Total synthesis of the CP-molecules (CP-263,114 and CP-225,917, phomoidrides B and A). 1. Racemic and asymmetric synthesis of bicyclo[4.3.1] key building blocks

A brief introduction into the chemistry of the CP-molecules is followed by first-generation synthetic sequences toward key building blocks for their total synthesis. Processes for both racemic and enantiomerically enriched bicyclo[4.3.1] ketone 6 or its equivalent are described, and the absolute stereochemistries of the optically enriched intermediates are determined. The efficient route developed to racemic 6 and the ready access to both enantiomers of key building blocks provided the opportunity for the total synthesis of the CP-molecules and determination of their absolute stereochemistry.

Total synthesis of the CP-molecules (CP-263,114 and CP-225,917, phomoidrides B and A). 3. Completion and synthesis of advanced analogues

The completion of the total syntheses of the CP-molecules is reported. Several strategies and tactics, including the use of amide-based protecting groups for the homologated C-29 carboxylic acid and the use of an internal pyran protecting group scheme, are discussed. The endeavors leading to the design of new methods for the homologation of hindered aldehydes and to the isolation of a polycyclic byproduct (23), which inspired the development of a new series of reactions based on iodine(V) reagents, are described. In addition, the discovery and development of the LiOH-mediated conversion of CP-263,114 (1) to CP-225,917 (2) is described, and a mechanistic rationale is presented. Finally, a synthetic route to complex analogues of the CP-molecules harboring a maleimide moiety in place of the maleic anhydride is presented.

Modification of octamer binding transcriptional factor is related to H2B histone gene repression during dimethyl sulfoxide-dependent differentiation of HL-60 cells

Transcriptional regulation of H2B histone gene during dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-dependent differentiation of HL-60 cells has been investigated using DNase I footprinting and DNA mobility shift assay. The level of histone H2B mRNA showed a slight decline at 2 days and hardly detectable at 4 days after DMSO treatment. H2B histone mRNA was repressed in proportion to the concentration of DMSO. In DNase I footprinting analysis, one nuclear factor (octamer binding transcription factor, OTF) bound at -42 bp (octamer motif, ATTTGCAT) in undifferentiated HL-60 cells. The binding pattern of OTF was unchanged during DMSO-dependent differentiation. One protein complex (OTF) was detected by DNA mobility shift assay in undifferentiated HL-60 cells. The mobility of OTF was partially retarded during DMSO-dependent differentiation and the retardant OTF was not newly synthesized protein. These results suggest that the posttranslational modification of OTF may be responsible for the repression of H2B histone gene during DMSO-dependent differentiation of HL-60 cells.

Involvement of two NF-kappa B binding elements in tumor necrosis factor alpha -, CD40-, and epstein-barr virus latent membrane protein 1-mediated induction of the cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2 gene

The antiapoptotic function of NF-kappaB is believed to be mediated through the induction of antiapoptotic genes. Among the antiapoptotic genes, cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2 (c-IAP2/HIAP-1/MIHC) is originally identified as a molecule recruited to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor complex, and its expression is preferentially up-regulated by TNF and other stimuli activating NF-kappaB. However, direct evidence of transcriptional regulation of NF-kappaB on the c-IAP2 gene is still missing. Here, we have cloned and characterized the promoter region required for NF-kappaB-dependent transcription of the c-IAP2 gene. Sequencing of a 3.5-kilobase fragment of the 5'-flanking region of the c-IAP2 gene has identified a TATA-like sequence and potential binding sites for nuclear factor of activated T cells, interferon regulatory factor 1, activator protein 1, glucocorticoid response element, and three putative NF-kappaB binding elements. Deletion and mutational analysis of the 5'-flanking region linked to the luciferase gene revealed that transcriptional activation by TNF or interleukin 1 is mediated cooperatively by two NF-kappaB binding sites. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays characterized that the two NF-kappaB sites can be recognized and bound by the NF-kappaB p50/p65 heterodimer. In addition, the transcription of c-IAP2 promoter was strongly up-regulated when CD40 or Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 was overexpressed.

Arginine-rich anti-vascular endothelial growth factor peptides inhibit tumor growth and metastasis by blocking angiogenesis

Tumor angiogenesis is a critical step for the growth and metastasis of solid tumors. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a specific and potent angiogenic factor and contributes to the development of solid tumors by promoting tumor angiogenesis. Therefore, it is a prime therapeutic target for the development of antagonists for treatment of cancer. We identified from peptide libraries arginine-rich hexapeptides that inhibit the interaction of VEGF(165) with VEGF receptor (IC(50) = 2-4 micrometer). They have no effect on binding of basic fibroblast growth factor to cellular receptor. The hexapeptides inhibit the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells induced by VEGF(165) without toxicity. The peptides bind to VEGF and inhibit binding of both VEGF(165) and VEGF(121), suggesting that the peptides interact with the main body of VEGF but not the heparin-binding domain that is absent in VEGF(121). The identified peptides block the angiogenesis induced by VEGF(165) in vivo in the chick chorioallantoic membrane and the rabbit cornea. Furthermore, one of the hexapeptides, RRKRRR, blocks the growth and metastasis of VEGF-secreting HM7 human colon carcinoma cells in nude mice. Based on our results, the arginine-rich hexapeptides may be effective for the treatment of various human tumors and other angiogenesis-dependent diseases that are related to the action of VEGF and could also serve as leads for development of more effective drugs.

