1
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Laakko T, Korkealaakso A, Yildirir BF, Batys P, Liljeström V, Hokkanen A, Nonappa, Penttilä M, Laukkanen A, Miserez A, Södergård C, Mohammadi P. Accelerated Engineering of ELP-based Materials through Hybrid Biomimetic-De Novo Predictive Molecular Design. Adv Mater 2024:e2312299. [PMID: 38710202 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Efforts to engineer high-performance protein-based materials inspired by nature have mostly focused on altering naturally occurring sequences to confer the desired functionalities, whereas de novo design lags significantly behind and calls for unconventional innovative approaches. Here, using partially disordered elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) as initial building blocks we show that de novo engineering of protein materials can be accelerated through hybrid biomimetic design, which we achieve by integrating computational modeling, deep neural network, and recombinant DNA technology. This generalizable approach involves incorporating a series of de novo-designed sequences with α-helical conformation and genetically encoding them into biologically inspired intrinsically disordered repeating motifs. The new ELP variants maintained structural conformation and showed tunable supramolecular self-assembly out of thermal equilibrium with phase behavior in vitro. We illustrate the effective translation of the predicted molecular designs in structural and functional materials. The proposed methodology can be applied to a broad range of partially disordered biomacromolecules and potentially pave the way toward the discovery of novel structural proteins. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Laakko
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., VTT, FI-02044, Finland
| | | | - Burcu Firatligil Yildirir
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 6, Tampere, FI-33720, Finland
| | - Piotr Batys
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, Krakow, PL-30239, Poland
| | - Ville Liljeström
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Ari Hokkanen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., VTT, FI-02044, Finland
| | - Nonappa
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 6, Tampere, FI-33720, Finland
| | - Merja Penttilä
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., VTT, FI-02044, Finland
| | - Anssi Laukkanen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., VTT, FI-02044, Finland
| | - Ali Miserez
- Center for Sustainable Materials (SusMat), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, 637553, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, NTU, 637551, Singapore
| | - Caj Södergård
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., VTT, FI-02044, Finland
| | - Pezhman Mohammadi
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., VTT, FI-02044, Finland
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2
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Fang YH, Liang C, Liljeström V, Lv ZP, Ikkala O, Zhang H. Toughening Hydrogels with Fibrillar Connected Double Networks. Adv Mater 2024:e2402282. [PMID: 38577824 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Biological tissues, such as tendons or cartilage, possess high strength and toughness with very low plastic deformations. In contrast, current strategies to prepare tough hydrogels commonly utilize energy dissipation mechanisms based on physical bonds that lead to irreversible large plastic deformations, thus limiting their load-bearing applications. This article reports a strategy to toughen hydrogels using fibrillar connected double networks (fc-DN), which consist of two distinct but chemically interconnected polymer networks, that is, a polyacrylamide network and an acrylated agarose fibril network. The fc-DN design allows efficient stress transfer between the two networks and high fibril alignment during deformation, both contributing to high strength and toughness, while the chemical crosslinking ensures low plastic deformations after undergoing high strains. The mechanical properties of the fc-DN network can be readily tuned to reach an ultimate tensile strength of 8 MPa and a toughness of above 55 MJ m-3, which is 3 and 3.5 times more than that of fibrillar double network hydrogels without chemical connections, respectively. The application potential of the fc-DN hydrogel is demonstrated as load-bearing damping material for a jointed robotic lander. The fc-DN design provides a new toughening mechanism for hydrogels that can be used for soft robotics or bioelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Huang Fang
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - Chen Liang
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - Ville Liljeström
- Nanomicroscopy Center, OtaNano, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - Zhong-Peng Lv
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - Hang Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, Espoo, 02150, Finland
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3
