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Aditama TY, Samaan G, Kusriastuti R, Sampurno OD, Purba W, Misriyah, Santoso H, Bratasena A, Maruf A, Sariwati E, Setiawaty V, Glass K, Lokuge K, Kelly PM, Kandun IN. Avian influenza H5N1 transmission in households, Indonesia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29971. [PMID: 22238686 PMCID: PMC3251608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disease transmission patterns are needed to inform public health interventions, but remain largely unknown for avian influenza H5N1 virus infections. A recent study on the 139 outbreaks detected in Indonesia between 2005 and 2009 found that the type of exposure to sources of H5N1 virus for both the index case and their household members impacted the risk of additional cases in the household. This study describes the disease transmission patterns in those outbreak households. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We compared cases (n = 177) and contacts (n = 496) in the 113 sporadic and 26 cluster outbreaks detected between July 2005 and July 2009 to estimate attack rates and disease intervals. We used final size household models to fit transmission parameters to data on household size, cases and blood-related household contacts to assess the relative contribution of zoonotic and human-to-human transmission of the virus, as well as the reproduction number for human virus transmission. The overall household attack rate was 18.3% and secondary attack rate was 5.5%. Secondary attack rate remained stable as household size increased. The mean interval between onset of subsequent cases in outbreaks was 5.6 days. The transmission model found that human transmission was very rare, with a reproduction number between 0.1 and 0.25, and the upper confidence bounds below 0.4. Transmission model fit was best when the denominator population was restricted to blood-related household contacts of index cases. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The study only found strong support for human transmission of the virus when a single large cluster was included in the transmission model. The reproduction number was well below the threshold for sustained transmission. This study provides baseline information on the transmission dynamics for the current zoonotic virus and can be used to detect and define signatures of a virus with increasing capacity for human-to-human transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjandra Y. Aditama
- Directorate-General Disease Control and Environmental Health, Ministry of Health, Salemba, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Gina Samaan
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Rita Kusriastuti
- Directorate-General Disease Control and Environmental Health, Ministry of Health, Salemba, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ondri Dwi Sampurno
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Salemba, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Wilfried Purba
- Directorate-General Disease Control and Environmental Health, Ministry of Health, Salemba, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Misriyah
- Directorate-General Disease Control and Environmental Health, Ministry of Health, Salemba, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hari Santoso
- Directorate-General Disease Control and Environmental Health, Ministry of Health, Salemba, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Arie Bratasena
- Directorate-General Disease Control and Environmental Health, Ministry of Health, Salemba, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Anas Maruf
- Directorate-General Disease Control and Environmental Health, Ministry of Health, Salemba, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Elvieda Sariwati
- Directorate-General Disease Control and Environmental Health, Ministry of Health, Salemba, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Vivi Setiawaty
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Salemba, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Kathryn Glass
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Kamalini Lokuge
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Paul M. Kelly
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Population Health Division, Australian Capital Territory Government Health Directorate, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - I. Nyoman Kandun
- Directorate-General Disease Control and Environmental Health, Ministry of Health, Salemba, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Dodet B, Goswami A, Gunasekera A, de Guzman F, Jamali S, Montalban C, Purba W, Quiambao B, Salahuddin N, Sampath G, Tang Q, Tantawichien T, Wimalaratne O, Ziauddin A. Rabies awareness in eight Asian countries. Vaccine 2008; 26:6344-8. [PMID: 18804507 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a deadly zoonotic disease most often transmitted to humans through a dog bite. Human mortality from endemic canine rabies is estimated by WHO to be around 55,000 deaths annually, with over 31,000 deaths in Asia alone, mostly children. Most of these deaths could be prevented through post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), including immediate wound washing, rabies immunoglobulin administration and vaccination. Unfortunately, at-risk populations are not well-informed of the risk of rabies and what to do in the event of an animal bite. In order to identify the main gaps in rabies information and better define the most urgent information actions to be undertaken, the Asian Rabies Expert Bureau (AREB) conducted a multicentre, multi-country survey of patients seeking rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in rabies prevention centres from 1 July 2007 to 31 January 2008, in Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. Questionnaires were completed for 4377 subjects in the eight countries. Data was collected regarding the patient, former rabies exposures, the present wound, rabies exposure management, and rabies awareness. Two major issues were identified where active information of the population could make a difference: the necessity to apply appropriate wound care and to consult the nearest rabies prevention centre as soon as possible.
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Kandun IN, Wibisono H, Sedyaningsih ER, Hadisoedarsuno W, Purba W, Santoso H, Septiawati C, Tresnaningsih E, Heriyanto B, Yuwono D, Harun S, Soeroso S, Giriputra S, Blair PJ, Jeremijenko A, Kosasih H, Putnam SD, Samaan G, Silitonga M, Chan KH, Poon LLM, Lim W, Klimov A, Lindstrom S, Guan Y, Donis R, Katz J, Cox N, Peiris M, Uyeki TM. Three Indonesian clusters of H5N1 virus infection in 2005. N Engl J Med 2006; 355:2186-94. [PMID: 17124016 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa060930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 2003, the widespread ongoing epizootic of avian influenza A (H5N1) among poultry and birds has resulted in human H5N1 cases in 10 countries. The first case of H5N1 virus infection in Indonesia was identified in July 2005. METHODS We investigated three clusters of Indonesian cases with at least two ill persons hospitalized with laboratory evidence of H5N1 virus infection from June through October 2005. Epidemiologic, clinical, and virologic data on these patients were collected and analyzed. RESULTS Severe disease occurred among all three clusters, including deaths in two clusters. Mild illness in children was documented in two clusters. The median age of the eight patients was 8.5 years (range, 1 to 38). Four patients required mechanical ventilation, and four of the eight patients (50%) died. In each cluster, patients with H5N1 virus infection were members of the same family, and most lived in the same home. In two clusters, the source of H5N1 virus infection in the index patient was not determined. Virus isolates were available for one patient in each of two clusters, and molecular sequence analyses determined that the isolates were clade 2 H5N1 viruses of avian origin. CONCLUSIONS In 2005 in Indonesia, clusters of human infection with clade 2 H5N1 viruses included mild, severe, and fatal cases among family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nyoman Kandun
- Directorate General of Disease Control and Environmental Health, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Subahar R, Hamid A, Purba W, Wandra T, Karma C, Sako Y, Margono SS, Craig PS, Ito A. Taenia solium infection in Irian Jaya (west Papua), Indonesia: a pilot serological survey of human and porcine cysticercosis in Jayawijaya district. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2001; 95:388-90. [PMID: 11579880 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(01)90190-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R Subahar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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