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Cameron RB, Gibbs WS, Miller SR, Dupre TV, Megyesi J, Beeson CC, Schnellmann RG. Proximal Tubule β 2-Adrenergic Receptor Mediates Formoterol-Induced Recovery of Mitochondrial and Renal Function after Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 369:173-180. [PMID: 30709866 PMCID: PMC11046739 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.252833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is the rapid loss of renal function after an insult, and renal proximal tubule cells (RPTCs) are central to the pathogenesis of AKI. The β 2-adrenergic receptor (β 2AR) agonist formoterol accelerates the recovery of renal function in mice after ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) with associated rescue of mitochondrial proteins; however, the cell type responsible for this recovery remains unknown. The role of RPTCs in formoterol-induced recovery of renal function was assessed in a proximal tubule-specific knockout of the β 2AR (γGT-Cre:ADRB2Flox/Flox). These mice and wild-type controls (ADRB2Flox/Flox) were subjected to renal IRI, followed by once-daily dosing of formoterol beginning 24 hours post-IRI and euthanized at 144 hours. Compared with ADRB2Flox/Flox mice, γGT-Cre:ADRB2Flox/Flox mice had decreased renal cortical mRNA expression of the β 2AR. After IRI, formoterol treatment restored renal function in ADRB2Flox/Flox but not γGT-Cre:ADRB2Flox/Flox mice as measured by serum creatinine, histopathology, and expression of kidney injury marker-1 (KIM-1). Formoterol-treated ADRB2Flox/Flox mice exhibited recovery of mitochondrial proteins and DNA copy number, whereas γGT-Cre:ADRB2Flox/Flox mice treated with formoterol did not. Analysis of mitochondrial morphology by transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that formoterol increased mitochondrial number and density in ADRB2Flox/Flox mice but not in γGT-Cre:ADRB2Flox/Flox mice. These data demonstrate that proximal tubule β 2AR regulates renal mitochondrial homeostasis. Formoterol accelerates the recovery of renal function after AKI by activating proximal tubule β 2AR to induce mitochondrial biogenesis and demonstrates the overall requirement of RPTCs in renal recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Cameron
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (R.B.C., W.S.G., C.C.B.); College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona (R.B.C., W.S.G., S.R.M., T.V.D., R.G.S.), and Southern Arizona VA Healthcare System (R.G.S.), Tuscon, Arizona; and Department of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (J.M.)
| | - Whitney S Gibbs
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (R.B.C., W.S.G., C.C.B.); College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona (R.B.C., W.S.G., S.R.M., T.V.D., R.G.S.), and Southern Arizona VA Healthcare System (R.G.S.), Tuscon, Arizona; and Department of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (J.M.)
| | - Siennah R Miller
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (R.B.C., W.S.G., C.C.B.); College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona (R.B.C., W.S.G., S.R.M., T.V.D., R.G.S.), and Southern Arizona VA Healthcare System (R.G.S.), Tuscon, Arizona; and Department of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (J.M.)
| | - Tess V Dupre
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (R.B.C., W.S.G., C.C.B.); College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona (R.B.C., W.S.G., S.R.M., T.V.D., R.G.S.), and Southern Arizona VA Healthcare System (R.G.S.), Tuscon, Arizona; and Department of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (J.M.)
| | - Judit Megyesi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (R.B.C., W.S.G., C.C.B.); College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona (R.B.C., W.S.G., S.R.M., T.V.D., R.G.S.), and Southern Arizona VA Healthcare System (R.G.S.), Tuscon, Arizona; and Department of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (J.M.)
| | - Craig C Beeson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (R.B.C., W.S.G., C.C.B.); College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona (R.B.C., W.S.G., S.R.M., T.V.D., R.G.S.), and Southern Arizona VA Healthcare System (R.G.S.), Tuscon, Arizona; and Department of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (J.M.)
| | - Rick G Schnellmann
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (R.B.C., W.S.G., C.C.B.); College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona (R.B.C., W.S.G., S.R.M., T.V.D., R.G.S.), and Southern Arizona VA Healthcare System (R.G.S.), Tuscon, Arizona; and Department of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (J.M.)