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Majoinen J, Gustavsson L, Wani O, Kiefer S, Liljeström V, Rojas OJ, Rannou P, Ikkala O. Controlling the Nematic Liquid Crystallinity of Cellulose Nanocrystals with an Alcohol Ethoxy Sulfonate Surfactant. Biomacromolecules 2024. [PMID: 38507559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are biobased colloidal nanorods that have unlocked new opportunities in the area of sustainable functional nanomaterials including structural films and coatings, biomedical devices, energy, sensing, and composite materials. While selective light reflection and sensing develop from the typical chiral nematic (cholesteric, Nem*) liquid crystallinity exhibited by CNCs, a wealth of technologies would benefit from a nematic liquid crystal (LC) with CNC uniaxial alignment. Therefore, this study answers the central question of whether surfactant complexation suppresses CNC chirality in favor of nematic lyotropic and thermotropic liquid crystallinity. Therein, we use a common surfactant having both nonionic and anionic blocks, namely, oligo(ethylene glycol) alkyl-3-sulfopropyl diether potassium salt (an alcohol ethoxy sulfonate (AES)). AES forms complexes with CNCs in toluene (a representative for nonpolar organic solvent) via hydrogen bonding with an AES' oligo(ethylene glycol) block. A sufficiently high AES weight fraction endows the dispersibility of CNC in toluene. Lyotropic liquid crystallinity with Schlieren textures containing two- and four-point brush defects is observed in polarized optical microscopy (POM), along with the suppression of the cholesteric fingerprint textures. The results suggest a nematic (Nem) phase in toluene. Moreover, thermotropic liquid crystallinity is observed by incorporating an excess of AES, in the absence of an additional solvent and upon mild heating. The Schlieren textures suggest a nematic system that undergoes uniaxial alignment under mild shear. Importantly, replacing AES with a corresponding nonionic surfactant does not lead to liquid crystalline properties, suggesting electrostatic structural control of the charged end group of AES. Overall, we introduce a new avenue to suppress CNC chirality to achieve nematic structures, which resolves the long-sought uniaxial alignment of CNCs in filaments, composite materials, and optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Majoinen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
- Technical Research Centre of Finland VTT, Biomaterial Processing and Products, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Lotta Gustavsson
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Owies Wani
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Samira Kiefer
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Ville Liljeström
- Nanomicroscopy Center, OtaNano, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Patrice Rannou
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
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4
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Hong X, Xu Z, Lv ZP, Lin Z, Ahmadi M, Cui L, Liljeström V, Dudko V, Sheng J, Cui X, Tsapenko AP, Breu J, Sun Z, Zhang Q, Kauppinen E, Peng B, Ikkala O. High-permittivity Solvents Increase MXene Stability and Stacking Order Enabling Ultraefficient Terahertz Shielding. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024; 11:e2305099. [PMID: 38044310 PMCID: PMC10837367 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
2D transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) suggest an uncommonly broad combination of important functionalities amongst 2D materials. Nevertheless, MXene suffers from facile oxidation and colloidal instability upon conventional water-based processing, thus limiting applicability. By experiments and theory, It is suggested that for stability and dispersibility, it is critical to select uncommonly high permittivity solvents such as N-methylformamide (NMF) and formamide (FA) (εr = 171, 109), unlike the classical solvents characterized by high dipole moment and polarity index. They also allow high MXene stacking order within thin films on carbon nanotube (CNT) substrates, showing very high Terahertz (THz) shielding effectiveness (SE) of 40-60 dB at 0.3-1.6 THz in spite of the film thinness < 2 µm. The stacking order and mesoscopic porosity turn relevant for THz-shielding as characterized by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The mechanistic understanding of stability and structural order allows guidance for generic MXene applications, in particular in telecommunication, and more generally processing of 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Hong
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - Zhenyu Xu
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - Zhong-Peng Lv
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - Zhen Lin
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - Mohsen Ahmadi
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - Linfan Cui
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - Ville Liljeström
- Nanomicroscopy Center, OtaNano, Aalto University, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - Volodymyr Dudko
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, D-95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jiali Sheng
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - Xiaoqi Cui
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - Alexey P Tsapenko
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, 02150, Finland
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - Josef Breu
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, D-95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Zhipei Sun
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, 02150, Finland
- Honda Research Institute USA, Inc., San Jose, CA, 95134, USA
| | - Esko Kauppinen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - Bo Peng
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, 02150, Finland
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5
