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Lübben M, Cüppers F, Mohr J, von Witzleben M, Breuer U, Waser R, Neumann C, Valov I. Design of defect-chemical properties and device performance in memristive systems. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaaz9079. [PMID: 32548248 PMCID: PMC7272230 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz9079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Future development of the modern nanoelectronics and its flagships internet of things, artificial intelligence, and neuromorphic computing is largely associated with memristive elements, offering a spectrum of inevitable functionalities, atomic level scalability, and low-power operation. However, their development is limited by significant variability and still phenomenologically orientated materials' design strategy. Here, we highlight the vital importance of materials' purity, demonstrating that even parts-per-million foreign elements substantially change performance. Appropriate choice of chemistry and amount of doping element selectively enhances the desired functionality. Dopant/impurity-dependent structure and charge/potential distribution in the space-charge layers and cell capacitance determine the device kinetics and functions. The relation between chemical composition/purity and switching/neuromorphic performance is experimentally evidenced, providing directions for a rational design of future memristive devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Lübben
- Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik II, RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 24, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- JARA–Fundamentals for Future Information Technology, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - F. Cüppers
- Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik II, RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 24, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- JARA–Fundamentals for Future Information Technology, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - J. Mohr
- Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik II, RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 24, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- JARA–Fundamentals for Future Information Technology, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - M. von Witzleben
- Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik II, RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 24, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- JARA–Fundamentals for Future Information Technology, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - U. Breuer
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - R. Waser
- Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik II, RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 24, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- JARA–Fundamentals for Future Information Technology, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Peter-Grünberg-Institut (PGI 7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - C. Neumann
- Heraeus Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG Heraeusstrasse 12-14, 63450 Hanau, Germany
| | - I. Valov
- JARA–Fundamentals for Future Information Technology, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Peter-Grünberg-Institut (PGI 7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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2
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Litnovsky A, Peng J, Kreter A, Krasikov Y, Rasinski M, Nordlund K, Granberg F, Jussila J, Breuer U, Linsmeier C. Optimization of single crystal mirrors for ITER diagnostics. Fusion Engineering and Design 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2019.02.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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3
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Nissle S, Kaiser M, Hübler M, Gurka M, Breuer U. Adaptive vortex generators based on active hybrid composites: from idea to flight test. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13272-018-0316-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Schmitz J, Litnovsky A, Klein F, Wegener T, Tan X, Rasinski M, Mutzke A, Hansen P, Kreter A, Pospieszczyk A, Möller S, Coenen J, Linsmeier C, Breuer U, Gonzalez-Julian J, Bram M. WCrY smart alloys as advanced plasma-facing materials – Exposure to steady-state pure deuterium plasmas in PSI-2. Nuclear Materials and Energy 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nme.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Rodenbücher C, Meuffels P, Bihlmayer G, Speier W, Du H, Schwedt A, Breuer U, Jia CL, Mayer J, Waser R, Szot K. Electrically controlled transformation of memristive titanates into mesoporous titanium oxides via incongruent sublimation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3774. [PMID: 29491379 PMCID: PMC5830621 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22238-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Perovskites such as SrTiO3, BaTiO3, and CaTiO3 have become key materials for future energy-efficient memristive data storage and logic applications due to their ability to switch their resistance reversibly upon application of an external voltage. This resistance switching effect is based on the evolution of nanoscale conducting filaments with different stoichiometry and structure than the original oxide. In order to design and optimize memristive devices, a fundamental understanding of the interaction between electrochemical stress, stoichiometry changes and phase transformations is needed. Here, we follow the approach of investigating these effects in a macroscopic model system. We show that by applying a DC voltage under reducing conditions on a perovskite slab it is possible to induce stoichiometry polarization allowing for a controlled decomposition related to incongruent sublimation of the alkaline earth metal starting in the surface region. This way, self-formed mesoporous layers can be generated which are fully depleted by Sr (or Ba, Ca) but consist of titanium oxides including TiO and Ti3O with tens of micrometre thickness. This illustrates that phase transformations can be induced easily by electrochemical driving forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rodenbücher
- Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
- JARA - Fundamentals of Future Information Technologies, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
| | - P Meuffels
- Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- JARA - Fundamentals of Future Information Technologies, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - G Bihlmayer
- Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- JARA - Fundamentals of Future Information Technologies, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - W Speier
- JARA - Fundamentals of Future Information Technologies, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - H Du
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Gemeinschaftslabor für Elektronenmikroskopie, RWTH Aachen, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - U Breuer
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - C-L Jia
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - J Mayer
- JARA - Fundamentals of Future Information Technologies, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Gemeinschaftslabor für Elektronenmikroskopie, RWTH Aachen, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - R Waser
- Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- JARA - Fundamentals of Future Information Technologies, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik 2, RWTH Aachen, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - K Szot
- Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- JARA - Fundamentals of Future Information Technologies, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- A. Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
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Litnovsky A, Krasikov Y, Rasinski M, Kreter A, Linsmeier C, Mertens P, Unterberg B, Breuer U, Wegener T. First direct comparative test of single crystal rhodium and molybdenum mirrors for ITER diagnostics. Fusion Engineering and Design 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2017.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Litnovsky A, Matveeva M, Rudakov DL, Chrobak CP, Allen SL, Leonard AW, Taylor PL, Wong CPC, Fitzpatrick BWN, Davis JW, Haasz AA, Stangeby PC, Breuer U, Philipps V, MÖller S. Impact of Thermo-Oxidative Wall Conditioning on the Performance of Diagnostic Mirrors for ITER. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst12-a14119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Litnovsky
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research-Plasma Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Association EURATOM-FZJ, Partner in the Trilateral Euregio Cluster, Jülich, Germany
| | - M. Matveeva
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research-Plasma Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Association EURATOM-FZJ, Partner in the Trilateral Euregio Cluster, Jülich, Germany
| | - D. L. Rudakov
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0417, USA
| | - C. P. Chrobak
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - S. L. Allen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA
| | - A. W. Leonard
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - P. L. Taylor
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - C. P. C. Wong
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186-5608, USA
| | - B. W. N. Fitzpatrick
- University of Toronto, Institute for Aerospace Studies, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T6, Canada
| | - J. W. Davis
- University of Toronto, Institute for Aerospace Studies, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T6, Canada
| | - A. A. Haasz
- University of Toronto, Institute for Aerospace Studies, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T6, Canada
| | - P. C. Stangeby
- University of Toronto, Institute for Aerospace Studies, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T6, Canada
| | - U. Breuer
- Central Division of Analytical Chemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - V. Philipps
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research-Plasma Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Association EURATOM-FZJ, Partner in the Trilateral Euregio Cluster, Jülich, Germany
| | - S. MÖller
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research-Plasma Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Association EURATOM-FZJ, Partner in the Trilateral Euregio Cluster, Jülich, Germany
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Ramasamy M, Baumann S, Opitz A, Iskandar R, Mayer J, Udomsilp D, Breuer U, Bram M. Phase Interaction and Distribution in Mixed Ionic Electronic Conducting Ceria-Spinel Composites. Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and Electronic Ceramics II 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119320197.ch9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Ramasamy
