefits-in the form of reduced anxiety and motivation to avoid social situations, and an increased sense of belonging-following positive events during the past hour that were rated as particularly intense. This pattern of findings was not specific to social anxiety, with evidence of similar effects for other forms of internalizing psychopathology (general anxiety and depression). These observations detail circumstances in which individuals with social anxiety, and other emotional disturbances, can thrive-creating potentially important targets for intervention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
|
26
|
Goodman FR, Kashdan TB. The most important life goals of people with and without social anxiety disorder: Focusing on emotional interference and uncovering meaning in life. J Posit Psychol 2019; 16:272-281. [PMID: 34239597 PMCID: PMC8259167 DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2019.1689423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
People with social anxiety disorder (SAD) display maladaptive attitudes towards emotions. In this experience-sampling study, we explored the extent to which people with SAD viewed anxiety and pain as an impediment to pursuing personal strivings and deriving meaning in life. Participants were adults diagnosed with SAD and a control comparison group who completed baseline questionnaires and daily surveys for 14 consecutive days. People with SAD perceived anxiety and pain as interfering with progress towards their strivings to a greater degree than healthy controls. Perception of emotion-related goal interference was inversely associated with daily meaning. This relationship was moderated by diagnostic group such that there was a strong, inverse association with daily meaning in life for people with SAD; for controls, no association was found. Results suggest that negative beliefs about the value of anxiety and pain are pronounced in people with SAD and may impede derivation of meaning in life.
Collapse
|
27
|
Biswas-Diener R, Kushlev K, Su R, Goodman F, Kashdan TB, Diener E. Assessing and understanding hospitality: The Brief Hospitality Scale. Intnl J Wellbeing 2019. [DOI: 10.5502/ijw.v9i2.839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
28
|
Rottenberg J, Devendorf AR, Kashdan TB, Disabato DJ. The Curious Neglect of High Functioning After Psychopathology: The Case of Depression. Perspect Psychol Sci 2019; 13:549-566. [PMID: 30213257 DOI: 10.1177/1745691618769868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We address a key issue at the intersection of emotion, psychopathology, and public health-the startling lack of attention to people who experience benign outcomes, and even flourish, after recovering from depression. A rereading of the epidemiological literature suggests that the orthodox view of depression as chronic, recurrent, and lifelong is overstated. A significant subset of people recover and thrive after depression, yet research on such individuals has been rare. To facilitate work on this topic, we present a generative research framework. This framework includes (a) a proposed definition of healthy end-state functioning that goes beyond a reduction in clinical symptoms, (b) recommendations for specific measures to assess high functioning, and (c) a road map for a research agenda aimed at discovering how and why people flourish after emotional disturbance. Given that depression remains the most burdensome health condition worldwide, focus on what makes these excellent outcomes possible has enormous significance for the public health.
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Can people achieve optimal well-being and thrive after major depression? Contemporary epidemiology dismisses this possibility, viewing depression as a recurrent, burdensome condition with a bleak prognosis. To estimate the prevalence of thriving after depression in United States adults, we used data from the Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) study. To count as thriving after depression, a person had to exhibit no evidence of major depression, and had to exceed cut offs across nine facets of psychological well-being that characterize the top 25% of US nondepressed adults. Overall, nearly 10% of adults with study documented depression were thriving ten years later. The phenomenon of thriving after depression has implications for how the prognosis of depression is conceptualized and for how mental health professionals communicate with patients. Knowing what makes thriving outcomes possible offers new leverage points to help reduce the global burden of depression.
Collapse
|
30
|
Doorley JD, Kashdan TB, Alexander LA, Blalock DV, McKnight PE. Distress tolerance in romantic relationships: A daily diary exploration with methodological considerations. Motiv Emot 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-019-09751-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
31
|
Goodman FR, Disabato DJ, Kashdan TB. Integrating psychological strengths under the umbrella of personality science: Rethinking the definition, measurement, and modification of strengths. The Journal of Positive Psychology 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2018.1528380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
32
|
Kashdan TB, Goodman FR, Stiksma M, Milius CR, McKnight PE. Sexuality leads to boosts in mood and meaning in life with no evidence for the reverse direction: A daily diary investigation. Emotion 2018; 18:563-576. [DOI: 10.1037/emo0000324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
33
|
Goodman FR, Stiksma MC, Kashdan TB. Social Anxiety and the Quality of Everyday Social Interactions: The Moderating Influence of Alcohol Consumption. Behav Ther 2018; 49:373-387. [PMID: 29704967 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Most research on the link between social anxiety and alcohol consumption has examined problematic outcomes without consideration of potential adaptive functions. Alcohol is an anxiolytic that has the short-term benefit of reducing anxiety; consumption may act as a social lubricant that facilitates higher quality social interactions. Using experience-sampling methodology, we examined how consuming alcohol attenuates the adverse effects of social anxiety in naturally occurring social interactions. Participants (N = 160) completed demographic and trait measures, then completed daily assessments for 14 consecutive days. Results from multilevel model analyses revealed that during face-to-face social interactions, state social anxiety was inversely related to 10 indicators of healthy social interactions (e.g., enjoyment, laughter, feelings of acceptance). Alcohol consumption moderated seven of these associations, such that when participants consumed alcohol in social situations, state social anxiety was no longer associated with social interaction quality. The quantity of alcoholic drinks consumed moderated two of these associations. Furthermore, we found evidence for directionality, such that social anxiety in a given social interaction predicted alcohol consumption in a subsequent social interaction, but not the reverse (i.e., alcohol consumption did not prospectively predict state social anxiety). In social situations that involved alcohol, experiences of social anxiety no longer thwarted one's ability to derive social benefits. These results should be interpreted in the context of a participant sample with relatively low levels of trait social anxiety and frequency of alcohol use. Nonetheless, obtaining social rewards may be a reinforcement mechanism that maintains the link between social anxiety and alcohol consumption.
