1
|
Zolghadr A, Kelley MD, Sokhansefat G, Moradian M, Sullins B, Ley T, Biernacki JJ. Biomass microspheres - A new method for characterization of biomass pyrolysis and shrinkage. Bioresour Technol 2019; 273:16-24. [PMID: 30368158 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A method for manufacturing biomass microspheres is introduced. Biomass microspheres between 100 and 400 µm in diameter were produced from crystalline cellulose, switchgrass, and tall fescue using spray drying. The biomass microspheres were characterized using X-ray computed tomography (XCT), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and real-time optical imaging: density, pore structure, and size effects were studied. Dynamic shrinkage was video-captured using a CMOS camera and parallel (paired, side-by-side) weight loss experiments were performed using TGA. The combined data was used to correlate the extent of pyrolysis to gross morphological change (shrinkage). The results show that manufactured biomass microspheres are uniform and that, in the absence of heat and mass transport limitations, pyrolysis shrinkage is an intrinsic property dependent only upon the final processing temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Zolghadr
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN 38505, USA
| | - Matthew D Kelley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN 38505, USA
| | - Ghazal Sokhansefat
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Masoud Moradian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Brianna Sullins
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN 38505, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Tyler Ley
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Joseph J Biernacki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN 38505, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Biernacki JJ, Bullard JW, Sant G, Banthia N, Brown K, Glasser FP, Jones S, Ley T, Livingston R, Nicoleau L, Olek J, Sanchez F, Shahsavari R, Stutzman PE, Sobolev K, Prater T. Cements in the 21 st Century: Challenges, Perspectives, and Opportunities. J Am Ceram Soc 2017; 100:2746-2773. [PMID: 28966345 PMCID: PMC5615410 DOI: 10.1111/jace.14948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In a book published in 1906, Richard Meade outlined the history of portland cement up to that point1. Since then there has been great progress in portland cement-based construction materials technologies brought about by advances in the materials science of composites and the development of chemical additives (admixtures) for applications. The resulting functionalities, together with its economy and the sheer abundance of its raw materials, have elevated ordinary portland cement (OPC) concrete to the status of most used synthetic material on Earth. While the 20th century was characterized by the emergence of computer technology, computational science and engineering, and instrumental analysis, the fundamental composition of portland cement has remained surprisingly constant. And, although our understanding of ordinary portland cement (OPC) chemistry has grown tremendously, the intermediate steps in hydration and the nature of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), the major product of OPC hydration, remain clouded in uncertainty. Nonetheless, the century also witnessed great advances in the materials technology of cement despite the uncertain understanding of its most fundamental components. Unfortunately, OPC also has a tremendous consumption-based environmental impact, and concrete made from OPC has a poor strength-to-weight ratio. If these challenges are not addressed, the dominance of OPC could wane over the next 100 years. With this in mind, this paper envisions what the 21st century holds in store for OPC in terms of the driving forces that will shape our continued use of this material. Will a new material replace OPC, and concrete as we know it today, as the preeminent infrastructure construction material?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey W Bullard
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD
| | | | | | | | | | - Scott Jones
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Tyler Ley
- Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
| | | | - Luc Nicoleau
- BASF Construction Materials and Systems, Trostberg, Germany
| | - Jan Olek
- Purdue University, West La Fayette, IN
| | | | | | - Paul E Stutzman
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pizanis N, Milekhin V, Kamler M, Kaiser K, Aleksic I, Ley T, Jakob H. Recovery of alveolar microcirculation after lung transplantation in a pig model: Direct visualization by OPS imaging. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2004.11.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
4
|
Milekhin V, Kamler M, Pizanis N, Ley T, Jakob H. Dilatation of alveolar capillaries after lung transplantation: Effects of denervation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2004.11.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
|
5
|
Pizanis N, Milekhin V, Kamler M, Ley T, Jakob H. Recovery of alveolar microcirculation after lung transplantation in a pig model: direct visualization by OPS imaging. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-861983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
6
|
Milekhin V, Kamler M, Pizanis N, Ley T, Habazettl H, Pries A, Jakob H. Coronary artery disease severs human microcirculation: a clinical intravital microcirculation study. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-861931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
7
|