New synthetic technology for the synthesis of hindered alpha-diazoketones via acyl mesylates

[formula: see text] A mild and reliable one-pot protocol for the elaboration of sterically demanding carboxylic acids into alpha-diazoketones via acyl mesylates has been developed. Aside from delineating the reaction parameters which render this strategy quite general for hindered carboxylic acids, we have directly proven the existence of the fleeting acyl mesylate group as the reactive species in these reactions and shed light onto the differing mechanisms which are operative in the activation of hindered and simple carboxylic acids with methanesulfonyl chloride.

Novel strategies to construct the gamma-hydroxy lactone moiety of the CP molecules. Synthesis of the CP-225,917 core skeleton

[formula: see text] The array of challenging structural lineaments embodied in the CP molecules (1 and 2, Figure 1) offers synthetic chemists uncharted realms of exploration and discovery. In this communication, we focus on the chemical hurdies posed by the gamma-hydroxy lactone moiety of these exciting targets. Thus, the examination of the general reactivity of these systems, the development of a novel tandem oxidation sequence to construct the gamma-hydroxy lactone moiety, and the successful construction of the complete polycyclic core of 2 (compound 28, Scheme 5) is enumerated within.

Reduced level of ATF is correlated with transcriptional repression of DNA topoisomerase II alpha gene during TPA-induced differentiation of HL-60 cells

DNA topoisomerase II is a marker for the proliferation state of mammalian cells in culture, and the protein levels are markedly higher in exponentially growing cells than quiescent cells and can be downregulated by growth of the cells at high density and serum starvation. Correlation between ATF and TPA-repressed DNA topoisomerase II alpha (Topo II alpha) mRNA has been investigated during TPA-induced differentiation of HL-60 cells. Topo II alpha mRNA and unknotting activity were reduced at 24 hours in TPA-treated HL-60 cells. The level of Topo II alpha mRNA and the activity were gradually decreased in proportion to the concentration of TPA. Two DNA-protein complexes were formed by DNA mobility shift assay when ATF-binding site was incubated with nuclear extract prepared from TPA-free HL-60 cells, and the amount of ATF was vanished after TPA treatment. TPA-repressed Topo II alpha mRNA and ATF levels were partially restored after pretreatment of staurosporin. These results suggest that the reduced level of ATF may be important to the transcriptional repression of Topo II alpha gene during TPA-induced differentiation in HL-60 cells and related to protein kinase C signal pathway.

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes of furosemide after intravenous and oral administration to rats with alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus

Because some physiological changes occurring in diabetes mellitus patients could alter the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drugs to treat the disease, the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of furosemide were investigated after intravenous (i.v.) and oral administration of the drug (6 mg per whole body weight) to control rats and alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus rats (AIDRs). After i.v. administration, the total body clearance (5.47 versus 7.05 mL min(-1) kg(-1)) was significantly slower in AIDRs and this was due to significantly slower renal clearance (2.35 versus 4.33 mL min(-1) kg(-1)) because the nonrenal clearance was comparable between two groups of rats. The 8 h urinary excretion of furosemide after i.v. administration decreased significantly (2280 versus 3760 microg) in AIDRs due to impaired kidney function; the glomerular filtration rate measured by creatinine clearance was significantly slower (2.86 versus 4.33 mL min(-1) kg(-1)) and both the plasma urea nitrogen (43.5 versus 17.3 mg dL(-1)) and kidney weight (0.953 versus 0.749% of body weight) increased significantly in AIDRs. This resulted in a significant decrease in the 8 h urine output per g kidney (17.8 versus 43.6 mL) in AIDRs. However, the 8 h diuretic efficiency was not significantly different between two groups of rats. After oral administration, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to 8 h decreased significantly in AIDRs (1200 versus 1910 microg x min mL(-1)) due to considerably decreased absorption of furosemide from gastrointestinal tract of AIDRs. After oral administration, the 8 h urine output per g kidney (18.6 versus 36.4 mL) also decreased significantly in the AIDRs due to significantly decreased 8 h urinary excretion of furosemide (405 versus 2210 microg), however, the 8 h diuretic efficiency increased significantly (127 versus 35.2 mL mg(-1)) in AIDRs.

TATA element-binding protein is important to epidermal growth factor-dependent induction of H2B histone gene expression in primary hepatocytes from rat

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a potent mitogen for rat hepatocytes and mammalian histone synthesis is functionally and temporally coupled to DNA replication. To gain an insight on the role of EGF in the regulation of H2B histone gene expression in primary hepatocyte cultures, the binding patterns of nuclear proteins to various elements in the H2B histone gene upstream region have been investigated. EGF induced H2B histone mRNA with maximal stimulation reached at 36 hours. The induction of H2B histone mRNA was dependent on the concentration of EGF and almost reduced by actinomycin-D pretreatment. In DNase I footprinting analysis, one nuclear factor (TATA element-binding protein, TBP) bound at -20 bp (TATA element) in either the absence or presence of EGF. One DNA-protein complex was formed by DNA mobility shift assay when TATA element was incubated with nuclear extract prepared from EGF-free hepatocytes, and the amount of TBP was increased after EGF treatment. These results suggest that TBP may be correlated with transcriptional regulation of H2B histone gene by EGF in primary hepatocytes.

