1
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Deng HD, Jin N, Attia PM, Lim K, Kang SD, Kapate N, Zhao H, Li Y, Bazant MZ, Chueh WC. Beyond Constant Current: Origin of Pulse-Induced Activation in Phase-Transforming Battery Electrodes. ACS Nano 2024; 18:2210-2218. [PMID: 38189239 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Mechanistic understanding of phase transformation dynamics during battery charging and discharging is crucial toward rationally improving intercalation electrodes. Most studies focus on constant-current conditions. However, in real battery operation, such as in electric vehicles during discharge, the current is rarely constant. In this work we study current pulsing in LiXFePO4 (LFP), a model and technologically important phase-transforming electrode. A current-pulse activation effect has been observed in LFP, which decreases the overpotential by up to ∼70% after a short, high-rate pulse. This effect persists for hours or even days. Using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy and operando X-ray diffraction, we link this long-lived activation effect to a pulse-induced electrode homogenization on both the intra- and interparticle length scales, i.e., within and between particles. Many-particle phase-field simulations explain how such pulse-induced homogeneity contributes to the decreased electrode overpotential. Specifically, we correlate the extent and duration of this activation to lithium surface diffusivity and the magnitude of the current pulse. This work directly links the transient electrode-level electrochemistry to the underlying phase transformation and explains the critical effect of current pulses on phase separation, with significant implication on both battery round-trip efficiency and cycle life. More broadly, the mechanisms revealed here likely extend to other phase-separating electrodes, such as graphite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao D Deng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Norman Jin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Peter M Attia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kipil Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Stephen D Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Nidhi Kapate
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hongbo Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yiyang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Martin Z Bazant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - William C Chueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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2
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Kang M, Bentley CL, Mefford JT, Chueh WC, Unwin PR. Multiscale Analysis of Electrocatalytic Particle Activities: Linking Nanoscale Measurements and Ensemble Behavior. ACS Nano 2023; 17:21493-21505. [PMID: 37883688 PMCID: PMC10655184 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured electrocatalysts exhibit variations in electrochemical properties across different length scales, and the intrinsic catalytic characteristics measured at the nanoscale often differ from those at the macro-level due to complexity in electrode structure and/or composition. This aspect of electrocatalysis is addressed herein, where the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity of β-Co(OH)2 platelet particles of well-defined structure is investigated in alkaline media using multiscale scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM). Microscale SECCM probes of ∼50 μm diameter provide voltammograms from small particle ensembles (ca. 40-250 particles) and reveal increasing dispersion in the OER rates for samples of the same size as the particle population within the sample decreases. This suggests the underlying significance of heterogeneous activity at the single-particle level that is confirmed through single-particle measurements with SECCM probes of ∼5 μm diameter. These measurements of multiple individual particles directly reveal significant variability in the OER activity at the single-particle level that do not simply correlate with the particle size, basal plane roughness, or exposed edge plane area. In combination, these measurements demarcate a transition from an "individual particle" to an "ensemble average" response at a population size of ca. 130 particles, above which the OER current density closely reflects that measured in bulk at conventional macroscopic particle-modified electrodes. Nanoscale SECCM probes (ca. 120 and 440 nm in diameter) enable measurements at the subparticle level, revealing that there is selective OER activity at the edges of particles and highlighting the importance of the three-phase boundary where the catalyst, electrolyte, and supporting carbon electrode meet, for efficient electrocatalysis. Furthermore, subparticle measurements unveil heterogeneity in the OER activity among particles that appear superficially similar, attributable to differences in defect density within the individual particles, as well as to variations in electrical and physical contact with the support material. Overall this study provides a roadmap for the multiscale analysis of nanostructured electrocatalysts, directly demonstrating the importance of multilength scale factors, including particle structure, particle-support interaction, presence of defects, etc., in governing the electrochemical activities of β-Co(OH)2 platelet particles and ultimately guiding the rational design and optimization of these materials for alkaline water electrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Kang
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006 NSW, Australia
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | | | - J. Tyler Mefford
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - William C. Chueh
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
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3
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Kang SD, Chueh WC. Probing the depths of battery heterogeneity. Nat Nanotechnol 2023; 18:1130. [PMID: 37591938 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01440-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Dongmin Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - William C Chueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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4
