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Solsona M, Vollenbroek JC, Tregouet CBM, Nieuwelink AE, Olthuis W, van den Berg A, Weckhuysen BM, Odijk M. Microfluidics and catalyst particles. Lab Chip 2019; 19:3575-3601. [PMID: 31559978 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00318e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this review article, we discuss the latest advances and future perspectives of microfluidics for micro/nanoscale catalyst particle synthesis and analysis. In the first section, we present an overview of the different methods to synthesize catalysts making use of microfluidics and in the second section, we critically review catalyst particle characterization using microfluidics. The strengths and challenges of these approaches are highlighted with various showcases selected from the recent literature. In the third section, we give our opinion on the future perspectives of the combination of catalytic nanostructures and microfluidics. We anticipate that in the synthesis and analysis of individual catalyst particles, generation of higher throughput and better understanding of transport inside individual porous catalyst particles are some of the most important benefits of microfluidics for catalyst research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Solsona
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - J C Vollenbroek
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - C B M Tregouet
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - A-E Nieuwelink
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - W Olthuis
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - A van den Berg
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - B M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M Odijk
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, The Netherlands.
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van de Velde L, d'Angremont E, Olthuis W. Solid contact potassium selective electrodes for biomedical applications – a review. Talanta 2016; 160:56-65. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2016.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
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de Wagenaar B, Dekker S, de Boer HL, Bomer JG, Olthuis W, van den Berg A, Segerink LI. Towards microfluidic sperm refinement: impedance-based analysis and sorting of sperm cells. Lab Chip 2016; 16:1514-1522. [PMID: 27025866 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00256k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of high quality semen for artificial insemination in the livestock industry is essential for successful outcome. Insemination using semen with a high number of sperm cells containing morphological defects has a negative impact on fertilization outcome. Therefore, semen with a high number of these abnormal cells is discarded in order to maintain high fertilization potential, resulting in the loss of a large number of morphologically normal sperm cells (up to 70-80% of original sample). A commonly occurring morphological sperm anomaly is the cytoplasmic droplet on the sperm flagella. Currently, no techniques are available to extract morphologically normal sperm cells from rejected samples. Therefore, we aim to develop a microfluidic setup which is able to detect and sort morphologically normal sperm cells label-free and non-invasively. In a proof-of-concept experiment, differential impedance measurements were used to detect the presence of cytoplasmic droplets on sperm flagella, which was quantified by calculating the area under the curve (AUC) of the corresponding impedance peaks. A receiver operating characteristic curve of this electrical analysis method showed the good predictive power of this analysis method (AUC value of 0.85). Furthermore, we developed a label-free cell sorting system using LabVIEW, which is capable of sorting sperm cells based on impedance. In a proof-of-concept experiment, sperm cells and 3 μm beads were sorted label-free and non-invasively using impedance detection and dielectrophoresis sorting. These experiments present our first attempt to perform sperm refinement using microfluidic technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- B de Wagenaar
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ and MIRA Institutes, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands. ,
| | - S Dekker
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ and MIRA Institutes, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands. ,
| | - H L de Boer
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ and MIRA Institutes, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands. ,
| | - J G Bomer
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ and MIRA Institutes, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands. ,
| | - W Olthuis
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ and MIRA Institutes, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands. ,
| | - A van den Berg
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ and MIRA Institutes, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands. ,
| | - L I Segerink
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ and MIRA Institutes, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands. , and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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de Wagenaar B, Berendsen JTW, Bomer JG, Olthuis W, van den Berg A, Segerink LI. Microfluidic single sperm entrapment and analysis. Lab Chip 2015; 15:1294-301. [PMID: 25578490 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc01425a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Selection of healthy spermatozoa is of crucial importance for the success rates of assisted reproduction technologies (ART) such as in vitro fertilization and intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection. Although sperm selection for ART procedures is predominantly based on sperm motility, successful fertilization is not predicted by good motility alone. For example, sperm characteristics such as the acrosome state and DNA integrity have shown significant impact on ART outcome. Although fertilization can be achieved with a single spermatozoon of high quality, current quality assessments are population-based and do not allow investigation of multiple sperm characteristics on a single spermatozoon simultaneously. In order to study sperm cells on the single cell level, we designed and characterized a PDMS microfluidic platform that allows single sperm entrapment. After spatially confining individual sperm cells within microfluidic cell traps, the cell viability, chromosomal content and acrosome state were studied. This platform is suitable for the analysis of individual sperm cells, which could be exploited for (non-invasive) sperm analysis and selection by impedance or Raman spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B de Wagenaar
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ and MIRA Institutes, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Al-Kutubi H, Rassaei L, Olthuis W, Nelson GW, Foord JS, Holdway P, Carta M, Malpass-Evans R, McKeown NB, Tsang SC, Castaing R, Forder TR, Jones MD, He D, Marken F. Correction: Polymers of intrinsic microporosity as high temperature templates for the formation of nanofibrous oxides. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra90086g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Correction for ‘Polymers of intrinsic microporosity as high temperature templates for the formation of nanofibrous oxides’ by H. Al Kutubi et al., RSC Adv., 2015, 5, 73323–73326.