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes of azosemide after intravenous and oral administration of azosemide to uranyl nitrate-induced acute renal failure rats

The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences of azosemide were investigated after intravenous (i.v.) and oral administration of azosemide, 10 mg kg-1, to the control and uranyl nitrate-induced acute renal failure (U-ARF) rats. After IV administration, the plasma concentrations of azosemide were significantly higher in the U-ARF rats and this resulted in a significant increase in AUC (2520 versus 3680 micrograms min mL-1) and significant decrease in Cl (3.96 versus 2.72 mL min-1 kg-1) of azosemide. The significant decrease in Cl in the U-ARF rats was due to the significant decrease in Clr of azosemide (1.55 versus 0.00913 mL min-1 kg-1) due to the decrease in kidney function in the U-ARF rats. After IV administration, the urine output (38.5 versus 8.45 mL 100 g-1 body weight) and urinary excretion of sodium (4.60 versus 0.420 mmol 100 g-1 body weight) decreased significantly in the U-ARF rats. After oral administration, the AUC0-8 h of azosemide decreased significantly (215 versus 135 micrograms min mL-1) in the U-ARF rats possibly due to the decreased GI absorption of azosemide. After oral administration, the 24-h urine output decreased considerably (16.1 versus 11.2 mL 100 g-1 body weight, p < 0.098) and the 24-h urinary excretion of sodium (1.74 versus 0.777 mmol 100 g-1 body weight) decreased significantly in the U-ARF rats. The i.v. and oral doses of azosemide needed to be modified in the acute renal failure patients if the present rat data could be extrapolated to humans.

Species differences in pharmacokinetics of a hepatoprotective agent, YH439, and its metabolites, M4, M5, and M7, after intravenous and oral administration to rats, rabbits, and dogs

Pharmacokinetic parameters of YH439 and its metabolites, M4, M5, and M7, were compared after iv administration of YH439 to rats (1-10 mg/kg), rabbits (1-10 mg/kg), and dogs (1-20 mg/kg) and oral administration of YH439 to rats (50-500 mg/kg) and dogs (0.5-2 g per whole body weight). After oral administration of YH439 to rats, the F values were 3.67, 1.33, and 0.859% for YH439 oral doses of 100, 300, and 500 mg/kg, respectively. However, the F value increased significantly, 21.2%, after oral administration of YH439-contained mixed micelles (10 mg as free YH439) to rats due to increased water solubility of YH439. Species differences in the pharmacokinetics of YH439 and its metabolites were found. First, M7 was detected in both plasma and urine after both iv and oral administration of YH439 to dogs, whereas it was detected neither in rats nor in rabbits, indicating that considerable amount of M7 was formed from YH439 only in dogs. Second, the AUC (or AUC0-->t) ratios of M4 to YH439 after iv administration of YH439 were 24.6-31.3, 42.2-49.2, and 2200-7640% for rats, rabbits, and dogs, respectively, indicating that formation of M4 after iv administration of YH439 was maximal in dogs. Third, the AUC (or AUC0-->t) ratios of M5 to YH439 after iv administration of YH439 were 103-127, 2.93-3.31, and 92.4-158% for rats, rabbits, and dogs, respectively, indicating that formation of M5 after iv administration of YH439 was minimal in rabbits.

Simultaneous determination of a new hepatoprotective agent, YH439, and its metabolites, M4, M5, and M7 in plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of YH439, and its metabolites (M4, M5, and M7) in human plasma and rat urine using testosterone as an internal standard. The method involved deproteinization (plasma sample) or extraction (urine sample) followed by injection onto a C18 reversed-phase column. The mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.063 M phosphoric acidisopropyl alcohol (38:48:14, v/v/v), and the flow rate was 1.0 ml/min for the two methods. The column effluent was monitored by a UV detector set at 317 nm. The detection limits for YH439, M4, M5, and M7 in human plasma were 50, 40, 50, and 50 ng/ml, respectively, using the deproteinization method, and the corresponding values in rat urine were 50, 100, 50, and 50 ng/ml using the extraction method. No interferences from endogenous substances were found.

Arterial and venous blood sampling in pharmacokinetic studies: bumetanide in rabbits

The pharmacokinetics of bumetanide were evaluated simultaneously using both arterial and venous plasma data in 4 rabbits after a rapid 5 sec intravenous (iv) bolus dosing. Initial arterial to venous concentration ratios at 5 sec after injection were the highest with the values of 1410, 246, 4.25, and 351 for rabbits 1-4, respectively. Both curves decayed paralleling each other at the terminal phase with the higher venous levels than the arterial levels by 21.6, 48.2, 17.0, and 47.9% for rabbits 1-4, respectively. An exponential term with a negative coefficient was used to account for the short and steep rising phase of venous plasma levels after injection. Detailed analysis showed apparent volume of distribution at steady state (VSS) and mean residence time (MRT) values calculated from venous plasma data were higher than those form arterial plasma data. A plot of 1/Q (urine flow rate) versus 1/CLR (renal clearance) of bumetanide yielded a straight line in 4 rabbits, indicating that the CLR of bumetanide is urine flow dependent in rabbits.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of furosemide after direct administration into the stomach or duodenum