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH; Institute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-1; Jülich DE
| | - S. Baumann
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH; Institute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-1; Jülich DE
| | - A. Opitz
- Vienna University of Technology; Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics; Wien AT
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Interfaces in Metal-Supported Electrochemical Energy Converters
| | - R. Iskandar
- RWTH Aachen University, Gemeinschaftslabor für Elektronenmikroskopie (GFE); Aachen DE
| | - J. Mayer
- RWTH Aachen University, Gemeinschaftslabor für Elektronenmikroskopie (GFE); Aachen DE
| | - D. Udomsilp
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH; Institute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-1; Jülich DE
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Interfaces in Metal-Supported Electrochemical Energy Converters
| | - U. Breuer
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Zentralinstitut für Engineering, Elektronik und Analytik ZEA-3; Jülich DE
| | - M. Bram
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH; Institute of Energy and Climate Research IEK-1; Jülich DE
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Interfaces in Metal-Supported Electrochemical Energy Converters
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Schulte-Braucks C, von den Driesch N, Glass S, Tiedemann AT, Breuer U, Besmehn A, Hartmann JM, Ikonic Z, Zhao QT, Mantl S, Buca D. Low Temperature Deposition of High-k/Metal Gate Stacks on High-Sn Content (Si)GeSn-Alloys. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:13133-13139. [PMID: 27149260 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b02425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
(Si)GeSn is an emerging group IV alloy system offering new exciting properties, with great potential for low power electronics due to the fundamental direct band gap and prospects as high mobility material. In this Article, we present a systematic study of HfO2/TaN high-k/metal gate stacks on (Si)GeSn ternary alloys and low temperature processes for large scale integration of Sn based alloys. Our investigations indicate that SiGeSn ternaries show enhanced thermal stability compared to GeSn binaries, allowing the use of the existing Si technology. Despite the multielemental interface and large Sn content of up to 14 atom %, the HfO2/(Si)GeSn capacitors show small frequency dispersion and stretch-out. The formed TaN/HfO2/(Si)GeSn capacitors present a low leakage current of 2 × 10(-8) A/cm(2) at -1 V and a high breakdown field of ∼8 MV/cm. For large Sn content SiGeSn/GeSn direct band gap heterostructures, process temperatures below 350 °C are required for integration. We developed an atomic vapor deposition process for TaN metal gate on HfO2 high-k dielectric and validated it by resistivity as well as temperature and frequency dependent capacitance-voltage measurements of capacitors on SiGeSn and GeSn. The densities of interface traps are deduced to be in the low 10(12) cm(-2) eV(-1) range and do not depend on the Sn-concentration. The new processes developed here are compatible with (Si)GeSn integration in large scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schulte-Braucks
- Peter Gruenberg Institute 9 (PGI 9) and JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - N von den Driesch
- Peter Gruenberg Institute 9 (PGI 9) and JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - S Glass
- Peter Gruenberg Institute 9 (PGI 9) and JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - A T Tiedemann
- Peter Gruenberg Institute 9 (PGI 9) and JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - U Breuer
- Zentralinstitut für Engineering, Elektronik und Analytik (ZEA-3), Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - A Besmehn
- Zentralinstitut für Engineering, Elektronik und Analytik (ZEA-3), Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - J-M Hartmann
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France and CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Z Ikonic
- Institute of Microwaves and Photonics, School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Q T Zhao
- Peter Gruenberg Institute 9 (PGI 9) and JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - S Mantl
- Peter Gruenberg Institute 9 (PGI 9) and JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - D Buca
- Peter Gruenberg Institute 9 (PGI 9) and JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, 52425 Juelich, Germany
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Nichau A, Schnee M, Schubert J, Besmehn A, Rubio-Zuazo J, Breuer U, Bernardy P, Holländer B, Mücklich A, Castro GR, von Borany J, Buca D, Mantl S. Photoemission spectroscopy study of the lanthanum lutetium oxide/silicon interface. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:154709. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4801324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Fleuster M, Buchal C, Holzbrecher H, Breuer U, Dinand M, Suche H, Brinkmann R, Sohler W. MeV Ion Implantation of Er into LiNbO3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-279-279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThe incorporation of Er into LiNbO3 is of great interest for fabricating waveguide lasers and amplifiers. We compare Er diffusion data with the results of Er implantation, performed at 3.6 MeV energy. Even after annealing for 4h at 1060°C, the resulting Er profiles display very good matching to the optical modes. The results of a theoretical gain estimate are presented.