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Gustavsson L, Lv ZP, Cherian T, Seppälä W, Liljeström V, Peng B, Huotari S, Rannou P, Ikkala O. Heating-Induced Switching to Hierarchical Liquid Crystallinity Combining Colloidal and Molecular Order in Zwitterionic Molecules. ACS Omega 2023; 8:39345-39353. [PMID: 37901556 PMCID: PMC10601052 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchical self-assemblies of soft matter involving triggerable or switchable structures at different length scales have been pursued toward multifunctional behaviors and complexity inspired by biological matter. They require several and balanced competing attractive and repulsive interactions, which provide a grand challenge in particular in the "bulk" state, i.e., in the absence of plasticizing solvents. Here, we disclose that zwitterionic bis-n-tetradecylphosphobetaine, as a model compound, shows a complex thermally switchable hierarchical self-assembly in the solvent-free state. It shows polymorphism and heating-induced reversible switching from low-temperature molecular-level assemblies to high-temperature hierarchical self-assemblies, unexpectedly combining colloidal and molecular self-assemblies, as inferred by synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The high-temperature phase sustains birefringent flow, indicating a new type of hierarchical thermotropic liquid crystallinity. The high-temperature colloidal-level SAXS reflections suggest indexation as a 2D oblique pattern and their well-defined layer separation in the perpendicular direction. We suggest that the colloidal self-assembled motifs are 2D nanoplatelets formed by the lateral packing of the molecules, where the molecular packing frustration between the tightly packed zwitterionic moieties and the coiled alkyl chains demanding more space limits the lateral platelet growth controlled by the alkyl stretching entropy. An indirect proof is provided by the addition of plasticizing ionic liquids, which relieve the ionic dense packings of zwitterions, thus allowing purely smectic liquid crystallinity without the colloidal level order. Thus, molecules with a simple chemical structure can lead to structural hierarchy and tunable complexity in the solvent-free state by balancing the competing long-range electrostatics and short-range nanosegregations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta Gustavsson
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Puumiehenkuja 2, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Zhong-Peng Lv
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Puumiehenkuja 2, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Tomy Cherian
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Puumiehenkuja 2, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Wille Seppälä
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Puumiehenkuja 2, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Ville Liljeström
- Nanomicroscopy
Center, Aalto University, Puumiehenkuja 2, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Bo Peng
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Puumiehenkuja 2, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Simo Huotari
- Department
of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Patrice Rannou
- Université
Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble
INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Puumiehenkuja 2, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
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6
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De S, Nguyen HM, Liljeström V, Mäkinen K, Kostiainen MA, Vapaavuori J. Potato virus A particles - A versatile material for self-assembled nanopatterned surfaces. Virology 2023; 578:103-110. [PMID: 36493505 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Potato virus A (PVA) is a plant-infecting RNA virus that produces flexible particles with a high aspect ratio. PVA has been investigated extensively for its infection biology, however, its potential to serve as a nanopatterning platform remains unexplored. Here, we study the liquid crystal and interfacial self-assembly behavior of PVA particles. Furthermore, we generate nanopatterned surfaces using self-assembled PVA particles through three different coating techniques: drop-casting, drop-top deposition and flow-coating. The liquid crystal phase of PVA solution visualized by polarized optical microscopy revealed a chiral nematic phase in water, while in pH 8 buffer it produced a nematic phase. This allowed us to produce thin films with either randomly or anisotropically oriented cylindrical nanopatterns using drop-top and flow-coating methods. Overall, this study explores the self-assembly process of PVA in different conditions, establishing a starting point for PVA self-assembly research and contributing a virus-assisted fabrication technique for nanopatterned surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnalok De
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, 00076, Espoo, Finland
| | - Hoang M Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, 00076, Espoo, Finland
| | - Ville Liljeström
- Nanomicroscopy Center, OtaNano, Aalto University, 00076, Espoo, Finland
| | - Kristiina Mäkinen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mauri A Kostiainen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 00076, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Jaana Vapaavuori
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, 00076, Espoo, Finland.