The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of furosemide were compared after an oral administration or a direct administration of Lasix into the duodenum in humans (40 mg). Furosemide was absorbed quickly after a direct administration of Lasix into the duodenum; the peak plasma concentration of furosemide was reached within 1 h in both routes of administration, and the peak concentration was higher in all four subjects after a direct administration into the duodenum than after an oral administration. Furosemide was absorbed considerably after a direct administration of Lasix into the duodenum; the values of the area under the plasma concentration-time curves of furosemide from time zero to 4 h (AUC0-4 h, 93.6 versus 122 micrograms min mL-1, p < 0.123) and the cumulative amounts of the dose excreted in 8 h (10,600 versus 15,000 micrograms, p < 0.0185) and 24 h (11,300 versus 15,400 micrograms, p < 0.0192) urine as unchanged furosemide were significantly higher after a direct administration into the duodenum than after an oral administration. However, the amounts excreted in urine as glucuronide conjugates, a metabolite of furosemide, tended to increase after an oral administration (4030 versus 1670 micrograms as expressed in terms of furosemide, p < 0.0858) when compared to a direct administration into the duodenum, possibly due to the increased gastric first-pass metabolism of furosemide. The 8 h urine output and 8 h urinary excretion of sodium did not increase significantly after a direct administration of Lasix into the duodenum, despite the significantly greater amount of the drug delivered to the active site after a direct administration into the duodenum. This could be explained by the fact that the urinary excretion rates of furosemide after a direct administration into the stomach were closer to the values of maximally efficient urinary excretion rate of furosemide during the 8 h experimental period than after a direct administration into the duodenum.

Effects of the rate and composition of fluid replacement on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous azosemide

The effects of differences in the rate and composition of intravenous fluid replacement for urine loss on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of azosemide were evaluated using rabbit as the animal model. Each rabbit received a 4h constant intravenous infusion of 1 mg kg-1 azosemide with 0% replacement (treatment I, n = 4), 50% replacement (treatment II, n = 5), and 100% replacement (treatment III, n = 5) with lactated Ringer's solution, as well as with 100% replacement with 5% dextrose in water (D-5-W, treatment IV; n = 5). Renal clearance and urinary excretion rate of the drug in treatment III were considerably higher than those in treatments I, II, and IV. In spite of the similarities in kinetic properties, diuretic and/or natriuretic effects of azosemide were markedly different among the four treatments. For example, the mean 8 h urine output values were 98.2, 178, 733, and 237 mL for treatments I-IV, respectively, and the corresponding values for sodium excretion were 11.1, 19.4, 76.4, and 14.2 mmol, and for chloride 13.4, 23.8, 78.9, and 17.1 mmol. Except for treatment III, diuresis and/or natriuresis were found to be time dependent, generally decreasing with time until reaching a low plateau during the later hours of infusion. The present findings also show that (i) no fluid replacement and 100% replacement with D-5-W both produce the same degree (not significantly different) of severe acute tolerance in natriuresis, indicating the insignificance of water compensation in tolerance development; (ii) in treatment II, where neutral sodium balance was achieved, the development of acute tolerance in diuresis can mainly be attributed to negative water balance under this special condition; and (iii) at steady state the hourly diuresis and natriuresis can differ up to about 6.87- and 5.21-fold between treatments. Some implications for the bioequivalence evaluation of dosage forms of azosemide are discussed.

Pharmacokinetics of recombinant human erythropoietin in rabbits and 3/4 nephrectomized rats

The nonlinear pharmacokinetics (1000, 5000, and 10000 IU/kg) and tissue distribution (5000 IU/kg) of erythropoietin (EPO) after intravenous administration of recombinant human EPO (rhuEPO) to rabbits, extent of absolute bioavailability (F) of EPO after subcutaneous administration (5000 IU/kg) to rabbits, and pharmacokinetics of EPO after intravenous administration to 3/4 nephrectomized rats (1000 IU/kg) were investigated. After intravenous administration of rhuEPO, 1000 IU/kg to rabbits, the terminal half-life, t1/2 (296, 368, and 378 min) and mean residence time (255, 318, and 326 min) decreased significantly, however, the total body clearance, CL (0.233, 0.165, and 0.169 ml/min/kg) and nonrenal clearance, CLNR (0.196, 0.141, and 0.120 ml/min/kg) increased significantly when compared with those of 5000 and 10000 IU/kg. The above dose-dependent pharmacokinetic parameters of EPO could be due to saturable metabolism of EPO in rabbits. The affinity of EPO to rabbit tissues studied was very low as reflected to less-than-unity values of tissue to plasma ratios except in the bile. This was supported by a considerably low value of volume of distribution of EPO at steady state (Vss) after intravenous administration of rhuEPO, 1000-10000 IU/kg, to rabbits (0.0524-0.0591 l/kg). After subcutaneous administration of rhuEPO, 5000 IU/kg, to rabbits, the plasma concentration of EPO was reached its peak at 600-720 min and declined slowly with a mean t1/2 of 1040 min. The F value after subcutaneous administration to rabbits was 43.1%. After intravenous administration of rhuEPO, 1000 IU/kg, to control and 3/4 nephrectomized rats, the CL, CLNR, and Vss were not significantly different, however, the MRT and CLR were significantly different between two groups of rats.