Sievering H, Gorman E, Ley T, Pszenny A, Springer-Young M, Boatman J, Kim Y, Nagamoto C, Wellman D. Ozone oxidation of sulfur in sea-salt aerosol particles during the Azores Marine Aerosol and Gas Exchange experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd01250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
8
|
Abstract
The Psychopathology Instrument for Mentally Retarded Adults, a recently developed, empirically derived measure of psychiatric disturbance for the mentally handicapped, gives a total of eight scales which correspond to DSM-III diagnostic categories. This paper reports its psychometric properties in a British population and the psychometric properties of three scales derived by factor analysis. The internal consistencies of the scales were only barely acceptable in this sample and less acceptable than in previous studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Sturmey
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Humphries RK, Dover G, Young NS, Moore JG, Charache S, Ley T, Nienhuis AW. 5-Azacytidine acts directly on both erythroid precursors and progenitors to increase production of fetal hemoglobin. J Clin Invest 1985; 75:547-57. [PMID: 2579100 PMCID: PMC423530 DOI: 10.1172/jci111731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of 5-azacytidine on erythroid precursors and progenitors was studied in nine patients with sickle cell anemia or severe thalassemia. Each patient received the drug intravenously for 5 or 7 d. 5-Azacytidine caused a four- to sixfold increase in gamma-messenger RNA concentration in bone marrow cells of eight of the nine patients and decreased the methylation frequency of a specific cytosine residue in the gamma-globin gene promoter in all nine patients. Within 2 d of the start of drug treatment there was a rise in the percentage of reticulocytes containing fetal hemoglobin (HbF; F-reticulocytes) without a significant change in the total number of reticulocytes, which suggested that there was a direct action of 5-azacytidine on erythroid precursors. Late erythroid progenitors (CFU-E), present in bone marrow after 2 d of drug administration, formed colonies containing an increased amount of HbF as compared with control colonies. Moreover, the number of CFU-E derived colonies was not decreased at these early times, which suggested that there was a direct action of 5-azacytidine on erythroid progenitors in the absence of cytotoxicity. Exposure of normal bone marrow cells in tissue culture to 5-azacytidine for 24 h reproduced both of these effects as judged during subsequent colony formation. The combined direct effects of 5-azacytidine on both the erythroid precursor and progenitor compartments resulted in an increase in HbF synthesis that was sustained for 2-3 wk. Toxicity to bone marrow as reflected by cytoreduction was evident after treatment in some patients but was not accompanied by an increase in HbF production. A correlation was found between the effects of 5-azacytidine on bone marrow, as assessed by in vitro measurements, and the hematological response of the individual patients to drug treatment.
Collapse
|
10
|
Goldsmith ME, Humphries RK, Ley T, Cline A, Kantor JA, Nienhuis AW. "Silent" nucleotide substitution in a beta+-thalassemia globin gene activates splice site in coding sequence RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983; 80:2318-22. [PMID: 6572978 PMCID: PMC393811 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.80.8.2318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A beta+-thalassemia globin gene was isolated from the genome of a Black individual by molecular cloning. DNA sequence analysis revealed only a single difference between this gene and the normal human beta-globin gene--adenine is substituted for thymine in the third position of codon 24. Codon 24 in both the normal gene (GGT) and the beta+-thalassemia gene (GGA) encodes glycine. The function of this beta+-thalassemia gene was compared to the function of the normal human beta-globin gene in monkey kidney cells by using plasmid expression vectors. The codon 24 substitution activates a 5' splice site that involves the guanine-thymine dinucleotide present in codon 25, 16 nucleotides upstream from the normal exon 1-intron I boundary. The splice, involving the abnormal 5' site in codon 25, is completed with the normal 3' splice site at the end of intron I. This splicing abnormality leads to a 75% decrease in the accumulation of normally processed beta-globin mRNA, thereby causing the beta+-thalassemia phenotype.
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
We have compared the function of the human alpha-, beta- and delta-globin genes using various plasmid expression vectors derived from pBR322. Amplification of recombinants occurred after their introduction, by calcium-phosphate-mediated DNA transfer, into monkey kidney cells that constitutively produce T antigen (COS cells). The human alpha-globin gene promoter functioned independently, but the beta-globin gene promoter was nearly totally dependent on the enhancing activity of the 72 bp direct repeats from the SV40 genome. Furthermore, when the human alpha- and beta-globin genes were linked in the same vector, the alpha promoter was active but the beta promoter was not. Function of the delta-globin gene promoter also depended on the enhancer element. In vectors containing the 72 bp repeats and the beta- or delta-globin gene, the activity of the beta-globin gene was approximately 50 times greater than that of the delta-globin gene, approximating the ratio of beta and delta mRNA observed in normal human bone marrow cells.
Collapse
|