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Gibbs WS, Collier JB, Morris M, Beeson CC, Megyesi J, Schnellmann RG. 5-HT 1F receptor regulates mitochondrial homeostasis and its loss potentiates acute kidney injury and impairs renal recovery. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F1119-F1128. [PMID: 29846105 PMCID: PMC6230742 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00077.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Our laboratory previously reported that agonists of the 5-hydoxytryptamine 1F (5-HT1F) receptor induce renal mitochondrial biogenesis (MB) and that stimulation of the 5-HT1F receptor following ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) accelerated the recovery of renal function in mice. The goal of this study was to examine the contribution of the 5-HT1F receptor in the regulation of renal mitochondrial homeostasis and renal function in naïve and injured mice. Although 5-HT1F receptor knockout (KO) mice were healthy and fertile, and did not exhibit renal dysfunction, renal mitochondrial DNA copy number and mitochondrial fission gene expression increased at 10 wk of age. The 5-HT1F receptor KO mice exhibited greater proximal tubular injury and diminished renal recovery after I/R-induced AKI compared with wild-type mice. These findings were associated with persistent suppression of renal cortical MB and ATP levels after injury. In summary, the 5-HT1F receptor is a component of physiological MB regulation in the kidney, and its absence potentiates renal injury and impedes recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney S Gibbs
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Justin B Collier
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Morgan Morris
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Craig C Beeson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Judit Megyesi
- Central Arkansas Veteran Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Rick G Schnellmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
- Southern Arizona Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona
- Southwest Environmental Health Science Center, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
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Gibbs WS, Garrett SM, Beeson CC, Schnellmann RG. Identification of dual mechanisms mediating 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1F-induced mitochondrial biogenesis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 314:F260-F268. [PMID: 29046298 PMCID: PMC5866450 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00324.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our laboratory recently made the novel observation that 5-hydroxytryptamine 1F (5-HT1F) receptor activation induces mitochondrial biogenesis (MB), the production of new, functional mitochondria, in vitro and in vivo. We sought to determine the mechanism linking the 5-HT1F receptor to MB in renal proximal tubule cells. Using LY344864 , a selective 5-HT1F receptor agonist, we determined that the 5-HT1F receptor is coupled to Gαi/o and induces MB through Gβγ-dependent activation of Akt, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), cyclic guanosine-monophosphate (cGMP), protein kinase G (PKG), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α). We also report that the 5-HT1F receptor signals through a second, Gβγ-dependent pathway that is linked by Akt phosphorylation of Raf. In contrast to the activated Akt pathway, Raf phosphorylation reduced extracellular signal regulated kinases (ERK1/2) and foxhead box O3a (FOXO3a) phosphorylation, suppressing an inhibitory MB pathway. These results demonstrate that the 5-HT1F receptor regulates MB through Gβγ-dependent dual mechanisms that activate a stimulatory MB pathway, Akt/eNOS/cGMP/PKG/PGC-1α, while simultaneously repressing an inhibitory MB pathway, Raf/MEK/ERK/FOXO3a. Novel mechanisms of MB provide the foundation for new chemicals that induce MB to treat acute and chronic organ injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney S Gibbs
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Sara M Garrett
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Craig C Beeson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Rick G Schnellmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
- Southern Arizona Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona
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Ash KT, Drake KM, Gibbs WS, Ely B. Genomic Diversity of Type B3 Bacteriophages of Caulobacter crescentus. Curr Microbiol 2017; 74:779-786. [PMID: 28393265 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1248-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The genomes of the type B3 bacteriophages that infect Caulobacter crescentus are among the largest phage genomes thus far deposited into GenBank with sizes over 200 kb. In this study, we introduce six new bacteriophage genomes which were obtained from phage collected from various water systems in the southeastern United States and from tropical locations across the globe. A comparative analysis of the 12 available genomes revealed a "core genome" which accounts for roughly 1/3 of these bacteriophage genomes and is predominately localized to the head, tail, and lysis gene regions. Despite being isolated from geographically distinct locations, the genomes of these bacteriophages are highly conserved in both genome sequence and gene order. We also identified the insertions, deletions, translocations, and horizontal gene transfer events which are responsible for the genomic diversity of this group of bacteriophages and demonstrated that these changes are not consistent with the idea that modular reassortment of genomes occurs in this group of bacteriophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt T Ash