The effect of intravenous infusion time on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the same total dose of azosemide in rabbits

The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of azosemide were evaluated after intravenous (IV) administration of the same total dose of azosemide, 1 mgkg(-l) in different infusion times, 1 min (treatment I) and 4h (treatment II) to rabbits (n= 5, each). The loss of water and electrolytes in urine induced by azosemide was immediately replaced with infusion of equal volume of lactated Ringer's solution. Some pharmacokinetic parameters of azosemide were different between treatments I and II. For example, the mean value of terminal half-life (70.5 versus 107 min), total body clearance (5.88 versus 8.32 mL min(-1)kg(-1), renal clearance (3.45 versus 6.51mL min(-1)kg(-1), and mean residence time (18.5 versus 31.7min) increased significantly in treatment II. The 8h urine output (236 versus 733mL) and 8h urinary excretion of sodium (29.2 versus 76.4mmol) and chloride (27.5 versus 78.9 mmol) increased significantly in treatment II although the total amount of 8h urinary excretion of unchanged azosemide increased by only 15% in treatment II. This could be due to the fact that the urinary excretion rates of azosemide in treatment II remained for a longer period of time close to the maximally efficient urinary excretion rates of azosemide for both urine output and urinary excretion rates of sodium than in treatment I. Plasma concentrations of azosemide and hourly urine output and hourly urinary excretion of azosemide, sodium, potassium, and chloride during the apparent steady state (between 2 and 4 h) in treatment II were fairly constant.

Determination of a new antiulcer agent, YJA-20379-2, in human plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of a new antiulcer agent, YJA-20379-2, in human plasma and urine. The sample preparation was simple: 2.5-volume of acetonitrile was added to the biological sample to deproteinize. A 50-microliter aliquot of the supernatant was injected onto a C18 reversed-phase column. The mobile phase employed was methanol-0.1M Sørensen phosphate buffer of pH 7.0-H2O (75:2:25, v/v/v), and was run at a flow-rate of 1.0 ml/min. The column effluent was monitored by ultraviolet detector at 295 nm. The retention time for YJA-20379-2 was approximately 7.0 min. The detection limits for YJA-20379-2 in human plasma and urine were both 100 ng/ml. The coefficients of variation of the assay (within-day and between-day) were generally low (below 9.16%) for both the human plasma and urine. No interference from endogenous substances was found.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of azosemide after intravenous and oral administration to rats with alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus

Because physiological changes occurring in diabetes mellitus patients could alter the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drugs used to treat the disease, the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of azosemide were investigated after intravenous and oral administration of the drug (10 mg kg-1) to control and alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus rats (AIDRs). After intravenous administration of azosemide to the AIDRs, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) increased considerably (3120 compared with 2520 micrograms min mL-1; P < 0.135) and the total body clearance decreased considerably (3.20 compared with 3.96 mL min-1 kg-1; P < 0.0593). The considerable reduction in time-averaged total body clearance in the AIDRs was a result of the significant decrease in renal clearance (1.01 compared with 1.55 mL min-1 kg-1) in the AIDRs, the non-renal clearance being comparable between the two groups of rats. After intravenous administration, the 8-h urinary excretion of azosemide (29.5 compared with 40% of intravenous dose; P < 0.0883) and one of its metabolites, M1 (2.15 compared with 2.60% of intravenous dose, expressed in terms of azosemide; P < 0.05) decreased in the AIDRs because of the impaired kidney function. The diuretic, natriuretic, kaliuretic and chloruretic efficiencies increased significantly in the AIDRs. After oral administration of azosemide, AUC decreased significantly in the AIDRs (115 compared with 215 micrograms min mL-1) possibly because of the reduced gastrointestinal absorption of azosemide in the AIDRs. After oral administration of azosemide, the 8-h urine output decreased significantly in the AIDRs (9.32 compared with 16.1 mL per 100 g body weight) because of the significantly reduced 8-h urinary excretion of azosemide (3.00 compared with 9.14% of oral dose). After both intravenous and oral administration some pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of azosemide were significantly different in AIDRs.

Effect of O-glycosylated mucin on invasion and metastasis of HM7 human colon cancer cells

Mucinous colorectal cancers have a poorer prognosis than colorectal cancers which produce a low amount of mucin, but the exact mechanism is not well understood. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the possible mechanisms of invasion and metastasis of colon cancer cells producing high levels of mucin using mucin glycosylation inhibitor, benzyl-alpha-N-acetylgalactosamine. The binding activity of treated HM7 cells to endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule (ELAM-1) was significantly decreased and fixed cell binding of MoAb SNH-3 and 19-9 (specific for sialyl Le(x) and sialyl Le(a), respectively) was also significantly decreased. Metalloproteinase activity in conditioned medium and invasion of matrigel-coated porous filters by treated HM7 cells were decreased. However, there was no difference between control and treated HM7 cells in terms of matrix protein binding. These results suggest that O-glycosylated mucin is important in the invasive and metastatic properties of HM7 human colon cancer cells.