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7
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Pylkkänen R, Mohammadi P, Liljeström V, Płaziński W, Beaune G, Timonen JVI, Penttilä M. β-1,3-Glucan synthesis, novel supramolecular self-assembly, characterization and application. Nanoscale 2022; 14:15533-15541. [PMID: 36194159 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02731c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
β-1,3-Glucans are ubiquitously observed in various biological systems with diverse physio-ecological functions, yet their underlying assembly mechanism and multiscale complexation in vitro remains poorly understood. Here, we provide for the first-time evidence of unidentified β-1,3-glucan supramolecular complexation into intricate hierarchical architectures over several length scales. We mediated these unique assemblies using a recombinantly produced β-1,3-glucan phosphorylase (Ta1,3BGP) by fine-tuning solution conditions during particle nucleation and growth. We report a synthesis of interconnected parallel hexagonal lamellae composed of 8 nm thick sheets of highly expanded paracrystals. The architecture consists of β-1,3-glucan triple-helices with considerable inter-intra hydrogen bonding within, as well as in between adjacent triple-helices. The results extend our understanding of β-1,3-glucan molecular organization and shed light on different aspects of the crystallization processes of biomolecules into structures unseen by nature. The presented versatile synthesis yields new materials for diverse medical and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pylkkänen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | | | - Ville Liljeström
- Nanomicroscopy Center, OtaNano, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Wojciech Płaziński
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
- Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Grégory Beaune
- Nanomicroscopy Center, OtaNano, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Jaakko V I Timonen
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Merja Penttilä
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
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8
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Pylkkänen R, Mohammadi P, Liljeström V, Płaziński W, Beaune G, Timonen JVI, Penttilä M. Correction: β-1,3-Glucan synthesis, novel supramolecular self-assembly, characterization and application. Nanoscale 2022; 14:15542. [PMID: 36260479 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr90202h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Correction for 'β-1,3-Glucan synthesis, novel supramolecular self-assembly, characterization and application' by Robert Pylkkänen et al., Nanoscale, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1039/D2NR02731C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pylkkänen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | | | - Ville Liljeström
- Nanomicroscopy Center, OtaNano, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Wojciech Płaziński
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
- Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Grégory Beaune
- Nanomicroscopy Center, OtaNano, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Jaakko V I Timonen
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Merja Penttilä
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
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9
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Julin S, Korpi A, Shen B, Liljeström V, Ikkala O, Keller A, Linko V, Kostiainen MA. DNA origami directed 3D nanoparticle superlattice via electrostatic assembly. Nanoscale 2019; 11:4546-4551. [PMID: 30806410 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr09844a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The arrangements of metal nanoparticles into spatially ordered structures is still challenging, but DNA-based nanostructures have proven to be feasible building blocks in directing the higher-ordered arrangements of nanoparticles. However, an additional DNA functionalization of the particles is often required to link them to the DNA frames. Herein, we show that ordered 3D metal nanoparticle superlattices could be formed also by plainly employing electrostatic interactions between particles and DNA nanostructures. By utilizing the negatively charged DNA origami surface, we were able to assemble 6-helix bundle DNA origami and cationic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) into well-ordered 3D tetragonal superlattices. Further, the results reveal that shape and charge complementarity between the building blocks are crucial parameters for lattice formation. Our method is not limited to only AuNPs and the origami shapes presented here, and could therefore be used in construction of a variety of functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Julin
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00760 Aalto, Finland.