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Ney S, Raabe C, Breuer U, Laage-Gaupp A, Michaellis U, Oswald S, Schäfer J, Schäfer K, Stein S, Kuhnke N, Berweck S, Mall V, Staudt M. Beeinflusst die kortikospinale (Re)Organisation bei unilateraler Zerebralparese das Ansprechen auf Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy? physioscience 2010. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1245405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Litnovsky A, Rudakov D, De Temmerman G, Wienhold P, Philipps V, Samm U, McLean A, West W, Wong C, Brooks N, Watkins J, Wampler W, Stangeby P, Boedo J, Moyer R, Allen S, Fenstermacher M, Groth M, Lasnier C, Boivin R, Leonard A, Romanyuk A, Hirai T, Pintsuk G, Breuer U, Scholl A. First tests of diagnostic mirrors in a tokamak divertor: An overview of experiments in DIII-D. Fusion Engineering and Design 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2007.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Schäfer F, Breuer U, Benndorf D, von Bergen M, Harms H, Müller R. Growth ofAquincola tertiaricarbonis L108 ontert-Butyl Alcohol Leads to the Induction of a Phthalate Dioxygenase-related Protein and its Associated Oxidoreductase Subunit. Eng Life Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.200700011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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15
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Schumer D, Breuer U, Harms H, Maskow T. Thermokinetic Analysis Reveals the Complex Growth and Haloadaptation Pattern of the Non-Conventional YeastDebaryomyces hansenii. Eng Life Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.200720196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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16
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Terentiev Y, Breuer U, Babel W, Kunze G. Non-conventional yeasts as producers of polyhydroxyalkanoates?genetic engineering of Arxula adeninivorans. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2004; 64:376-81. [PMID: 14655026 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-003-1498-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2003] [Revised: 10/21/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The non-conventional yeast Arxula adeninivorans was equipped with the genes phbA, phbB and phbC of the polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biosynthetic pathway of Ralstonia eutropha, which encode beta-ketothiolase, NADPH-linked acetoacetyl-CoA reductase and PHA synthase, respectively. Arxula strains transformed solely with the PHA synthase gene (phbC) were able to produce PHA. However, the maximum content of the polymer detected in these strains was just 0.003% poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and 0.112% poly-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHV). The expression of all three genes (phbA, phbB, phbC) resulted in small increases in the PHA content of the transgenic Arxula cells. However, under controlled cultivation conditions with minimal medium and ethanol as the carbon source, the recombinant yeast was able to accumulate up to 2.2% PHV and 0.019% PHB. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Terentiev
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
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17
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Breuer U, Krumpen W, Fitsilis F. XRF and SIMS/SNMS analyses of BaxSr1-xTiO3 dielectrics. Anal Bioanal Chem 2003; 375:906-11. [PMID: 12707759 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-003-1806-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2002] [Revised: 01/08/2003] [Accepted: 01/16/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of analytical tools and procedures for process control is a prerequisite for the integration of high permittivity and/or ferroelectric materials in CMOS devices. The thickness and composition of perovskite oxide films were determined by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) with special emphasis on the ratio of the group-II elements to the Ti content, and a precision of 0.5% was achieved for a typical film thickness of 20-30 nm. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and sputtered neutrals mass spectrometry (SNMS) was used for depth profiling to determine film homogeneity and elemental interdiffusion at hetero-interfaces. Examples are given for Ba(x)Sr(1-x)TiO(3) and SrTiO(x) thin films which were grown in a prototype MOCVD production tool. No interdiffusion was observed for films grown at 600 degrees C on Pt electrodes in contrast to films grown directly on Si.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Breuer
- ZCH, Research Centre Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
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Abstract
The properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) combined with the fact that it can be produced easily by numerous prokaryotes from renewable resources and even from potentially toxic waste products using well-known fermentation processes have generated keen interest in this biopolyester as a substitute for chemo-synthetic petroleum-derived polymers in many applications. However, the high price of poly(3HB) compared with the conventional synthetic materials currently in use has restricted its availability in a wide range of applications. If the economic viability of poly(3HB) production and its competitiveness are to be improved, more must be found out about the phenotypic optimization and the upper limits of bacterial systems as the factory of poly(3HB). In this chapter, two aspects of poly(3HB) are reviewed--poly(3HB) formation as a physiological response to external limitations and overcoming internal bottlenecks, and poly(3HB) as a commercially attractive polyester. From a physiological viewpoint, the ability to synthesize and degrade poly(3HB) is considered an investment in the future and provides organisms with a selective advantage. Poly(3HB) is presented as a strategic survival polymer, and it is shown that growth-associated synthesis is not as rare as reported. The influence of the efficiency and velocity of cell multiplication and product formation, of poly(3HB) content and of productivity on the overall yield, and finally on the economics of the whole process are discussed and evaluated from the technological or consumer's point of view. The specific production rate and poly(3HB) content appear to be more important than the yield coefficients.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Babel
- UFZ Umweltforschungszentrum Leipzig-Halle, Sektion Umweltmikrobiologie, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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Breuer U, Babel W. Methylobacterium rhodesianum produces poly-3-hydroxybutyrate and after mutagenesis in addition exopolysaccharides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/abio.370190114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Clemens D, Vosberg V, Hobbs W, Breuer U, Quadakkers WJ, Nickel H. TEM and SNMS studies of protective alumina scales on NiCrAlY-alloys. Anal Bioanal Chem 1996; 355:703-6. [PMID: 15045347 DOI: 10.1007/s0021663550703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/1995] [Accepted: 10/24/1995] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The effect of Si addition on the oxidation behaviour of NiCrAlY alloys in the temperature range 950 bis 1100 degrees C has been investigated. During isothermal oxidation oxide growth rates were practically independent of the Si-content. However during cyclic oxidation Si additions were beneficial. Si additions of 1-2(m)/(0) appeared to shift the onset for spallation to longer times. It was found that Si stabilizes the beta-phase and probably it suppresses the formation of metastable Al(2)O(3) modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Clemens
- Institute for Materials in Energy Systems, IWE I: Microstructure and Properties of Materials, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, (KFA), D-52425, Jülich, Germany
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Helmhold M, Ernst A, Brunner C, Breuer U, Armstrong VW, Müller HJ. Molecular basis of the interaction between LDL and recombinant apo(a). Z Gastroenterol 1996; 34 Suppl 3:36-8. [PMID: 8767455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Helmhold
- Abt Klinische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany
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Becker JS, Breuer U, Westheide J, Saprykin AI, Holzbrecher H, Nickel H, Dietze HJ. Trace and surface analysis of ceramic layers of solid oxide fuel cells by mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 1996; 355:626-32. [PMID: 15045328 DOI: 10.1007/s0021663550626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/1995] [Revised: 11/24/1995] [Accepted: 12/02/1995] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
For the trace analysis of impurities in thick ceramic layers of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) sensitive solid-state mass spectrometric methods, such as laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and radiofrequency glow discharge mass spectrometry (rf-GDMS) have been developed and used. In order to quantify the analytical results of LA-ICP-MS, the relative sensitivity coefficients of elements in a La(0.6)Sr(0.35)MnO(3) matrix have been determined using synthetic standards. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) - as a surface analytical method - has been used to characterize the element distribution and diffusion profiles of matrix elements on the interface of a perovskite/Y-stabilized ZrO(2) layer. The application of different mass spectrometric methods for process control in the preparation of ceramic layers for the SOFC is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Becker
- Zentralabteilung für Chemische Analysen, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
