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Parsa A, Fuchsberger C, Köttgen A, O’Seaghdha CM, Pattaro C, de Andrade M, Chasman DI, Teumer A, Endlich K, Olden M, Chen MH, Tin A, Kim YJ, Taliun D, Li M, Feitosa M, Gorski M, Yang Q, Hundertmark C, Foster MC, Glazer N, Isaacs A, Rao M, Smith AV, O’Connell JR, Struchalin M, Tanaka T, Li G, Hwang SJ, Atkinson EJ, Lohman K, Cornelis MC, Johansson Å, Tönjes A, Dehghan A, Couraki V, Holliday EG, Sorice R, Kutalik Z, Lehtimäki T, Esko T, Deshmukh H, Ulivi S, Chu AY, Murgia F, Trompet S, Imboden M, Kollerits B, Pistis G, Harris TB, Launer LJ, Aspelund T, Eiriksdottir G, Mitchell BD, Boerwinkle E, Schmidt H, Hofer E, Hu F, Demirkan A, Oostra BA, Turner ST, Ding J, Andrews JS, Freedman BI, Giulianini F, Koenig W, Illig T, Döring A, Wichmann HE, Zgaga L, Zemunik T, Boban M, Minelli C, Wheeler HE, Igl W, Zaboli G, Wild SH, Wright AF, Campbell H, Ellinghaus D, Nöthlings U, Jacobs G, Biffar R, Ernst F, Homuth G, Kroemer HK, Nauck M, Stracke S, Völker U, Völzke H, Kovacs P, Stumvoll M, Mägi R, Hofman A, Uitterlinden AG, Rivadeneira F, Aulchenko YS, Polasek O, Hastie N, Vitart V, Helmer C, Wang JJ, Stengel B, Ruggiero D, Bergmann S, Kähönen M, Viikari J, Nikopensius T, Province M, Colhoun H, Doney A, Robino A, Krämer BK, Portas L, Ford I, Buckley BM, Adam M, Thun GA, Paulweber B, Haun M, Sala C, Mitchell P, Ciullo M, Vollenweider P, Raitakari O, Metspalu A, Palmer C, Gasparini P, Pirastu M, Jukema JW, Probst-Hensch NM, Kronenberg F, Toniolo D, Gudnason V, Shuldiner AR, Coresh J, Schmidt R, Ferrucci L, van Duijn CM, Borecki I, Kardia SL, Liu Y, Curhan GC, Rudan I, Gyllensten U, Wilson JF, Franke A, Pramstaller PP, Rettig R, Prokopenko I, Witteman J, Hayward C, Ridker PM, Bochud M, Heid IM, Siscovick DS, Fox CS, Kao WL, Böger CA. Common variants in Mendelian kidney disease genes and their association with renal function. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24:2105-17. [PMID: 24029420 PMCID: PMC3839542 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012100983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Many common genetic variants identified by genome-wide association studies for complex traits map to genes previously linked to rare inherited Mendelian disorders. A systematic analysis of common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes responsible for Mendelian diseases with kidney phenotypes has not been performed. We thus developed a comprehensive database of genes for Mendelian kidney conditions and evaluated the association between common genetic variants within these genes and kidney function in the general population. Using the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man database, we identified 731 unique disease entries related to specific renal search terms and confirmed a kidney phenotype in 218 of these entries, corresponding to mutations in 258 genes. We interrogated common SNPs (minor allele frequency >5%) within these genes for association with the estimated GFR in 74,354 European-ancestry participants from the CKDGen Consortium. However, the top four candidate SNPs (rs6433115 at LRP2, rs1050700 at TSC1, rs249942 at PALB2, and rs9827843 at ROBO2) did not achieve significance in a stage 2 meta-analysis performed in 56,246 additional independent individuals, indicating that these common SNPs are not associated with estimated GFR. The effect of less common or rare variants in these genes on kidney function in the general population and disease-specific cohorts requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Parsa
- Division of Nephrology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Anna Köttgen
- Renal Division, Freiburg University Clinic, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Conall M. O’Seaghdha
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and the Center for Population Studies, Framingham, Massachusetts
- Division of Nephrology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Cristian Pattaro
- Centre for Biomedicine, European Academy of Bozen/Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Mariza de Andrade
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Daniel I. Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Karlhans Endlich
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Olden
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ming-Huei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adrienne Tin
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Young J. Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Genomics Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Daniel Taliun
- Centre for Biomedicine, European Academy of Bozen/Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Man Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mary Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Mathias Gorski
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Meredith C. Foster
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and the Center for Population Studies, Framingham, Massachusetts
| | - Nicole Glazer
- Section of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aaron Isaacs
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Madhumathi Rao
- Division of Nephrology, Tufts Evidence Practice Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Albert V. Smith
- Research Institute, Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jeffrey R. O’Connell
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Maksim Struchalin
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Aging, Baltimore Maryland
| | - Guo Li
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Shih-Jen Hwang
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and the Center for Population Studies, Framingham, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth J. Atkinson
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kurt Lohman
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Marilyn C. Cornelis
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Åsa Johansson
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Adiposity Diseases Integrated Research and Treatment Center, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Elizabeth G. Holliday
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Centre for Information-Based Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Rossella Sorice
- Adriano-Buzzati Traverso-CNR Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, Naples, Italy
| | - Zoltan Kutalik
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Fimlab Laboratories, Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Estonian Biocentre, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Harshal Deshmukh
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila Ulivi
- IRCCS Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Audrey Y. Chu
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Medea Imboden
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Kollerits
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Giorgio Pistis
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lenore J. Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Thor Aspelund
- Research Institute, Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Braxton D. Mitchell
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Austrian Stroke Prevention Study, Department of Neurology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Edith Hofer
