1
|
Kaura V, Hopkins P. Recent advances in skeletal muscle physiology. BJA Educ 2024; 24:84-90. [PMID: 38375493 PMCID: PMC10874741 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjae.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- V. Kaura
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, UK
| | - P.M. Hopkins
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stundner O, Adams MCB, Fronczek J, Kaura V, Li L, Allen ML, Vail EA. Academic anaesthesiology: a global perspective on training, support, and future development of early career researchers. Br J Anaesth 2023; 131:871-881. [PMID: 37684165 PMCID: PMC10636519 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2023.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
As anaesthesiologists face increasing clinical demands and a limited and competitive funding environment for academic work, the sustainability of academic anaesthesiologists has never been more tenuous. Yet, the speciality needs academic anaesthesiologists in many roles, extending beyond routine clinical duties. Anaesthesiologist educators, researchers, and administrators are required not only to train future generations but also to lead innovation and expansion of anaesthesiology and related specialities, all to improve patient care. This group of early career researchers with geographically distinct training and practice backgrounds aim to highlight the diversity in clinical and academic training and career development pathways for anaesthesiologists globally. Although multiple routes to success exist, one common thread is the need for consistent support of strong mentors and sponsors. Moreover, to address inequitable opportunities, we emphasise the need for diversity and inclusivity through global collaboration and exchange that aims to improve access to research training and participation. We are optimistic that by focusing on these fundamental principles, we can help build a more resilient and sustainable future for academic anaesthesiologists around the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ottokar Stundner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Meredith C B Adams
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Biomedical Informatics, Pharmacology & Physiology, and Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jakub Fronczek
- Centre for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Vikas Kaura
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Li Li
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Megan L Allen
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, The Royal Melbourne Hospital and Department of Critical Care, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emily A Vail
- Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kaura V, Liu X, Diggle C, Allen PD, Hopkins PM. The Cav1.1 p.T1009K variant is a novel pathogenic variant for malignant hyperthermia. Br J Anaesth 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
4
|
Lamboley CR, Pearce L, Seng C, Meizoso-Huesca A, Singh DP, Frankish BP, Kaura V, Lo HP, Ferguson C, Allen PD, Hopkins PM, Parton RG, Murphy RM, van der Poel C, Barclay CJ, Launikonis BS. Ryanodine receptor leak triggers fiber Ca 2+ redistribution to preserve force and elevate basal metabolism in skeletal muscle. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabi7166. [PMID: 34705503 PMCID: PMC8550231 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi7166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Muscle contraction depends on tightly regulated Ca2+ release. Aberrant Ca2+ leak through ryanodine receptor 1 (RyR1) on the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membrane can lead to heatstroke and malignant hyperthermia (MH) susceptibility, as well as severe myopathy. However, the mechanism by which Ca2+ leak drives these pathologies is unknown. Here, we investigate the effects of four mouse genotypes with increasingly severe RyR1 leak in skeletal muscle fibers. We find that RyR1 Ca2+ leak initiates a cascade of events that cause precise redistribution of Ca2+ among the SR, cytoplasm, and mitochondria through altering the Ca2+ permeability of the transverse tubular system membrane. This redistribution of Ca2+ allows mice with moderate RyR1 leak to maintain normal function; however, severe RyR1 leak with RYR1 mutations reduces the capacity to generate force. Our results reveal the mechanism underlying force preservation, increased ATP metabolism, and susceptibility to MH in individuals with gain-of-function RYR1 mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cedric R. Lamboley
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Luke Pearce
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Crystal Seng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Aldo Meizoso-Huesca
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel P. Singh
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Barnaby P. Frankish
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Vikas Kaura
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Harriet P. Lo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Charles Ferguson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul D. Allen
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Robert G. Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Robyn M. Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Chris van der Poel
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Barclay
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bradley S. Launikonis
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kaura V, Chang L, Allen PD. Unravelling the unseen metabolic changes in patients with malignant hyperthermia. Can J Anaesth 2021; 68:751-754. [PMID: 33532996 DOI: 10.1007/s12630-020-01896-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kaura
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, Leeds, UK
| | - Leon Chang
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, Leeds, UK
| | - Paul D Allen
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, Leeds, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kaura
- Academic Unit of Anaesthesia, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - Philip M Hopkins