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Al Kutubi H, Rassaei L, Olthuis W, Nelson GW, Foord JS, Holdway P, Carta M, Malpass-Evans R, McKeown NB, Tsang SC, Castaing R, Forder TR, Jones MD, He D, Marken F. Polymers of intrinsic microporosity as high temperature templates for the formation of nanofibrous oxides. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra15131g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly rigid polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIM) offer novel high temperature template materials for the formation of nano-structured metal oxides, here for nanostructured Pr6O11.
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Straver MG, Odijk M, Olthuis W, van den Berg A. A simple method to fabricate electrochemical sensor systems with predictable high-redox cycling amplification. Lab Chip 2012; 12:1548-1553. [PMID: 22361973 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc21233a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this paper an easy to fabricate SU8/glass-based microfluidic sensor is described with two closely spaced parallel electrodes for highly selective measurements using the redox cycling effect. By varying the length of the microfluidic entrance channel, a diffusion barrier is created for non-cycling species effectively increasing selectivity for redox cycling species. Using this sensor, a redox cycling amplification of ∼6500× is measured using the ferrocyanide redox couple. Moreover, a simple, but accurate analytical expression is derived that predicts the amplification factor based on the sensor geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Straver
- BIOS/Lab-on-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P. O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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Odijk M, Baumann A, Olthuis W, van den Berg A, Karst U. Electrochemistry-on-chip for on-line conversions in drug metabolism studies. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 26:1521-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.07.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Odijk M, Baumann A, Lohmann W, van den Brink FTG, Olthuis W, Karst U, van den Berg A. A microfluidic chip for electrochemical conversions in drug metabolism studies. Lab Chip 2009; 9:1687-1693. [PMID: 19495451 DOI: 10.1039/b822962g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We have designed a microfluidic microreactor chip for electrochemical conversion of analytes, containing a palladium reference electrode and platinum working and counter electrodes. The counter electrode is placed in a separate side-channel on chip to prevent unwanted side-products appearing in the measured spectrograms. Using this chip, cyclic voltammograms are measured in volumes of 9.6 nL. Furthermore the conversion efficiency of ferricyanide is characterized using UV/vis-spectroscopy. We have obtained an on-line conversion of 97% using a flow rate of 1 microL/min. We have used the microreactor chip to study the electrochemical metabolism pathway of amodiaquine using electrochemistry (EC)-liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS). We have compared our results with measurements obtained with commercially available electrochemical flow-through cells. Using our chip it was possible to obtain similar results. Therefore, we have fabricated an electrochemical cell on-chip which is used successfully in EC-UV/vis and EC-LC-MS experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Odijk
- BIOS - the Lab-on-a-Chip group, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Odijk M, Olthuis W, Dam V, van den Berg A. Simulation of Redox-Cycling Phenomena at Interdigitated Array (IDA) Electrodes: Amplification and Selectivity. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200704105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Dam VAT, Olthuis W, van den Berg A. Redox cycling with facing interdigitated array electrodes as a method for selective detection of redox species. Analyst 2007; 132:365-70. [PMID: 17554417 DOI: 10.1039/b616667a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A pair of interdigitated ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs) is used to electrochemically detect a weak reductor (dopamine) in the presence of a stronger one (K(4)[Fe(CN)(6)]). In the mixture of both reductors, one of the two interdigitated electrodes (the generator electrode) is used to oxidize both species at 700 mV vs. Ag/AgCl, followed by subsequent (selective) reduction of the oxidized dopamine at 400 mV. A regenerated dopamine molecule can thus be oxidized several times (redox cycling) and enable selective detection even in the presence of the stronger reductor. In order to obtain high redox cycling efficiency, we designed and realized platinum electrodes with widths of 2 and 4 microm and spacing of 2 microm, which gave redox cycling efficiencies of 9 and 4 respectively. Using this electrode design, a dopamine/K(4)[Fe(CN)(6)] selectivity of 2 could be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A T Dam