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10
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Beyeh N, Nonappa, Liljeström V, Mikkilä J, Korpi A, Bochicchio D, Pavan GM, Ikkala O, Ras RHA, Kostiainen MA. Crystalline Cyclophane-Protein Cage Frameworks. ACS Nano 2018; 12:8029-8036. [PMID: 30028590 PMCID: PMC6150715 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b02856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyclophanes are macrocyclic supramolecular hosts famous for their ability to bind atomic or molecular guests via noncovalent interactions within their well-defined cavities. In a similar way, porous crystalline networks, such as metal-organic frameworks, can create microenvironments that enable controlled guest binding in the solid state. Both types of materials often consist of synthetic components, and they have been developed within separate research fields. Moreover, the use of biomolecules as their structural units has remained elusive. Here, we have synthesized a library of organic cyclophanes and studied their electrostatic self-assembly with biological metal-binding protein cages (ferritins) into ordered structures. We show that cationic pillar[5]arenes and ferritin cages form biohybrid cocrystals with an open protein network structure. Our cyclophane-protein cage frameworks bridge the gap between molecular frameworks and colloidal nanoparticle crystals and combine the versatility of synthetic supramolecular hosts with the highly selective recognition properties of biomolecules. Such host-guest materials are interesting for porous material applications, including water remediation and heterogeneous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngong
Kodiah Beyeh
- HYBER
Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Windsor, N9B 3P4 Windsor, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, Oakland University, 146 Library Drive, Rochester, Michigan 48309-4479, United States
| | - Nonappa
- HYBER
Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Ville Liljeström
- HYBER
Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Joona Mikkilä
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Antti Korpi
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Davide Bochicchio
- Department
of Innovative Technologies, University of
Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, CH-6928 Manno, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni M. Pavan
- Department
of Innovative Technologies, University of
Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, CH-6928 Manno, Switzerland
| | - Olli Ikkala
- HYBER
Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Robin H. A. Ras
- HYBER
Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Mauri A. Kostiainen
- HYBER
Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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11
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Liljeström V, Ora A, Hassinen J, Rekola HT, Nonappa, Heilala M, Hynninen V, Joensuu JJ, Ras RHA, Törmä P, Ikkala O, Kostiainen MA. Cooperative colloidal self-assembly of metal-protein superlattice wires. Nat Commun 2017; 8:671. [PMID: 28939801 PMCID: PMC5610313 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00697-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Material properties depend critically on the packing and order of constituent units throughout length scales. Beyond classically explored molecular self-assembly, structure formation in the nanoparticle and colloidal length scales have recently been actively explored for new functions. Structure of colloidal assemblies depends strongly on the assembly process, and higher structural control can be reliably achieved only if the process is deterministic. Here we show that self-assembly of cationic spherical metal nanoparticles and anionic rod-like viruses yields well-defined binary superlattice wires. The superlattice structures are explained by a cooperative assembly pathway that proceeds in a zipper-like manner after nucleation. Curiously, the formed superstructure shows right-handed helical twisting due to the right-handed structure of the virus. This leads to structure-dependent chiral plasmonic function of the material. The work highlights the importance of well-defined colloidal units when pursuing unforeseen and complex assemblies. Colloidal self-assembly is a unique method to produce three-dimensional materials with well-defined hierarchical structures and functionalities. Liljeström et al. show controlled preparation of macroscopic chiral wires with helical plasmonic superlattice structure composed of metal nanoparticles and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Liljeström
- HYBER Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland.,HYBER Centre of Excellence, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Ari Ora
- HYBER Centre of Excellence, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Jukka Hassinen
- HYBER Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Heikki T Rekola
- COMP Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Nonappa
- HYBER Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Maria Heilala
- HYBER Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Ville Hynninen
- HYBER Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Jussi J Joensuu
- HYBER Centre of Excellence, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Robin H A Ras
- HYBER Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland.,HYBER Centre of Excellence, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Päivi Törmä
- COMP Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Olli Ikkala
- HYBER Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Mauri A Kostiainen
- HYBER Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland. .,HYBER Centre of Excellence, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland.