- Academic Unit of Anaesthesia, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lopez JR, Kaura V, Hopkins P, Liu X, Uryach A, Adams J, Allen PD. Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channels and Calcium Dyshomeostasis in a Mouse Model Relevant to Malignant Hyperthermia. Anesthesiology 2020; 133:364-376. [PMID: 32665491 PMCID: PMC7367496 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000003387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Until recently, the mechanism for the malignant hyperthermia crisis has been attributed solely to sustained massive Ca release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum on exposure to triggering agents. This study tested the hypothesis that transient receptor potential cation (TRPC) channels are important contributors to the Ca dyshomeostasis in a mouse model relevant to malignant hyperthermia. METHODS This study examined the mechanisms responsible for Ca dyshomeostasis in RYR1-p.G2435R mouse muscles and muscle cells using calcium and sodium ion selective microelectrodes, manganese quench of Fura2 fluorescence, and Western blots. RESULTS RYR1-p.G2435R mouse muscle cells have chronically elevated intracellular resting calcium and sodium and rate of manganese quench (homozygous greater than heterozygous) compared with wild-type muscles. After exposure to 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol, a TRPC3/6 activator, increases in intracellular resting calcium/sodium were significantly greater in RYR1-p.G2435R muscles (from 153 ± 11 nM/10 ± 0.5 mM to 304 ± 45 nM/14.2 ± 0.7 mM in heterozygotes P < 0.001] and from 251 ± 25 nM/13.9 ± 0.5 mM to 534 ± 64 nM/20.9 ± 1.5 mM in homozygotes [P < 0.001] compared with 123 ± 3 nM/8 ± 0.1 mM to 196 ± 27 nM/9.4 ± 0.7 mM in wild type). These increases were inhibited both by simply removing extracellular Ca and by exposure to either a nonspecific (gadolinium) or a newly available, more specific pharmacologic agent (SAR7334) to block TRPC6- and TRPC3-mediated cation influx into cells. Furthermore, local pretreatment with SAR7334 partially decreased the elevation of intracellular resting calcium that is seen in RYR1-p.G2435R muscles during exposure to halothane. Western blot analysis showed that expression of TRPC3 and TRPC6 were significantly increased in RYR1-p.G2435R muscles in a gene-dose-dependent manner, supporting their being a primary molecular basis for increased sarcolemmal cation influx. CONCLUSIONS Muscle cells in knock-in mice expressing the RYR1-p.G2435R mutation are hypersensitive to TRPC3/6 activators. This hypersensitivity can be negated with pharmacologic agents that block TRPC3/6 activity. This reinforces the working hypothesis that transient receptor potential cation channels play a critical role in causing intracellular calcium and sodium overload in malignant hyperthermia-susceptible muscle, both at rest and during the malignant hyperthermia crisis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Rafael Lopez
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
- Department of Research, Mount Sinai, Medical Center, Miami, FL 33140, USA
| | - Vikas Kaura
- Malignant Hyperthermia Investigation Unit, St James’ University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip Hopkins
- Malignant Hyperthermia Investigation Unit, St James’ University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaochen Liu
- Malignant Hyperthermia Investigation Unit, St James’ University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Arkady Uryach
- Division of Neonatology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami, FL 33140, USA
| | - Jose Adams
- Division of Neonatology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami, FL 33140, USA
| | - Paul D Allen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
- Malignant Hyperthermia Investigation Unit, St James’ University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kaura V, Singh G, Allen P, Shaw M, Hopkins P. TRPC3/6 channels appear to mediate the enhanced extracellular cationic influx in human malignant hyperthermia. Br J Anaesth 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
|
9
|
Kaura V, López JR, Shaw MA, Allen PD, Hopkins PM. Enhanced extracellular calcium entry in skeletal muscle of malignant hyperthermia susceptible mice and humans. Br J Anaesth 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2019.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
10
|
Kaura V, López JR, Shaw MA, Allen PD, Hopkins PM. Enhancement of Sarcolemmal Calcium Influx in a Novel Mouse Model of Malignant Hyperthermia. Biophys J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.11.2806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
11
|
Savic L, Gurr L, Kaura V, Toolan J, Sandoe JAT, Hopkins PM, Savic S. Penicillin allergy de-labelling ahead of elective surgery: feasibility and barriers. Br J Anaesth 2018; 123:e110-e116. [PMID: 30915983 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Around 10-15% of the in-patient population carry unsubstantiated 'penicillin allergy' labels, the majority incorrect when tested. These labels are associated with harm from use of broad-spectrum non-penicillin antibiotics. Current testing guidelines incorporate both skin and challenge tests; this is prohibitively expensive and time-consuming to deliver on a large scale. We aimed to establish the feasibility of a rapid access de-labelling pathway for surgical patients, using direct oral challenge. METHODS 'Penicillin allergic' patients, recruited from a surgical pre-assessment clinic, were risk-stratified using a screening questionnaire. Patients at low risk of true, immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergy were offered direct oral challenge using incremental amoxicillin to a total dose of 500 mg. A 3-day course was completed at home. De-labelled patients were followed up to determine antibiotic use in surgery, and attitudes towards de-labelling were explored. RESULTS Of 219 patients screened, 74 were eligible for inclusion and offered testing. We subsequently tested 56 patients; 55 were de-labelled. None had a serious reaction to the supervised challenge, or thereafter. On follow-up, 17 of 19 patients received appropriate antimicrobial prophylaxis during surgery. Only three of 33 de-labelled patients would have been happy for the label to be removed without prior specialist testing. CONCLUSION Rapid access de-labelling, using direct oral challenge in appropriately risk-stratified patients, can be incorporated into the existing surgical care pathway. This provides immediate and potential long-term benefit for patients. Interest in testing is high among patients, and clinicians appear to follow clinic recommendations. Patients are unlikely to accept removal of their allergy label on the basis of history alone. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: AN17/92982.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Savic
- Anaesthetic Department, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK.