- BIOS, the Lab-on-a-Chip group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Herber S, Eijkel J, Olthuis W, Bergveld P, van den Berg A. Study of chemically induced pressure generation of hydrogels under isochoric conditions using a microfabricated device. J Chem Phys 2006; 121:2746-51. [PMID: 15281877 DOI: 10.1063/1.1773153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A method is proposed to study the behavior of stimulus-sensitive hydrogels under isochoric conditions. Freedom of swell movement of such a hydrogel was restricted in all directions by enclosing the hydrogel between a micropressure sensor and a porous cover. Water and external stimuli can be applied to the hydrogel through the pores of the cover to provoke swelling, which results in pressure generation measured by the pressure sensor. The method was put to the proof by examining the response of a pH-sensitive hydrogel to changes in pH, ionic strength, and buffer concentrations of the surrounding solution. Both equilibrium and dynamic pressure generation were observed. The results show that higher pressures are obtained by incorporating more ionizable groups into the hydrogel network or by lowering the ionic strength of the external solution. Furthermore it was proven that pressures reach equilibrium faster when less titratable groups are incorporated or at the presence of higher buffer concentrations in the surrounding solution. By using microfabrication techniques the dimensions of the hydrogel could be kept small with the advantage that responses are fast. A DMAEMA-co-HEMA hydrogel with 2.5% protonable groups and a thickness of 15 microm generated a Delta pressure of 0.67 x 10(5) Pa in 12 min when a pH step from 9 to 6 was applied. The presented method is a simple and fast manner to characterize the static and dynamic stimulus-dependent behavior of hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Herber
- Laboratory of Biosensors, Department of Electrical Engineering, MESA Research Institute, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
In this paper a micromachined electrochemically driven pump capable of dosing precise nanoliter amounts of liquid is presented. The pump consists of a micromachined channel structure realized in silicon by reactive ion etching. On top of this structure a Pyrex((R)) cover piece with noble metal electrodes was bonded. The fluid to be dispensed is stored in a meander shaped reservoir which is part of the channel structure. This meander starts in an electrolyte solution containing reservoir, on top of which two noble metal electrodes are positioned. By the electrochemical production of gas bubbles by electrolysis of water at these electrodes, liquid can be driven out of the meander. The measured volume displacements were in close agreement with theory. Pump rates as low as a few nl/s could accurately be controlled via the actuation current through the electrodes. By applying current pulses rather than a continuous current, preset amounts of fluid in the nanoliter range could be dosed successfully. Because the resulting device consists of simple channel structures and metal electrodes it can easily be integrated in miniaturized chemical analysis systems to dose reagents or calibration solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Böhm
- MESA Research Institute, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Herber S, Bomer J, Olthuis W, Bergveld P, van den Berg A. A Miniaturized Carbon Dioxide Gas Sensor Based on Sensing of pH-Sensitive Hydrogel Swelling with a Pressure Sensor. Biomed Microdevices 2005; 7:197-204. [PMID: 16133807 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-005-3026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A measurement concept has been realized for the detection of carbon dioxide, where the CO(2) induced pressure generation by an enclosed pH-sensitive hydrogel is measured with a micro pressure sensor. The application of the sensor is the quantification of the partial pressure of CO(2) (Pco(2)) in the stomach as diagnosis for gastrointestinal ischemia. The principle is put to the proof by examining the sensor response to changes in Pco(2). Furthermore, the response time, temperature-sensitivity and resolution are determined. The sensor responds well to changes in Pco(2) with a maximum pressure generation of 0.29 x 10(5) Pa at 20 kPa CO(2). The 90% response time varies between 1.5 and 4.5 minutes at 37( composite function)C. The sensor shows a linear temperature-sensitivity which can easily be compensated for, and enables detection of Pco(2) changes as small as 0.5 kPa CO(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Herber
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics & Computer Science, Laboratory of Biosensors, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
In this paper, glucose is potentiometrically measured by using a specific field effect transistor, the EMOSFET. In this device, glucose oxidase is immobilized within a bovine serum albumin matrix, using glutaraldehyde. This layer is deposited on the top of an electroactive Os-polyvinylpyridine layer containing horseradish peroxidase, which is used as the gate material of the FET. The basic principle of the sensor is to measure the glucose concentration by means of measuring the change in the work function of the electroactive gate due to its redox reaction with the H2O2, generated by the reaction between glucose and glucose oxidase. The change in the work function can be detected as a change in the threshold voltage of the FET. Moreover, a measuring mode called "constant current potentiometry" has been applied to improve the sensitivity of the sensor. The sensitivity of the sensor working in this mode is found to be much higher than the Nernstian value. The experimental results show that the detection limit of the sensor can be tuned depending on the value of the applied current and the glucose oxidase concentration in the gate.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Anh Dam