Pharmacokinetics of DA-125, a new anthracycline, after intravenous administration to uranyl nitrate-induced acute renal failure rats or protein-calorie malnutrition rats

The pharmacokinetics of DA-125 were compared after intravenous (i.v.) administration of the drug, 10 mg kg-1, to control male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 9) and uranyl nitrate-induced acute renal failure (U-ARF, n = 12) rats, or male Sprague-Dawley rats fed on a 23% (control, n = 8) or a 5% (protein-calorie malnutrition, PCM, n = 9) protein diet. After i.v. administration of DA-125, almost 'constant' plasma concentrations of M1, M2, and M4 were maintained from 1-2 h to 8-10 h in all rat groups due to the continuous formation of M2 from M1 and M4 from M3. The plasma concentrations of M3 were the lowest among M1-M4 for all rat groups due to the rapid and almost complete conversion of M3 to M4 and other metabolite(s). The AUCt values of M1 (115 against 82.5 micrograms min mL-1), M2 (33.0 against 23.6 micrograms min mL-1), and M4 (26.3 against 15.1 micrograms min mL-1) were significantly higher in the U-ARF rats than in the control rats. The percentages of i.v. dose excreted in 24 h urine as M1 (under the detection limit against 0.316%), M2 (under the detection limit against 5.58%), and M4 (0.0174 against 0.719%)--expressed in terms of DA-125--were significantly lower in the U-ARF rats than in the control rats, and this could be due to the decreased kidney function in the U-ARF rats. However, the percentages of i.v. dose recovered from the GI tract at 24 h as M1 (0.0532% against under the detection limit), M3 (0.0286% against under the detection limit), and M4 (0.702% against 0.305%)--expressed in terms of DA-125--were significantly greater in the U-ARF rats than in the control rats. All U-ARF rats had ascites, but the concentrations of M1 (0.0320 micrograms mL-1), M2 (0.0265 micrograms mL-1), M3 (under the detection limit), and M4 (0.032 micrograms mL-1) in the ascites from one rat were almost negligible. The plasma concentrations and most of the pharmacokinetic parameters of M1, M2, and M4 were not significantly different between the PCM rats and their control rats.

Effect of a hepatoprotective agent, YH-439, on the pharmacokinetics of furosemide and azosemide in rats

The effect of YH-439 pretreatment on the pharmacokinetics of furosemide and azosemide was investigated after intravenous (iv) administration of furosemide, 6 mg per whole body weight, and azosemide, 10 mg per kg body weight, to rats pretreated with 3 consecutive daily oral administration of YH-439, 200 mg per kg body weight. The nonrenal clearance of furosemide (2.20 versus 3.53 ml/min/kg) increased significantly, and the 24 h-urinary excretion of furosemide (both the amount and percentages of iv dose) decreased significantly in the YH-439 treated rats when compared with those in the control rats. The results were unexpected since the metabolism of furosemide increased by pretreatment with phenobarbital (CYP2B inducer) and YH-439 pretreatment failed to affect CYP2B expression. The increased metabolism of furosemide by pretreatment with YH-439 could be due to other enzyme(s) induced by pretreatment with YH-439. Pharmacokinetic parameters of azosemide were not significantly different between the two groups of rats except t(1/2), MRT, and V(ss). The results were unexpected since azosemide metabolism increased with 3-methylchloranthane (3-MC, CYP1A inducer) and YH-439 pretreatment increased CYP1A expression. Above data indicate that the expression of CYP1A by treatment with YH-439 was not considerable when compared with that with 3-MC.

Factors influencing the protein binding of YH-439 using an equilibrium dialysis technique. A new hepatoprotective agent

Various factors influencing the plasma protein binding of YH-439 to 4% human serum albumin (HSA) were evaluated using the equilibrium dialysis method at the initial YH-439 concentration of 2 micrograms mL-1. It took approximately 12 h of incubation to reach an equilibrium between 4% HSA and isotonic phosphate buffer of pH 7.4 containing 3% of dextran ('the buffer') using a Spectra/Por 2 membrane (molecular weight cut-off, 12,000-14,000) in a water bath shaker kept at 37 degrees C and at a rate of 50 oscillations min-1. YH-439 was fairly stable both in 4% HSA and in the 'buffer' for up to 24 h incubation. The binding of YH-439 to 4% HSA was constant (97.4 +/- 0.55%) at YH-439 concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 10 micrograms mL-1. However, the extent of binding was dependent on HSA concentrations: the values were 90.7, 94.7, 96.7, 97.0, 97.0, 97.1, and 97.5% at HSA concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6%, respectively. The plasma protein binding decreased with increasing incubation temperature: the binding values were 98.2, 97.6, 97.2, and 96.8% when incubated at 10, 21, 26, and 37 degrees C, respectively. The binding of YH-439 was also influenced by the chloride concentration in the buffer: the binding values were 94.5, 97.0, and 96.8% for the chloride concentrations of 0, 0.249, and 0.546%, respectively. The binding of YH-439 was also dependent on the buffer pH: the percentages of free fraction were 6.0, 4.1, 3.8, 2.8, 2.7 and 2.8% for the buffer pHs of 5.0, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.4, and 8.0, respectively. The free fraction of YH-439 was slightly increased by the addition of heparin (up to 40 U mL-1), sodium azide (NaN3, up to 0.5%), and its metabolites. The protein binding of YH-439 was influenced neither by AAG, acetylsalicylic acid, or sulphisoxazole, nor by the addition of citrate or EDTA. The free fractions of YH-439 in rabbit (4.2%) and dog (4.7%) plasma seemed to be higher than in rats (2.9%) and humans (3.1%).