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Breuer U, Holzbrecher H, Gastel M, Becker JS, Dietze HJ. Comparative studies of MCs + -SIMS and e ? -beam SNMS for quantitative analysis of bulk materials and layered structures. Anal Bioanal Chem 1995; 353:372-7. [PMID: 15048502 DOI: 10.1007/s0021653530372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/1995] [Accepted: 05/13/1995] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
For the quantification of heterostructure depth profiles the knowledge of relative sensitivity factors (RSF) and the influence of matrix effects on the measured profiles is necessary. Matrix dependencies of the measured ion intensities have been investigated for sputtered neutral mass spectrometry (SNMS) and MCs(+)-SIMS. The use of Cs as primary ions for SNMS is advantageous compared to Ar because the depth resolution is improved without changing RSFs determined under Ar bombardment. No significant amount of molecules has been found in the SNMS spectra under Cs bombardment. Using MCs(+)-SIMS the RSFs are matrix dependent. An improvement of depth resolution can be achieved by biasing the sample against the primary ion beam for SNMS due to a reduction of the net energy of the primary ions and a resulting more gracing impact angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Breuer
- Central Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Centre Jülich, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
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Gastel M, Breuer U, Holzbrecher H, Becker JS, Dietze HJ, Kubon M, Wagner H. Quantitative determination of element distributions in silicon based thin film solar cells using SNMS. Anal Bioanal Chem 1995; 353:478-82. [PMID: 15048522 DOI: 10.1007/s0021653530478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/1995] [Accepted: 05/08/1995] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The determination of elemental distributions in thin film solar cells based on amorphous silicon using electron beam SNMS is possible by quantifying the measured ion intensities. The relative sensitivity factors (RSFs) for all elements measured have to be known. The RSFs have been determined experimentally using implantation and bulk standards with known concentrations of the interesting elements. The measured RSFs have been compared with calculated RSFs. The model used for the calculation of the RSFs takes into account the probability for electron impact ionization and the dwell time of the neutrals inside the postionization region. The comparison between measured and calculated RSF shows, that this model is capable to explain the RSFs for most elements. Differences between calculated and measured values can be explained by the formation of hydride and fluoride molecules (in case of H and F) and influences of the angular distribution of the sputtered neutrals in case of Al. The experimentally determined RSFs have been used for a quantification of depth profiles of the i-, buffer-, p- and front contact layers of a-Si solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gastel
- Zentralabteilung für Chemische Analysen, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
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Holzbrecher H, Breuer U, Gastel M, Becker JS, Dietze HJ, Beckers L, Bauer S, Fleuster M, Zander W, Schubert J, Buchal C. Quantitative SIMS-analysis of erbium profiles in LiNbO3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00321371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gastel M, Breuer U, Holzbrecher H, Becker JS, Dietze HJ, Kubon M, Wagner H. Quantitative determination of element distributions in silicon based thin film solar cells using SNMS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00322092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Breuer U. Diabetic patient's compliance with bespoke footwear after healing of neuropathic foot ulcers. Diabete Metab 1994; 20:415-419. [PMID: 7843473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To define personal attributes and factors associated with compliance to wearing protective footwear in severely neuropathic diabetic patients with a history of foot ulceration. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING Diabetic foot clinic. SUBJECTS 85 patients regularly attending the foot clinic were assessed after healing of neuropathic foot ulceration. INTERVENTION Recommendation of wearing cushioned bespoke shoes instead of normal shoes, prescription of up to 2 pairs of bespoke shoes on request. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Clinical characteristics and attitudes of compliant patients wearing bespoke shoes (cases) versus non-compliant control patients wearing normal shoes on a random day. RESULTS The 51 case patients were significantly older and more often amputated than the 34 controls; they more frequently rated their feets' sickness and their overall health status as less favourable than did controls (p < 0.05). The controls, however, were more often on renal replacement therapy. Although the appearance of bespoke shoes was disliked by all of the patients, and 47% of the cases and 100% of the controls would favour normal shoes for cosmetic reasons, all case patients wore their bespoke shoes according to the physicians recommendation, as compared to 26% of the controls (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Differences in age, perception of foot abnormalities and health status, and other distressing medical conditions (i.e. renal replacement therapy, previous minor amputations) in addition to cosmetic reasons may affect the patients' compliance with bespoke protective footwear.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Breuer