Collapse
|
34
|
Disabato DJ, Goodman FR, Kashdan TB. Is grit relevant to well-being and strengths? Evidence across the globe for separating perseverance of effort and consistency of interests. J Pers 2018; 87:194-211. [PMID: 29573415 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Researchers conceptualize grit as the combination of two facets: perseverance of effort and consistency of interests toward long-term goals. We tested the reliability of grit facet scores across the globe and examined how differently each grit facet related to well-being and personality strengths. METHOD An international sample of 7,617 participants from six of the seven continents (excluding Antarctica) completed an online survey. RESULTS Confirmatory factor analyses and omega reliability coefficients indicated that the 12 items from the original Grit Scale were multidimensional and reliably measured perseverance of effort and consistency of interests. Concurrent validity analyses showed that perseverance of effort was moderately to strongly related to subjective well-being, beliefs about well-being, and personality strengths, whereas consistency of interests had weak or negative correlations with these outcomes. The stronger relations with perseverance of effort were replicated across seven regions of the world. The presence of overall grit was supported in individualistic countries, but not collectivistic countries (i.e., those in Latin America and Asia). CONCLUSIONS We discuss the multidimensionality of grit, including a conceptual understanding of overall grit and how it may differ across cultures. We suggest well-being and strengths researchers study grit facets separately due to their differential validity.
Collapse
|
35
|
Kashdan TB, Stiksma MC, Disabato DJ, McKnight PE, Bekier J, Kaji J, Lazarus R. The five-dimensional curiosity scale: Capturing the bandwidth of curiosity and identifying four unique subgroups of curious people. Journal of Research in Personality 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
36
|
Blalock DV, Kashdan TB, McKnight PE. High risk, high reward: Daily perceptions of social challenge and performance in social anxiety disorder. J Anxiety Disord 2018; 54:57-64. [PMID: 29421373 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) have difficulty engaging in social situations because their actions are predicated on minimizing the subjectively biased high potential for rejection. That is, individuals with SAD frequently perceive social situations as challenging, and their performance as subpar. Yet when individuals perceive themselves as succeeding in challenging situations, they typically report these situations as enjoyable and rewarding. This subjective experience of succeeding in a challenging situation has been studied as flow (Csikszentmihalyi, 1975; 2000). Thirty-three adults with SAD and 34 matched healthy controls completed a baseline assessment, along with daily and experience sampling entries for 14 days. Results were analyzed using three-level generalized linear mixed effects models, with observations nested within days, nested within participants. Although individuals with and without SAD experienced the same frequency of flow in daily life, social situations led to proportionally more flow in participants with SAD than healthy controls. Both results were unexpected, and reasons for them are explored at length. Several experiential variables (positive emotions during and importance ascribed to the event) predicted the probability of flow during each situation. These results offer intervention-relevant suggestions for how individuals may benefit from seeking out challenging situations that offer maximal rewards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan V Blalock
- Health Services Research & Development, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Todd B Kashdan
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Young KC, Machell KA, Kashdan TB, Westwater ML. The cascade of positive events: Does exercise on a given day increase the frequency of additional positive events? Personality and Individual Differences 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
38
|
Blalock DV, McKnight PE, Kashdan TB, Franz SC. Predicting treatment course and outcome using a promotion and prevention framework in a community sample of arthritis sufferers. Patient Prefer Adherence 2018; 12:981-991. [PMID: 29922044 PMCID: PMC5995297 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s161144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study examined the proposition that patients need to focus on something beyond simply "getting better". In a sample of arthritis sufferers, we distinguished individuals by the goals that motivated them - moving toward aspirational goals and maximizing gains (promotion focus) rather than obligations and minimizing losses (prevention focus) - and how these motivational styles influenced treatment. METHODS Patients (N=254) participated in a randomized controlled trial of resistance training and self-management, providing 6 time points of data over 2 years. Promotion and prevention focus at baseline were used to predict the course (compliance and changes in coping self-efficacy) and outcome (changes in physical functioning) of treatment. RESULTS Arthritis sufferers with strong promotion orientations showed significant improvements in physical functioning (a direct positive impact on physical health); there were no significant associations with treatment compliance and coping self-efficacy. Arthritis sufferers with strong prevention orientations complied less with the treatment and showed little change in coping self-efficacy during treatment, which, in turn, predicted worse physical functioning over time (a pernicious, indirect influence on treatment outcome). CONCLUSION A focus on positive approach-oriented goals may improve overall treatment response, whereas a focus on negative avoidance-oriented goals may degrade treatment response through reduced compliance and self-efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan V Blalock