Effects of the rate and composition of fluid replacement on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous bumetanide

The effects of differences in the rate and composition of intravenous (i.v.) fluid replacement for urine loss on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of bumetanide were evaluated with rabbit as the animal model. Each rabbit received a 4-h constant i.v. infusion of bumetanide at 1 mg/kg with 0% replacement (treatment I, n = 8), 50% replacement (treatment II, n = 6), and 100% replacement (treatment III, n = 7) with lactated Ringer's solution, in addition, another group of rabbits received 100% replacement with 5% dextrose in water (D-5-W, treatment IV, n = 4). Some pharmacokinetic parameters, such as the apparent volume of distribution at steady-state, mean residence time, and terminal half-life, remained relatively unchanged in all four treatments. Renal clearance and urinary excretion rate of the drug in treatments I-III were essentially the same, but were considerably higher than those in treatment IV. In spite of the similarities in kinetic properties (approximately 40% difference between lowest and highest values), the diuretic and/or natriuretic effects of bumetanide were markedly different among the four treatments. For example, the mean 8-h urine output values were 189, 317, 2170, and 306 mL for treatments I-IV, respectively, the corresponding 8-h sodium excretion values were 9.19, 16.5, 88.8, and 15.7 mmol, and the chloride excretion values were 10.8, 33.7, 77.4, and 11.7 mmol. Except for treatment III, diuresis and/or natriuresis were time dependent, generally decreasing with time until reaching a low plateau during later hours of infusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effects of water deprivation for 48 hours on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of furosemide in rats

The effects of water deprivation for 48 h on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of furosemide were examined after intravenous, 8 mg/kg body weight, and oral administration, 16 mg/kg body weight, of furosemide to control and water deprived rats. After i.v. administration, the total body and nonrenal clearances decreased significantly in water-deprived rats. The urine output, urinary excretion of sodium, potassium and chloride based on grams of kidney weight, and the diuretic, natriuretic and chloruretic efficiencies decreased significantly in water-deprived rats after both intravenous and oral administration of furosemide, suggesting that the dose of furosemide for water-deprived patients may require modification.

Cystic fibrosis and pancreatic cancer cells synthesize and secrete MUC1 type mucin gene product

The purpose of this study was to determine the biochemical and molecular characteristics of mucin synthesized by cystic fibrosis cells (CFPAC-1), a pancreatic cancer cell line derived from a patient with cystic fibrosis, and pancreatic cancer (SW-1990) cell lines. High molecular weight glycoproteins (HMG) were quantified by [3H]-glucosamine labeling and chromatography on sepharose CL-4B. Mucin gene expression was determined by using cDNA probes for 2 distinct intestinal mucins (MUC2 and MUC3) and one stomach mucin (MUC1). The specific mucin core epitopes were confirmed by immunoblots using antibodies that recognize T, Tn, sialosyl Tn, MUC1, MUC2, and MUC3. The results of these experiments demonstrate that CFPAC-1 cells contained 1.25 fold and 1.4 fold more HMG in the membrane and cytosolic fractions, however, secreted 4-fold more HMG into the medium compared to SW-1990 cells. The HMG of SW-1990 was found to be mucinous in nature and not proteoglycans, as it was not susceptible to hyalurinidase, heparinase and chondroitinase ABC. The HMG of CFPAC-1 was also predominantly (80%) mucinous but with small amounts of proteoglycans. mRNA and immunoblot analysis suggest that these CFPAC-1 and SW-1990 cells predominantly express MUC1 apomucin, small amounts of MUC2 apomucin, and no MUC3. Pulse chase labeling and immunoprecipitation of MUC1 type mucin using the 139H2 monoclonal antibody demonstrated that different sizes of mucin gene product were present in both cell lines, corresponding to the known length polymorphism of this mucin. Both T and Tn antigens were significantly higher in CFPAC-1 and SW-1990 cells as compared to sialosyl Tn antigen. These findings were associated with the increased activities of polypeptidyl N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase and b1,3-galactosyltransferase. These investigations demonstrate for the first time that cystic fibrosis cells (CFPAC-1) secrete and synthesize high amounts of mucin which is associated with high levels of MUC1 mRNA, low levels of MUC2 mRNA and non detectable MUC3 mRNA.

Intraluminal bypass technique using a condom for protection of coloanal anastomosis

PURPOSE

Most surgeons carry out temporary diverting colostomy in coloanal anastomosis for mid-rectal or lower-rectal carcinomas. It has been reported that proximal fecal diversion provides no guarantee against anastomotic leaks. Some have proposed the use of the intracolonic bypass tube to prevent anastomotic leakage and colostomy, but colonic necrosis has been reported; it is important to use a safe technique that obviates this.

METHODS

The rectum is fully mobilized and transected at the level of the levator diaphragm. The mobilized sigmoid and rectum are resected with their mesenteries, and the prepared distal colon is everted 5 cm using Babcock clamps. The ring of a sterilized condom is then sutured to the mucosa and submucosa of the colon with 4/0 chromic catgut sutures. After completion of coloanal anastomosis, the condom is brought to the exterior, and the mid part is transected.

RESULTS

We have used a condom for intraluminal bypass procedures in ten rectal carcinoma patients including five preoperative radiation cases. There was no anastomotic dehiscence, leakage, or colonic necrosis because of a condom.

CONCLUSION

We believe that the intraluminal bypass technique using a condom is a very safe, cost-effective, and easily available alternative for coloanal anastomosis.