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Kristina M Drake
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Whitney S Gibbs
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
- University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Bert Ely
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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Gibbs WS, Weber RA, Schnellmann RG, Adkins DL. Disrupted mitochondrial genes and inflammation following stroke. Life Sci 2016; 166:139-148. [PMID: 27693381 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Determine the subacute time course of mitochondria disruption, cell death, and inflammation in a rat model of unilateral motor cortical ischemic stroke. MAIN METHODS Rats received unilateral ischemia of the motor cortex and were tested on behavioral tasks to determine impairments. Animals were euthanized at 24h, 72h and 144h and mRNA expression of key mitochondria proteins and indicators of inflammation, apoptosis and potential regenerative processes in ipsilesion cortex and striatum, using RT-qPCR. Mitochondrial proteins were examined at 144h using immunoblot analysis. KEY FINDINGS Rats with stroke induced-behavioral deficits had sustained, 144h post-lesion, decreases in mitochondrial-encoded electron transport chain proteins NADH dehydrogenase subunit-1 and cytochrome c oxidase subunit-1 (mRNA and protein) and mitochondrial DNA content in perilesion motor and sensory cortex. Uncoupling-protein-2 gene expression, but not superoxide dismutase-2, remained elevated in ipsilateral cortex and striatum at this time. Cortical inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-6, was increased early and was followed by increased macrophage marker F4/80 after stroke. Cleaved caspase-3 activation was elevated in cortex and growth associated protein-43 was elevated in the cortex and striatum six days post-lesion. SIGNIFICANCE We identified a relationship between three disrupted pathways, (1) sustained loss of mitochondrial proteins and mitochondrial DNA copy number in the cortex linked to decreased mitochondrial gene transcription; (2) early inflammatory response mediated by interleukin- 6 followed by macrophages; (3) apoptosis in conjunction with the activation of regenerative pathways. The stroke-induced spatial and temporal profiles lay the foundation to target pharmacological therapeutics to these three pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney S Gibbs
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston SC, United States
| | - Rachel A Weber
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston SC, United States
| | - Rick G Schnellmann
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States; Department of Pharmacy & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.
| | - DeAnna L Adkins
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston SC, United States; Center of Biomedical Imaging, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston SC, United States; Health Sciences and Research, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
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Harmon JL, Gibbs WS, Whitaker RM, Schnellmann RG, Adkins DL. Striatal Mitochondrial Disruption following Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2016; 34:487-494. [PMID: 27321815 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in oxidative stress and calcium dysregulation in mitochondria. However, little work has examined perturbations of mitochondrial homeostasis in peri-injury tissue. We examined mitochondrial homeostasis after a unilateral controlled cortical impact over the sensorimotor cortex in adult male rats. There was a significant reduction in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) messenger RNA (mRNA) at post-injury days 3 and 6 and a transient reduction in mitochondrial DNA copy number at 3 days post-injury that recovered by 6 days in the ipsi-injury striatum. In ipsilateral cortex, PGC-1α mRNA was reduced only at 6 days post-injury. Additionally, expression of mitochondrial-encoded mRNAs, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1, was decreased at 3 and 6 days post-injury in ipsilesional striatum and at 6 days post-injury in ipsilesional cortex. There was no observable decrease in nuclear-encoded mRNAs mitochondrial transcription factor A or NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 1. We detected an acute increase in superoxide dismutase 2 mRNA expression, as well as an induction of microRNA (miR)-21 and miR-155, which have been previously demonstrated to disrupt mitochondrial homeostasis. Behaviorally, rats with TBI exhibited marked error rates in contrainjury forelimb performance on the ladder test. These findings reveal that there may be differential susceptibilities of various peri-injury brain structures to mitochondrial dysfunction and associated behavioral deficits, and that molecular pathways demonstrated to interfere with mitochondrial homeostasis and function are activated subacutely post-TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Harmon
- 1 Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Whitney S Gibbs
- 1 Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Ryan M Whitaker
- 1 Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Rick G Schnellmann
- 1 Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina.,2 Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center , Charleston, South Carolina
| | - DeAnna L Adkins
- 3 Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina.,4 Department of Health Sciences and Research, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina.,5 Center for Biomedical Imaging, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
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