- Medical Department of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf
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Abstract
The impact of 'half shoes' in the treatment of neuropathic forefoot ulcers was studied in two groups of diabetic patients, who were treated either by standard treatment alone (retrospective controls, n = 22), or by standard treatment plus 'half shoes' (cases, n = 26). The groups were matched for sex, age, type, and duration of diabetes and ulcer grading. The 'half-shoe' cases' vs controls' median overall healing time was 70 vs 118 days, the median difference being 48 (95% CI: -5 to 82) days (NS). In the case group, hospitalization was required in 1/26 (4%) of patients, vs 9/22 (41%) of the control patients (chi-square, p < 0.01). The home nursing service was required in 23% of the cases vs 18% of the controls (NS). It is concluded that the use of half-shoes, in conjunction with standard treatment provided by a specialized diabetic foot clinic, may reduce the overall healing time and does reduce the hospitalization rate. This has implications for a rational strategy of treating unilateral diabetic neuropathic foot ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Chantelau
- Medical Department of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Germany
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Pfeifer JP, Holzbrecher H, Quadakkers WJ, Breuer U, Speier W. Quantitative analysis of oxide films on ODS-alloys using MCs+-SIMS and e-beam SNMS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00321410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Breuer U, Knauff O, Bonzel HP. Surface melting of Pb(110) studied by x-ray photoelectron diffraction. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1990; 41:10848-10851. [PMID: 9993499 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.41.10848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Prince KC, Breuer U, Bonzel HP. Anisotropy of the order-disorder phase transition on the Pb(110) surface. Phys Rev Lett 1988; 60:1146-1149. [PMID: 10037953 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.60.1146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Breuer U, Strassburger D, Goerz G, Greither A. [Skin tests with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). Correlation with other parameters of cell-mediated immunity (author's transl)]. Arch Dermatol Res 1976; 257:33-45. [PMID: 1008603 DOI: 10.1007/bf00569111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
100 healthy persons were investigated to find out whether there is a correlation between a lymphocyte stimulation (3H-thymidine incorporation in the lymphocyte transformation test) with phytohaemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen and concanavalin A and the in vivo reactivity to intracutaneous phytohaemagglutinin application (measured as medium diameter of infiltrates). Further we searched for an influence of positive or negative reactivity to the specific antigens trichophytin, candidin and streptokinase-streptodornase. 1. There is a good qualitative correlation in normal persons between in vitro lymphocyte stimulation by phytohaemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen and concanavalin A and the medium diameter of infiltrates after intracutaneous application of 2 mug phytohaemagglutinin. Using lower doses of phytohaemagglutinin no such correlation could be found. A quantitative correlation between the medium diameter of infiltrates and lymphocyte transformation by phytohaemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen cannot be demonstrated. For concanavalin A there is a negative correlation significant at the 99% level. 2. In vivo reactivity to phytohaemagglutinin does not differ in persons with negative and positive reactions to the specific antigens. 3. Lymphocyte stimulation by phytohaemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen and concanavalin A of persons with positive reactions to trichophytin, candidin and streptokinase-streptodornase is significantly greater than in those with negative reactivity. 4. The results indicate in vivo phytohaemagglutinin testing as a good screening method to judge cell-mediated immunocompetence. The general applicability for differentiation of immunodeficient and immunocompetent patients is to be further investigated.
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Breuer U, Lempp R. [The necessary dosis of antiepileptic drugs in epileptic children during their growth period]. Nervenarzt 1968; 39:266-71. [PMID: 5712432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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