Biphasic effect of cell surface sialic acids on pancreatic cancer cell adhesiveness

Partial removal of cell surface sialic acids, by enzymatic hydrolysis or by reducing sialylation, increased both adhesion to Matrigel and cellular aggregation in the pancreatic cancer cell line, SW1990. In contrast, a greater reduction in cell surface sialic acids decreased cellular adhesiveness below that of untreated cells. Cellular adhesion and homotypic cellular aggregation were enhanced by reducing O-linked glycosylation. Addition of purified SW1990 mucins reversed the effect of the inhibition of O-glycosylation. Both adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins and cellular aggregation were generally unaffected or decreased by inhibition of N-linked glycosylation. These results suggest that although certain sialic acids are required for the adhesion, sialic acids on oligosaccharides O-linked to surface glycoproteins inhibit SW1990 cellular aggregation and adhesion to the substratum.

Mucin synthesis and secretion in various human epithelial cancer cell lines that express the MUC-1 mucin gene

Previous studies have suggested that mucin gene expression is tissue-specific; however, the relationship between unique mucin gene products and the biochemical properties of mucins is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the biochemical and molecular characteristics of mucin synthesized by adenocarcinoma cell lines derived from breast (ZR-75-1), stomach (MGC-803), pancreas (Capan-2), and lung (Chago K-1). Mucin was quantitated by [3H]glucosamine labeling and Sepharose CL-4B chromatography. The mucinous nature of the labeled high molecular weight glycoproteins (HMG) was verified by alkaline borohydride treatment, cesium chloride density gradient ultracentrifugation, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Specific mucin gene expression was determined using cDNA probes for 2 distinct intestinal mucins (MUC-2 and MUC-3) and one breast cancer mucin (MUC-1). Specific core mucin proteins were confirmed by immunoblots using antibodies that recognize MUC-1, MUC-2, and MUC-3 core peptides. These experiments demonstrate that all cell lines contained HMG in the medium, cytosol, and membrane fractions. The HMG was mucinous in breast, pancreatic, and lung cell lines. In contrast, most of the HMG secreted by the gastric cell line was proteoglycan-like, due to its susceptibility to hyaluronidase, heparinase, and chondroitinase avidin-biotin complex. Ion-exchange (DEAE-Sephacel) chromatography of [3H]glucosamine-labeled HMG demonstrated that the acidic or basic nature of the mucin was different in all cancer cell lines tested. Despite these differences, mRNA and immunoblot analysis suggest that all cell lines predominantly express MUC-1 apomucin, small amounts of MUC-2 apomucin, and no MUC-3. Immunoprecipitation of MUC-1-type mucin using the 139H2 monoclonal antibody demonstrated that different sizes of mucin peptides were present in all cell lines, corresponding to the known length polymorphism of this mucin. The amount and nature of carbohydrate epitopes were analyzed by immunoblots using anti-T (peanut lectin), anti-Tn (91S8 monoclonal antibody), and anti-sialosyl Tn (JT10e monoclonal antibody). T and Tn antigens were significantly higher in breast and pancreatic cells as compared with lung and gastric cell lines. These findings correlated with increased activities of polypeptidyl N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase and beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Biochemical, cytogenetic, and morphological characteristics of human primary and metastatic prostate cancer cell lines

Metastatic properties of human prostatic cancer cell lines (ND-1 and DU-145) were examined using various biochemical techniques. DU-145 cells had a higher metastatic potential than ND-1 cells. Cytogenetic analysis by G-banding demonstrated an aneuploid karyotype with considerable structural rearrangement. ND-1 cells had a modal chromosome number range lower than DU-145 cells (45-66, compared to 54-62). Ploidy analysis revealed that DU-145 cells showed hyperdiploidy with a greater amount of proliferation than the majority of ND-1 cells. Electron microscopic studies revealed little change in the cell morphology of either line. DU-145 cells had lower phosphatidyl choline levels and higher sphingomyelin levels than ND-1. DU-145 cells had much lower arachidonic acid levels than ND-1 cells. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed protein differences between the two cell lines. This study demonstrates for the first time that lipids, proteins and cytogenetic parameters differ in human primary and secondary prostate cancer cell lines.

Metastasis-associated alterations in phospholipids and fatty acids of human prostatic adenocarcinoma cell lines

Metastatic variants of human prostatic adenocarcinoma cell lines (DU-145, LNCaP, and ND-1) were studied by using soft agar colony forming efficiency, nude mice tumorigenicity, in vitro invasion assay, and type IV collagenase assay. The DU-145 and ND-1 cell line showed higher metastatic potential than LNCaP. Lipids from DU-145, ND-1, and LNCaP cells were extracted and analyzed by thin-layer chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography. The major lipids were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin, fatty acids, and cholesterol. The sphingomyelin level was significantly higher in highly metastatic cells (DU-145 and ND-1) compared with the lower metastatic variant (LNCaP). The increase in the synthetic pathway and decrease in degradation pathway of sphingomyelin in microsomal fractions was sufficient to account for the measured increase in sphingomyelin in DU-145 cells compared with LNCaP cells. The major fatty acids of these lipids were palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), oelic (18:1), and arachidonic acid (20:4). The arachidonic acid level was significantly decreased in DU-145 and ND-1 compared with LNCaP cells. Electron microscopic studies showed no significant changes in the morphology of DU-145, ND-1, and LNCaP cells. The results of these investigations demonstrate for the first time that sphingomyelin and arachidonic acid contents are different in high and low metastatic variants of human prostatic adenocarcinoma cell lines.