- MESA+ Research Institute, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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Abstract
A generic flow-through amperometric microenzyme sensor is described, which is based on semi-permeable dialysis tubing carrying the sample to be analyzed. This tubing (300 microm OD) is led through a small cavity, containing the working and reference electrode. By filling this cavity with a few microl of an appropriate enzyme solution, an amperometric enzyme sensor results. As the dialysis tubing is impermeable for large molecular species such as enzymes, this approach does not require any immobilization chemistry, and as a consequence the enzyme is present in its natural free form. Based on this principle, amperometric sensors for lactate, glucose, and glutamate were formed by filling cavities, precision machined in Perspex, with buffered solutions containing respectively, lactate-, glucose-, and glutamate-oxidase. All sensors showed a large linear range (0-35 mM for glucose, 0-3 mM for lactate, and 0-5 mM for glutamate) covering the complete physiological range. The lower detection limit was in the order of 15-50 microM. Applicability in flow injection analysis systems is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Böhm
- MESA+ Research Institute, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Hendrikse J, Olthuis W, Bergveld P. Characterization of the E MOSFET, a novel one-electrode chemical transducer for redox measurements. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(98)00348-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Eijkel J, Olthuis W, Kolev S, Bergveld P. Measuring Donnan-related phenomena using a solid-state ion sensor and a concentration-step method. J Memb Sci 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0376-7388(96)00281-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Eijkel JCT, Bosch C, Olthuis W, Bergveld P. Constructing a Proton Titration Curve from Ion-Step Measurements, Applied to a Membrane with Adsorbed Protein. J Colloid Interface Sci 1997; 187:148-58. [PMID: 9245324 DOI: 10.1006/jcis.1996.4689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A new measuring method is described for obtaining a proton titration curve. The curve is obtained from a microporous composite membrane, consisting of polystyrene beads in an agarose matrix, with lysozyme molecules adsorbed to the bead surface. The membrane is incorporated into a sensor system by deposition on a silicon chip with a pH-sensitive ion-sensitive field effect transistor (ISFET) located in the middle of a Ag/AgCl electrode. The actual measurement is performed by creating a stepwise change in the salt concentration of the bathing electrolyte (the ion step) and measuring the ISFET potential versus the Ag/AgCl electrode. This potential shows a transient change in the ion step, which indicates a transient pH change in the membrane. This procedure is repeated at a series of pH values. Equations are presented to calculate the proton titration curve of the membrane from the amplitude and duration of the measured transients. Measurements show qualitative agreement between the curves obtained and equilibrium titration experiments on the same system.
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Affiliation(s)
- JCT Eijkel
- MESA Research Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, 7500AE, The Netherlands
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Olthuis W, Luo J, Bergveld P. Characterization of proteins by means of their buffer capacity, measured with an ISFET-based coulometric sensor—actuator system. Biosens Bioelectron 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0956-5663(94)80073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Luo J, Olthuis W, Bergveld P, Bos M, van der Linden W. Modelling of coulometric sensor—actuator systems based on ISFETs with a porous actuator covering the gate. Anal Chim Acta 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(93)80600-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Luo J, Olthuis W, van der Schoot B, Bergveld P, Bos M, van der Linden W. Modelling of the migration effect occurring at an ISFET-based coulometric sensor-actuator system. Anal Chim Acta 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)83903-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Olthuis W, Luo J, Van der Schoot B, Bergveld P, Bos M, Van der Linden W. Modelling of non-steady-state concentration profiles at ISFET-based coulometric sensor—actuator systems. Anal Chim Acta 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)85111-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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