1
|
McCool-Myers M, Grasso D, Kozlowski D, Cordes S, Jean V, Gold H, Goedken P. The COVID-19 pandemic’s intersectional impact on work life, home life and wellbeing: an exploratory mixed-methods analysis of Georgia women’s experiences during the pandemic. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1988. [PMCID: PMC9619013 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14285-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Women have been especially impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. This exploratory study aimed to characterize women’s adverse experiences related to their work, home lives, and wellbeing during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic and to describe demographic differences of those lived experiences. Methods Using the validated Epidemic-Pandemic Impacts Inventory, we collected data from reproductive-aged women in the state of Georgia about their exposure to adverse events during the pandemic. A latent class analysis (LCA) was performed to identify subgroups of women reporting similar adverse experiences and describe their sociodemographic characteristics. An optional open-ended question yielded qualitative data that were analyzed thematically and merged with subgroup findings. Data were collected from September 2020 to January 2021. Results 423 individuals aged 18–49 completed the survey with 314 (74.2%) providing qualitative responses. The LCA yielded 4 subgroups: (1) a “low exposure” subgroup (n = 123, 29.1%) with relatively low probability of adverse experiences across domains (e.g. financial insecurity, health challenges, barriers to access to healthcare, intimate partner violence (IPV)); (2) a “high exposure” subgroup (n = 46, 10.9%) with high probability of experiencing multiple adversities across domains including the loss of loved ones to COVID-19; (3) a “caregiving stress” subgroup (n = 104, 24.6%) with high probability of experiencing challenges with home and work life including increased partner conflict; and (4) a “mental health changes” subgroup (n = 150, 35.5%) characterized by relatively low probability of adverse experiences but high probability of negative changes in mental health and lifestyle. Individuals in subgroups 1 and 4, which had low probabilities of adverse experiences, were significantly more likely to be non-Hispanic white. Individuals in subgroup 2 were more likely to identify with a sexual or racial/ethnic minority population. Inductive coding of qualitative data yielded themes such as stress, mental health, financial impact, and adaptation/resilience, providing context for pandemic-related adversity. Conclusion Though many individuals in our sample experienced hardship, minority populations were unequally impacted by pandemic-related adversity in work life, home life, and wellbeing. Recovery and future emergency preparedness efforts in Georgia must incorporate support mechanisms for mental health and IPV, focusing especially on the intersectional needs of racial, ethnic, and sexual minorities. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-14285-4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan McCool-Myers
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 46 Armstrong St SE, 30303 Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Damion Grasso
- grid.63054.340000 0001 0860 4915Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health, Connecticut, USA
| | - Debra Kozlowski
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 46 Armstrong St SE, 30303 Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Sarah Cordes
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 46 Armstrong St SE, 30303 Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Valerie Jean
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 46 Armstrong St SE, 30303 Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Heather Gold
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 46 Armstrong St SE, 30303 Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Peggy Goedken
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 46 Armstrong St SE, 30303 Atlanta, GA USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
McCool-Myers M, Kozlowski D, Jean V, Cordes S, Gold H, Goedken P. The COVID-19 pandemic's impact on sexual and reproductive health in Georgia, USA: An exploration of behaviors, contraceptive care, and partner abuse. Contraception 2022; 113:30-36. [PMID: 35489392 PMCID: PMC9042735 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2022.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assessing access to sexual and reproductive health care during the COVID-19 pandemic, experiences with intimate partner violence (IPV), and exploring sociodemographic disparities STUDY DESIGN: From September 2020 to January 2021, we recruited 436 individuals assigned female at birth (18-49 years.) in Georgia, USA for an online survey. The final convenience sample was n = 423; a response rate could not be calculated. Survey themes included: sociodemographic and financial information, access to contraceptive services/care, IPV, and pregnancy. Respondents who reported a loss of health insurance, difficulty accessing contraception, barriers to medical care, or IPV were characterized as having a negative sexual and reproductive health experience during the pandemic. We explored associations between sociodemographic variables and negative sexual and reproductive health experiences. RESULTS Since March 