- Center for Health Services Research in Primary Care, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Correspondence: Dan V Blalock, Center for Health Services Research and Development, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 411 West Chapel Hill Street, Suite 600, Durham, NC 27701, USA, Tel +1 919 286 0411, Fax +1 919 416 5836, Email
| | | | - Todd B Kashdan
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Simone C Franz
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
- Humanproof, LLC, Arlington, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Chopik WJ, Newton NJ, Ryan LH, Kashdan TB, Jarden AJ. Gratitude across the life span: Age differences and links to subjective well-being. J Posit Psychol 2017; 14:292-302. [PMID: 31105762 DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2017.1414296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Gratitude has been described as an adaptive evolutionary mechanism that is relevant to healthy psychological and interpersonal outcomes. Questions remain as to whether the presence and benefits of gratitude are consistent from young adulthood to old age; prior research has yielded mixed evidence. We examined the magnitude and direction of age differences in gratitude in three samples (combined N = 31,206). We also examined whether gratitude was associated with greater/lesser well-being at different periods in the life course. We found that the experience of gratitude was greatest in older adults and least in middle aged and younger adults. Further, we found that the associations between gratitude and subjective well-being remained relatively constant across the lifespan. Findings are discussed from a developmental perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William J Chopik
- Michigan State University, and The Wellbeing and Resilience Center, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)
| | - Nicky J Newton
- Wilfrid Laurier University, and The Wellbeing and Resilience Center, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)
| | - Lindsay H Ryan
- University of Michigan, and The Wellbeing and Resilience Center, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)
| | - Todd B Kashdan
- George Mason University, and The Wellbeing and Resilience Center, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)
| | - Aaron J Jarden
- Flinders University and The Wellbeing and Resilience Center, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
Goodman FR, Disabato DJ, Kashdan TB, Kauffman SB. Measuring well-being: A comparison of subjective well-being and PERMA. The Journal of Positive Psychology 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2017.1388434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Todd B. Kashdan
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Jayawickreme E, Tsukayama E, Kashdan TB. Examining the effect of affect on life satisfaction judgments: A within-person perspective. Journal of Research in Personality 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
43
|
Boden MT, Heinz AJ, Kashdan TB. Pleasure as an Overlooked Target of Substance Use Disorder Research and Treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 9:113-125. [PMID: 28290252 DOI: 10.2174/1874473710666170308163310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
44
|
Drążkowski D, Kaczmarek LD, Kashdan TB. Gratitude pays: A weekly gratitude intervention influences monetary decisions, physiological responses, and emotional experiences during a trust-related social interaction. Personality and Individual Differences 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
45
|
Kashdan TB, Blalock DV, Young KC, Machell KA, Monfort SS, McKnight PE, Ferssizidis P. Personality strengths in romantic relationships: Measuring perceptions of benefits and costs and their impact on personal and relational well-being. Psychol Assess 2017; 30:241-258. [PMID: 28383929 DOI: 10.1037/pas0000464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Three studies using samples of people in romantic relationships were conducted to create a new individual difference measure of partner strengths in couples. The 2 perceptions of partner strengths included (1) appreciation of their use and effectiveness and (2) recognition of costs associated with their use. Factor analyses supported 2-factors and we found that greater appreciation of partner strengths predicted greater relationship satisfaction, commitment, investment, intimacy, self-expansion, and support for goal pursuit; recognizing significant costs with partner strengths was inversely related to several outcomes. Using a 1-week daily diary, we found that appreciation of partner strength use and recognition of costs associated with these strengths predicted daily relationship satisfaction and whether basic psychological needs were met within the relationship. The explanatory power of partner strength perceptions could not be explained by the actual character strengths or Big Five personality traits of partners, support for positive self-disclosures (capitalization), or gratitude for relationship partners. Finally, we found that the relational consequences of partner strength perceptions were not just "in the head" of the perceiver-influencing partner relational outcomes. This research program provides evidence for the use of a new measure of how strengths are perceived to better understand romantic couples and aspirational targets in clinical interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record
Collapse
|
46
|