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12
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Vieira VMP, Liljeström V, Posocco P, Laurini E, Pricl S, Kostiainen MA, Smith DK. Emergence of highly-ordered hierarchical nanoscale aggregates on electrostatic binding of self-assembled multivalent (SAMul) cationic micelles with polyanionic heparin. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:341-347. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb02512a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Self assembled cationic micelles form well-defined structurally ordered hierarchical nanoscale aggregates on interaction with polyanionic heparin in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ville Liljeström
- Biohybrid Materials
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology
- Aalto University
- 00076 Aalto
- Finland
| | - Paola Posocco
- Simulation Engineering (MOSE) Laboratory
- Department of Engineering and Architectures (DEA)
- University of Trieste
- Trieste
- Italy
| | - Erik Laurini
- Simulation Engineering (MOSE) Laboratory
- Department of Engineering and Architectures (DEA)
- University of Trieste
- Trieste
- Italy
| | - Sabrina Pricl
- Simulation Engineering (MOSE) Laboratory
- Department of Engineering and Architectures (DEA)
- University of Trieste
- Trieste
- Italy
| | - Mauri A. Kostiainen
- Biohybrid Materials
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology
- Aalto University
- 00076 Aalto
- Finland
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13
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Myllymäki TTT, Nonappa, Yang H, Liljeström V, Kostiainen MA, Malho JM, Zhu XX, Ikkala O. Hydrogen bonding asymmetric star-shape derivative of bile acid leads to supramolecular fibrillar aggregates that wrap into micrometer spheres. Soft Matter 2016; 12:7159-65. [PMID: 27491728 PMCID: PMC5322467 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm01329e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report that star-shaped molecules with cholic acid cores asymmetrically grafted by low molecular weight polymers with hydrogen bonding end-groups undergo aggregation to nanofibers, which subsequently wrap into micrometer spherical aggregates with low density cores. Therein the facially amphiphilic cholic acid (CA) is functionalized by four flexible allyl glycidyl ether (AGE) side chains, which are terminated with hydrogen bonding 2-ureido-4[1H]pyrimidinone (UPy) end-groups as connected by hexyl spacers, denoted as CA(AGE6-C6H12-UPy)4. This wedge-shaped molecule is expected to allow the formation of a rich variety of solvent-dependent structures due to the complex interplay of interactions, enabled by its polar/nonpolar surface-active structure, the hydrophobicity of the CA in aqueous medium, and the possibility to control hydrogen bonding between UPy molecules by solvent selection. In DMSO, the surfactant-like CA(AGE6-C6H12-UPy)4 self-assembles into nanometer scale micelles, as expected due to its nonpolar CA apexes, solubilized AGE6-C6H12-UPy chains, and suppressed mutual hydrogen bonds between the UPys. Dialysis in water leads to nanofibers with lateral dimensions of 20-50 nm. This is explained by promoted aggregation as the hydrogen bonds between UPy molecules start to become activated, the reduced solvent dispersibility of the AGE-chains, and the hydrophobicity of CA. Finally, in pure water the nanofibers wrap into micrometer spheres having low density cores. In this case, strong complementary hydrogen bonds between UPy molecules of different molecules can form, thus promoting lateral interactions between the nanofibers, as allowed by the hydrophobic hexyl spacers. The wrapping is illustrated by transmission electron microscopy tomographic 3D reconstructions. More generally, we foresee hierarchically structured matter bridging the length scales from molecular to micrometer scale by sequentially triggering supramolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu T. T. Myllymäki
- Department of Applied Physics , Aalto University , P.O. Box 15100 , FI-00076 AALTO , Finland . ;
| | - Nonappa
- Department of Applied Physics , Aalto University , P.O. Box 15100 , FI-00076 AALTO , Finland . ;
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Department of Chemistry , Université de Montréal , C.P. 6128 , Succursale Centre-ville , Montréal , QC H3C 3J7 , Canada
| | - Ville Liljeström
- Department of Applied Physics , Aalto University , P.O. Box 15100 , FI-00076 AALTO , Finland . ;
| | - Mauri A. Kostiainen
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology , Aalto University , P.O. Box 16100 , FI-00076 AALTO , Finland
| | - Jani-Markus Malho
- Department of Applied Physics , Aalto University , P.O. Box 15100 , FI-00076 AALTO , Finland . ;
| | - X. X. Zhu
- Department of Chemistry , Université de Montréal , C.P. 6128 , Succursale Centre-ville , Montréal , QC H3C 3J7 , Canada
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Department of Applied Physics , Aalto University , P.O. Box 15100 , FI-00076 AALTO , Finland . ;
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14