- Austrian Stroke Prevention Study, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, University Clinic of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Frank Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ayse Demirkan
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stephen T. Turner
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jingzhong Ding
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jeanette S. Andrews
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Barry I. Freedman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Franco Giulianini
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Ulm University Clinic, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Illig
- Hanover Unified Biobank, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Angela Döring
- Institute of Epidemiology I and II, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - H.-Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology I and II, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Grosshadern Clinic, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lina Zgaga
- Center for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Tatijana Zemunik
- Croatian Centre for Global Health, University of Split Medical School, Split, Croatia
| | - Mladen Boban
- Croatian Centre for Global Health, University of Split Medical School, Split, Croatia
| | - Cosetta Minelli
- Centre for Biomedicine, European Academy of Bozen/Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Heather E. Wheeler
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Wilmar Igl
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ghazal Zaboli
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sarah H. Wild
- Center for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alan F. Wright
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Campbell
- Center for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David Ellinghaus
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ute Nöthlings
- PopGen Biobank, Schleswig-Holstein University Hospital, Kiel, Germany
- Institute for Epidemiology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gunnar Jacobs
- PopGen Biobank, Schleswig-Holstein University Hospital, Kiel, Germany
- Institute for Epidemiology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Reiner Biffar
- Clinic for Prosthodontic Dentistry, Gerostomatology, and Material Science, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Florian Ernst
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Heyo K. Kroemer
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sylvia Stracke
- Clinic for Internal Medicine A, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Peter Kovacs
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Adiposity Diseases Integrated Research and Treatment Center, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yurii S. Aulchenko
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Croatian Centre for Global Health, University of Split Medical School, Split, Croatia
| | - Nick Hastie
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Veronique Vitart
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Helmer
- INSERM U897, Institute of Public Health, Victor Segalen Bordeaux II University, Bordeaux, France
- Victor Segalen Bordeaux II University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jie Jin Wang
- Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bénédicte Stengel
- INSERM UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
- UMRS 1018, University of Paris-Sud, Paris, France
| | - Daniela Ruggiero
- Adriano-Buzzati Traverso-CNR Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, Naples, Italy
| | - Sven Bergmann
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jorma Viikari
- Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tiit Nikopensius
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Estonian Biocentre, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Michael Province
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Helen Colhoun
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Doney
- National Health Service Tayside, Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Antonietta Robino
- IRCCS Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Bernhard K. Krämer
- Fifth Department of Medicine, Mannheim University Medical Centre, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Laura Portas
- CNR Institute of Population Genetics, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Brendan M. Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Martin Adam
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gian-Andri Thun
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Paulweber
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Margot Haun
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cinzia Sala
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marina Ciullo
- Adriano-Buzzati Traverso-CNR Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, Naples, Italy
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vaudois University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Estonian Biocentre, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Colin Palmer
- Biomedical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- IRCCS Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Mario Pirastu
- CNR Institute of Population Genetics, Sassari, Italy
| | - J. Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole M. Probst-Hensch
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Kronenberg
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Toniolo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics, Pavia, Italy
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Research Institute, Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Alan R. Shuldiner
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Josef Coresh
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Austrian Stroke Prevention Study, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, University Clinic of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Aging, Baltimore Maryland
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Borecki
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Sharon L.R. Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Gary C. Curhan
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Igor Rudan
- Center for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ulf Gyllensten
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - James F. Wilson
- Center for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Rainer Rettig
- Institute of Physiology, University of Greifswald, Karlsburg, Germany
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline Witteman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Murielle Bochud
- University Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Vaudois University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Iris M. Heid
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; and
| | | | - Caroline S. Fox
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and the Center for Population Studies, Framingham, Massachusetts
- Division of Endocrinology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - W. Linda Kao
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Carsten A. Böger
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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