Campbell SB, Renshaw KD, Kashdan TB, Curby TW, Carter SP. A Daily Diary Study of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Romantic Partner Accommodation. Behav Ther 2017; 48:222-234. [PMID: 28270332 PMCID: PMC5343669 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the role of romantic partner symptom accommodation in PTSD symptom maintenance. To explore the bidirectional associations of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and romantic partner symptom accommodation over time, military servicemen (n=64) with symptoms of PTSD and their cohabiting heterosexual civilian romantic partners (n=64) completed a 2-week daily diary study. Cross-lagged, autoregressive models assessed the stability of men's PTSD symptoms and partners' accommodation, as well as the prospective associations of earlier PTSD symptoms with later accommodation and vice versa. Analyses used Bayesian estimation to provide point estimates (b) and Credible Intervals (CIs). In all models, PTSD symptoms (total and individual clusters) were highly stable (b=0.91; CI: 0.88-0.95), and accommodation was moderately stable (b=0.48; CI: 0.40-0.54). In all models, earlier PTSD symptoms (total and clusters) were significantly, positively associated with later accommodation (b=0.04; CI: 0.02-0.07). In contrast, earlier accommodation was significantly associated only with later situational avoidance (b=0.02; CI: 0.00-0.07). Thus, PTSD symptoms may lead to subsequent accommodating behaviors in romantic partners, but partner accommodation seems to contribute only to survivors' future situational avoidance symptoms. The findings reinforce the notion that PTSD symptoms have an impact on relationship behaviors, and that accommodation from partners may sustain avoidant behaviors in particular. Clinicians should attend to romantic partners' accommodating behaviors when working with survivors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B. Campbell
- George Mason University, Department of Psychology, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA, USA, 22030-4444
| | - Keith D. Renshaw
- George Mason University, Department of Psychology, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA, USA, 22030-4444
| | - Todd B. Kashdan
- George Mason University, Department of Psychology, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA, USA, 22030-4444
| | - Timothy W. Curby
- George Mason University, Department of Psychology, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA, USA, 22030-4444
| | - Sarah P. Carter
- George Mason University, Department of Psychology, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA, USA, 22030-4444
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Riskind JH, Sica C, Bottesi G, Ghisi M, Kashdan TB. Cognitive vulnerabilities in parents as a potential risk factor for anxiety symptoms in young adult offspring: An exploration of looming cognitive style. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2017; 54:229-238. [PMID: 27614663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Given that anxiety runs in families, it is critical to understand the cognitive factors that may be responsible for this intergenerational transmission. The present study offers a first step by exploring the link between mother and father tendencies to view potentially threatening situations as rapidly escalating toward dreaded outcomes (i.e., looming cognitive style) and the emotional disturbances and looming cognitive styles of their adult offspring. METHODS We assessed cognitive vulnerabilities, anxiety, and depressive symptoms in a non-clinical sample (N = 382) of Italian college students and their parents. RESULTS The looming cognitive style of fathers, but not mothers, was significantly related to greater anxiety in adult offspring. This finding was obtained for both sons and daughters, and remained even after statistically controlling for the anxiety, worry, depressive symptoms, and anxiety sensitivity (AS) of parents). Notably, the association between fathers' looming cognitive style and offspring symptoms was not related to their child's depressive symptoms, and similar to prior work, served as a cognitive marker specific to anxiety. LIMITATIONS The present study relied on a cross-sectional design and did not use clients diagnosed with anxiety disorders. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that it may prove fruitful to consider parental vulnerabilities such as looming cognitive styles in comprehensive cognitive and interpersonal models of anxiety. The intergenerational transmission of emotional difficulties seems to extend beyond anxiety to beliefs about the escalation of threat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John H Riskind
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
| | - Claudio Sica
- Department of Human Health Sciences, University of Firenze, Italy
| | - Gioia Bottesi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Ghisi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Todd B Kashdan
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kashdan TB, Doorley J, Stiksma MC, Hertenstein MJ. Discomfort and avoidance of touch: new insights on the emotional deficits of social anxiety. Cogn Emot 2016; 31:1638-1646. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2016.1256867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Todd B. Kashdan
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - James Doorley
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
|
50
|
Disabato DJ, Kashdan TB, Short JL, Jarden A. What Predicts Positive Life Events that Influence the Course of Depression? A Longitudinal Examination of Gratitude and Meaning in Life. Cogn Ther Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-016-9785-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|