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Mikkilä J, Anaya-Plaza E, Liljeström V, Caston JR, Torres T, Escosura ADL, Kostiainen MA. Hierarchical Organization of Organic Dyes and Protein Cages into Photoactive Crystals. ACS Nano 2016; 10:1565-1571. [PMID: 26691783 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phthalocyanines (Pc) are non-natural organic dyes with wide and deep impact in materials science, based on their intense absorption at the near-infrared (NIR), long-lived fluorescence and high singlet oxygen ((1)O2) quantum yields. However, Pcs tend to stack in buffer solutions, losing their ability to generate singlet oxygen, which limits their scope of application. Furthermore, Pcs are challenging to organize in crystalline structures. Protein cages, on the other hand, are very promising biological building blocks that can be used to organize different materials into crystalline nanostructures. Here, we combine both kinds of components into photoactive biohybrid crystals. Toward this end, a hierarchical organization process has been designed in which (a) a supramolecular complex is formed between octacationic zinc Pc (1) and a tetraanionic pyrene (2) derivatives, driven by electrostatic and π-π interactions, and (b) the resulting tetracationic complex acts as a molecular glue that binds to the outer surface anionic patches of the apoferritin (aFt) protein cage, inducing cocrystallization. The obtained ternary face-centered cubic (fcc) packed cocrystals, with diameters up to 100 μm, retain the optical properties of the pristine dye molecules, such as fluorescence at 695 nm and efficient light-induced (1)O2 production. Considering that (1)O2 is utilized in important technologies such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), water treatments, diagnostic arrays and as an oxidant in organic synthesis, our results demonstrate a powerful methodology to create functional biohybrid systems with unprecedented long-range order. This approach should greatly aid the development of nanotechnology and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joona Mikkilä
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University , FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Eduardo Anaya-Plaza
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/IMDEA Nanociencia (TT) , 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ville Liljeström
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University , FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Jose R Caston
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Cantoblanco , 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomas Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/IMDEA Nanociencia (TT) , 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés de la Escosura
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/IMDEA Nanociencia (TT) , 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mauri A Kostiainen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University , FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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15
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Liljeström V, Seitsonen J, Kostiainen MA. Electrostatic Self-Assembly of Soft Matter Nanoparticle Cocrystals with Tunable Lattice Parameters. ACS Nano 2015; 9:11278-11285. [PMID: 26497975 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Atomic crystal structure affects the electromagnetic and thermal properties of common matter. Similarly, the nanoscale structure controls the properties of higher length-scale metamaterials, for example, nanoparticle superlattices and photonic crystals. Electrostatic self-assembly of oppositely charged nanoparticles has recently become a convenient way to produce crystalline nanostructures. However, understanding and controlling the assembly of soft nonmetallic particle crystals with long-range translational order remains a major challenge. Here, we show the electrostatic self-assembly of binary soft particle cocrystals, consisting of apoferritin protein cages and poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (PAMAM), with very large crystal domain sizes. A systematic series of PAMAM dendrimers with generations from two to seven were used to produce the crystals, which showed a dendrimer generation dependency on the crystal structure and lattice constant. The systematic approach presented here offers a transition from trial-and-error experiments to a fundamental understanding and control over the nanostructure. The structure and stability of soft particle cocrystals are of major relevance for applications where a high degree of structural control is required, for example, protein-based mesoporous materials, nanoscale multicompartments, and metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Liljeström
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, and ‡Molecular Materials, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University , 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Jani Seitsonen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, and ‡Molecular Materials, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University , 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Mauri A Kostiainen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, and ‡Molecular Materials, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University , 00076 Aalto, Finland
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16
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Bellapadrona G, Sinkar S, Sabanay H, Liljeström V, Kostiainen M, Elbaum M. Supramolecular Assembly and Coalescence of Ferritin Cages Driven by Designed Protein–Protein Interactions. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:2006-11. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Bellapadrona
- Department
of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shwetali Sinkar
- Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Mumbai Area 400076, India
| | - Helena Sabanay
- Department
of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ville Liljeström
- Biohybrid
Materials Group, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Mauri Kostiainen
- Biohybrid
Materials Group, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Michael Elbaum
- Department
of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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17