| | - L Gurr
- University of Leeds School of Medicine, Leeds, UK
| | - V Kaura
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Leeds, UK
| | - J Toolan
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - J A T Sandoe
- University of Leeds School of Medicine, Leeds, UK; Microbiology Department, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - P M Hopkins
- Anaesthetic Department, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK; Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Leeds, UK
| | - S Savic
- University of Leeds School of Medicine, Leeds, UK; Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kaura V, Aboelsaod E, Hopkins P. Has malignant hyperthermia really disappeared with halothane? Comment on Br J Anaesth 2017; 119: i44–52. Br J Anaesth 2018; 121:980-981. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
|
13
|
Kaura V, Bromley M, Hopkins P, Sandoe J, Savic S, Savic L. Feasibility of abbreviated penicillin de-labelling in the elective surgical patients: the PADLES study – an early report. Br J Anaesth 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2017.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
14
|
Savic LC, Kaura V, Yusaf M, Hammond-Jones AM, Jackson R, Howell S, Savic S, Hopkins PM. Incidence of suspected perioperative anaphylaxis: A multicenter snapshot study. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice 2015; 3:454-5.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
15
|
Kaura V, Hopkins P. Smith & Aitkenhead′s Textbook of Anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeu464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
16
|
|
17
|
|
18
|
Gartside SE, Griffith NC, Kaura V, Ingram CD. The neurosteroid dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its metabolites alter 5-HT neuronal activity via modulation of GABAA receptors. J Psychopharmacol 2010; 24:1717-24. [PMID: 19493957 DOI: 10.1177/0269881109105836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its metabolites, DHEA-sulphate (DHEA-S) and androsterone, have neurosteroid activity. In this study, we examined whether DHEA, DHEA-S and androsterone, can influence serotonin (5-HT) neuronal firing activity via modulation of γ-aminobutryic acid (GABA(A)) receptors. The firing of presumed 5-HT neurones in a slice preparation containing rat dorsal raphe nucleus was inhibited by the GABA(A) receptor agonists 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridinyl-3-ol (THIP) (25 μM) and GABA (100 μM). DHEA (100 and 300 μM) and DHEA-S (1, 10 and 100 μM) caused a rapid and reversible attenuation of the response to THIP. DHEA (100 μM) and DHEA-S (100 μM) also attenuated the effect of GABA. Androsterone (10 and 30 μM) markedly enhanced the inhibitory response to THIP (25 μM). The effect was apparent during androsterone administration but persisted and even increased in magnitude after drug wash-out. The data indicate that GABA(A) receptor-mediated regulation of 5-HT neuronal firing is sensitive to negative modulation by DHEA and its metabolite DHEA-S is sensitive to positive modulation by the metabolite androsterone. The effects of these neurosteroids on GABA(A) receptor-mediated regulation of 5-HT firing may underlie some of the reported behavioural and psychological effects of endogenous and exogenous DHEA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S E Gartside
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kaura V, Ingram CD, Gartside SE, Young AH, Judge SJ. The progesterone metabolite allopregnanolone potentiates GABA(A) receptor-mediated inhibition of 5-HT neuronal activity. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2007; 17:108-15. [PMID: 16574382 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2006.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2005] [Accepted: 02/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is the origin of much of the 5-HT innervation of the forebrain. The activity of DRN 5-HT neurons is regulated by a number of receptors including GABA(A) and 5-HT(1A) inhibitory receptors and by excitatory alpha(1)-adrenoceptors. Using in vitro electrophysiological recording we investigated the action of progesterone and its metabolite, allopregnanolone on receptor-mediated responses of DRN 5-HT neurons. Neither allopregnanolone nor progesterone affected the alpha(1)-adrenoceptor agonist-induced firing. Allopregnanolone also had no effect on the inhibitory response to 5-HT. However, allopregnanolone significantly potentiated the inhibitory responses to GABA(A) receptor agonists. Progesterone did not enhance GABA(A) receptor-meditated inhibitory responses. Thus, the neuroactive metabolite of progesterone, allopregnanolone, has the ability to cause potentiation of GABA(A)-mediated inhibition of DRN 5-HT neurons. This effect on 5-HT neurotransmission may have relevance for mood disorders commonly associated with reproductive hormone events, such as premenstrual dysphoric disorder and postpartum depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kaura
- Psychobiology Research Group, School of Neurology, Neurobiology and Psychiatry, The Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|