2020, 66/436 (16%) of respondents lost their health insurance, and 45% (89/436) reported income loss. Of our sample, 144/436 people (33%) attempted to access contraception. The pandemic made contraceptive access more difficult for 38/144 (26%) of respondents; however, 106/144 (74%) said it had no effect or positive effect on access. Twenty-one respondents reported IPV (5%). COVID-19 amplified negative views of unplanned pregnancy. Seventy-six people (18%) reported at least 1 negative sexual and reproductive health experience during the pandemic; people in an urban setting and those identifying as homo/bisexual were more likely to report negative experiences (24%, 28% respectively). CONCLUSION Urban and sexual minority populations had negative sexual and reproductive health experiences during COVID-19 more than their counterparts. The pandemic has shifted perspectives on family planning, likely due to the diverse impacts of COVID-19, including loss of health insurance and income. IMPLICATION Females across Georgia reported varying impacts of the COVID-19's pandemic on their sexual and reproductive health care. These findings could be utilized to propose recommendations for care and intimate partner violence support mechanisms, tailored to urban and sexual minority populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan McCool-Myers
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Jane Fonda Center for Adolescent Reproductive Health, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA, United States
| | - Debra Kozlowski
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Family Planning Division, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA, United States
| | - Valerie Jean
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Family Planning Division, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA, United States
| | - Sarah Cordes
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Family Planning Division, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA, United States
| | - Heather Gold
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Family Planning Division, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA, United States,Corresponding author at: Emory University School of Medicine, University Faculty Office Building, 49 Jesse Hill Jr Dr SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States. Phone: not available, Fax: not available
| | - Peggy Goedken
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Jane Fonda Center for Adolescent Reproductive Health, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA, United States,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Family Planning Division, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zimmerman MG, Eddins D, Muhammad A, Register E, Kauffman R, Cordes S, Jean V, Haddad L, Wrammert J, Suthar MS. Cross-reactive dengue immune complexes modulate innate antiviral responses to Zika virus infection in human placental macrophages. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.149.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that has recently emerged in the Americas and is a pathogen of significant public health concern. Unique amongst flaviviruses, ZIKV can be vertically transmitted from an infected mother to the developing fetus in utero, in some cases resulting in adverse pregnancy outcomes, including spontaneous abortion and fetal brain abnormalities. We recently found that Hofbauer cells (HCs), a fetal-derived placental macrophage, are primary targets for ZIKV infection. Further, cross-reactive dengue antibodies facilitate ZIKV transcytosis across the placental barrier to seed infection within HCs. However, little is known about the innate immune mechanisms of HCs to limit virus replication and spread within the placenta. Here, we report that HCs express the RIG-I-like receptors, RIG-I, MDA5, and LGP2, and the cytosolic DNA sensor, cGAS, and can induce a potent innate immune response characterized by production of monocyte and macrophage chemoattractants, MCP-1, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β. In contrast, HCs infected in the presence or absence of ZIKV immune complexes induced little to no type I interferon (IFN), pro-inflammatory cytokines, or chemokines. Notably, HCs infected with ZIKV immune complexes displayed reduced antiviral gene induction as compared to HCs infected in the absence of immune complexes despite similar kinetics of virus replication. We are currently performing RNA sequencing analyses to determine how binding of viral immune complexes can alter the antiviral gene signature within HCs to enhance productive ZIKV infection. These studies will further our understanding of innate immunologic mechanisms and modulation during vertical transmission of flaviviruses in the placenta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Zimmerman
- 1Dept. of Pediatrics, Emory University
- 2Yerkes Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center
| | - Devon Eddins
- 1Dept. of Pediatrics, Emory University
- 2Yerkes Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center
| | - Ali Muhammad
- 1Dept. of Pediatrics, Emory University
- 2Yerkes Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center
| | - Emery Register
- 1Dept. of Pediatrics, Emory University
- 2Yerkes Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center
| | - Robert Kauffman
- 1Dept. of Pediatrics, Emory University