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Hassinen J, Liljeström V, Kostiainen MA, Ras RHA. Rapid Cationization of Gold Nanoparticles by Two-Step Phase Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:7990-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201503655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Hassinen J, Liljeström V, Kostiainen MA, Ras RHA. Rapid Cationization of Gold Nanoparticles by Two-Step Phase Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201503655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Välimäki S, Mikkilä J, Liljeström V, Rosilo H, Ora A, Kostiainen MA. Hierarchically ordered supramolecular protein-polymer composites with thermoresponsive properties. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:10201-13. [PMID: 25950765 PMCID: PMC4463641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160510201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic macromolecules that can bind and co-assemble with proteins are important for the future development of biohybrid materials. Active systems are further required to create materials that can respond and change their behavior in response to external stimuli. Here we report that stimuli-responsive linear-branched diblock copolymers consisting of a cationic multivalent dendron with a linear thermoresponsive polymer tail at the focal point, can bind and complex Pyrococcus furiosus ferritin protein cages into crystalline arrays. The multivalent dendron structure utilizes cationic spermine units to bind electrostatically on the surface of the negatively charged ferritin cage and the in situ polymerized poly(di(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) linear block enables control with temperature. Cloud point of the final product was determined with dynamic light scattering (DLS), and it was shown to be approximately 31 °C at a concentration of 150 mg/L. Complexation of the polymer binder and apoferritin was studied with DLS, small-angle X-ray scattering, and transmission electron microscopy, which showed the presence of crystalline arrays of ferritin cages with a face-centered cubic (fcc, Fm3m)) Bravais lattice where lattice parameter a=18.6 nm. The complexation process was not temperature dependent but the final complexes had thermoresponsive characteristics with negative thermal expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salla Välimäki
- Biohybrid Materials Group, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Joona Mikkilä
- Biohybrid Materials Group, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Ville Liljeström
- Biohybrid Materials Group, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
- Molecular Materials Group, Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Henna Rosilo
- Molecular Materials Group, Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Ari Ora
- Biohybrid Materials Group, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
- Molecular Materials Group, Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Mauri A Kostiainen
- Biohybrid Materials Group, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
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20
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Liljeström V, Mikkilä J, Kostiainen MA. Self-assembly and modular functionalization of three-dimensional crystals from oppositely charged proteins. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4445. [PMID: 25033911 PMCID: PMC4109007 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multicomponent crystals and nanoparticle superlattices are a powerful approach to integrate different materials into ordered nanostructures. Well-developed, especially DNA-based, methods for their preparation exist, yet most techniques concentrate on molecular and synthetic nanoparticle systems in non-biocompatible environment. Here we describe the self-assembly and characterization of binary solids that consist of crystalline arrays of native biomacromolecules. We electrostatically assembled cowpea chlorotic mottle virus particles and avidin proteins into heterogeneous crystals, where the virus particles adopt a non-close-packed body-centred cubic arrangement held together by avidin. Importantly, the whole preparation process takes place at room temperature in a mild aqueous medium allowing the processing of delicate biological building blocks into ordered structures with lattice constants in the nanometre range. Furthermore, the use of avidin-biotin interaction allows highly selective pre- or post-functionalization of the protein crystals in a modular way with different types of functional units, such as fluorescent dyes, enzymes and plasmonic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Liljeström
- Biohybrid Materials Group, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- Molecular Materials Group, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Joona Mikkilä
- Biohybrid Materials Group, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- Molecular Materials Group, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Mauri A. Kostiainen
- Biohybrid Materials Group, Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
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21
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Koskela JE, Liljeström V, Lim J, Simanek EE, Ras RH, Priimagi A, Kostiainen MA. Light-Fuelled Transport of Large Dendrimers and Proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:6850-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja502623m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jongdoo Lim
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Eric E. Simanek
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
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