- 2Yerkes Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center
| | - Sarah Cordes
- 3Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University, School of Medicine
| | - Valerie Jean
- 3Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University, School of Medicine
| | - Lisa Haddad
- 3Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University, School of Medicine
| | - Jens Wrammert
- 1Dept. of Pediatrics, Emory University
- 2Yerkes Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center
| | - Mehul S Suthar
- 1Dept. of Pediatrics, Emory University
- 2Yerkes Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Swieboda D, Johnson EL, Beaver J, Haddad L, Enninga EAL, Hathcock M, Cordes S, Jean V, Lane I, Skountzou I, Chakraborty R. Baby's First Macrophage: Temporal Regulation of Hofbauer Cell Phenotype Influences Ligand-Mediated Innate Immune Responses across Gestation. J Immunol 2020; 204:2380-2391. [PMID: 32213562 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The importance of fetal placental macrophages (Hofbauer cell [HCs]) is underscored by their appearance 18 d postconception and maintenance through term; however, how human HCs evolve during healthy pregnancy and how microenvironment and ontogeny impact phenotype and function remain unknown. In this study, we comprehensively classify human HCs ex vivo, interrogate phenotypic plasticity, and characterize antiviral immune responses through gestation. Activated HCs were abundant in early pregnancy and decreased by term; molecular signatures emphasize inflammatory phenotypes early in gestation. Frequency of HCs with regulatory phenotypes remained high through term. Furthermore, term HCs exhibited blunted responses to stimulation, indicating reduced plasticity. IFN-λ1 is a key placental IFN that appeared less protective than IFN-α, suggesting a potential weakness in antiviral immunity. Ligand-specific responses were temporally regulated: we noted an absence of inflammatory mediators and reduced antiviral gene transcription following RIG-I activation at term despite all HCs producing inflammatory mediators following IFN-γ plus LPS stimulation. Collectively, we demonstrate sequential, evolving immunity as part of the natural history of HCs through gestation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Swieboda
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Erica L Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Jacob Beaver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Lisa Haddad
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Elizabeth Ann L Enninga
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Matthew Hathcock
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905; and
| | - Sarah Cordes
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Valerie Jean
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Ivy Lane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Ioanna Skountzou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Rana Chakraborty
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; .,Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Berto M, Jean V, Zwart W, Picard D. ERα activity depends on interaction and target site corecruitment with phosphorylated CREB1. Life Sci Alliance 2018; 1:e201800055. [PMID: 30456355 PMCID: PMC6238530 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The two transcription factors estrogen receptor α (ERα) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-responsive element binding protein 1 (CREB1) mediate different signals, bind different response elements, and control different transcriptional programs. And yet, results obtained with transfected reporter genes suggested that their activities may intersect. We demonstrate here that CREB1 stimulates and is necessary for ERα activity on a transfected reporter gene and several endogenous targets both in response to its cognate ligand estrogen and to ligand-independent activation by cAMP. The stimulatory activity of CREB1 requires its DNA binding and activation by phosphorylation, and affects the chromatin recruitment of ERα. CREB1 and ERα are biochemically associated and share hundreds to thousands of chromatin binding sites upon stimulation by estrogen and cAMP, respectively. These shared regulatory activities may underlie the anti-apoptotic effects of estrogen and cAMP signaling in ERα-positive breast cancer cells. Moreover, high levels of CREB1 are associated with good prognosis in ERα-positive breast cancer patients, which may be because of its ability to promote ERα functions, thereby maintaining it as a successful therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Berto
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire and Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Valerie Jean
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire and Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Wilbert Zwart
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Didier Picard
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire and Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Oussama N, Jean V. Focal liver uptake of Tc-99m mebrofenin in a patient with cavernous hemangioma. Clin Nucl Med 1998; 23:475-7. [PMID: 9676960 DOI: 10.1097/00003072-199807000-00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Oussama
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Centre Universitaire de Sante de l'Estrie, University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|