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Baek J, Hossain MD, Mukherjee P, Lee J, Winther KT, Leem J, Jiang Y, Chueh WC, Bajdich M, Zheng X. Synergistic effects of mixing and strain in high entropy spinel oxides for oxygen evolution reaction. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5936. [PMID: 37741823 PMCID: PMC10517924 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41359-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing stable and efficient electrocatalysts is vital for boosting oxygen evolution reaction (OER) rates in sustainable hydrogen production. High-entropy oxides (HEOs) consist of five or more metal cations, providing opportunities to tune their catalytic properties toward high OER efficiency. This work combines theoretical and experimental studies to scrutinize the OER activity and stability for spinel-type HEOs. Density functional theory confirms that randomly mixed metal sites show thermodynamic stability, with intermediate adsorption energies displaying wider distributions due to mixing-induced equatorial strain in active metal-oxygen bonds. The rapid sol-flame method is employed to synthesize HEO, comprising five 3d-transition metal cations, which exhibits superior OER activity and durability under alkaline conditions, outperforming lower-entropy oxides, even with partial surface oxidations. The study highlights that the enhanced activity of HEO is primarily attributed to the mixing of multiple elements, leading to strain effects near the active site, as well as surface composition and coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Baek
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Md Delowar Hossain
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Pinaki Mukherjee
- Stanford Nano Shared Facilities, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Junghwa Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Kirsten T Winther
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Juyoung Leem
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yue Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - William C Chueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Michal Bajdich
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
| | - Xiaolin Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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5
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Zhao H, Deng HD, Cohen AE, Lim J, Li Y, Fraggedakis D, Jiang B, Storey BD, Chueh WC, Braatz RD, Bazant MZ. Learning heterogeneous reaction kinetics from X-ray videos pixel by pixel. Nature 2023; 621:289-294. [PMID: 37704764 PMCID: PMC10499602 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06393-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Reaction rates at spatially heterogeneous, unstable interfaces are notoriously difficult to quantify, yet are essential in engineering many chemical systems, such as batteries1 and electrocatalysts2. Experimental characterizations of such materials by operando microscopy produce rich image datasets3-6, but data-driven methods to learn physics from these images are still lacking because of the complex coupling of reaction kinetics, surface chemistry and phase separation7. Here we show that heterogeneous reaction kinetics can be learned from in situ scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) images of carbon-coated lithium iron phosphate (LFP) nanoparticles. Combining a large dataset of STXM images with a thermodynamically consistent electrochemical phase-field model, partial differential equation (PDE)-constrained optimization and uncertainty quantification, we extract the free-energy landscape and reaction kinetics and verify their consistency with theoretical models. We also simultaneously learn the spatial heterogeneity of the reaction rate, which closely matches the carbon-coating thickness profiles obtained through Auger electron microscopy (AEM). Across 180,000 image pixels, the mean discrepancy with the learned model is remarkably small (<7%) and comparable with experimental noise. Our results open the possibility of learning nonequilibrium material properties beyond the reach of traditional experimental methods and offer a new non-destructive technique for characterizing and optimizing heterogeneous reactive surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Haitao Dean Deng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alexander E Cohen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jongwoo Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yiyang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dimitrios Fraggedakis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Benben Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - William C Chueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Richard D Braatz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Martin Z Bazant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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6
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Chueh WC. Coupled Ion-Electron Transfer Reactions: Dynamically-Evolving Electrodes. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:1284. [PMID: 37613581 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William C Chueh
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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7
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Baclig A, Ganapathi D, Ng V, Penn E, Saathoff J, Chueh WC. Large Decrease in the Melting Point of Benzoquinones via High- n Eutectic Mixing Predicted by a Regular Solution Model. J Phys Chem B 2023. [PMID: 37384541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c01125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Decreasing the melting point (Tm) of a mixture is of interest in cryopreservatives, molten salts, and battery electrolytes. One general strategy to decrease Tm, exemplified by deep eutectic solvents, is to mix components with favorable (negative) enthalpic interactions. We demonstrate a complementary strategy to decrease Tm by mixing many components with neutral or slightly positive enthalpic interactions, using the number of components (n) to increase the entropy of mixing and decrease Tm. In theory, under certain conditions this approach could achieve an arbitrarily low Tm. Furthermore, if the components are small redox-active molecules, such as the benzoquinones studied here, this approach could lead to high energy density flow battery electrolytes. Finding the eutectic composition of a high-n mixture can be challenging due to the large compositional space yet is essential for ensuring the existence of a purely liquid phase. We reformulate and apply fundamental thermodynamic equations to describe high-n eutectic mixtures of small redox-active molecules (benzoquinones and hydroquinones). We illustrate a novel application of this theory by tuning the entropy of melting, rather than the enthalpy, in systems highly relevant to energy storage. We demonstrate with differential scanning calorimetry measurements that 1,4-benzoquinone derivatives exhibit eutectic mixing that decreases their Tm, despite slightly positive enthalpies of mixing (0-5 kJ/mol). By rigorously investigating all 21 binary mixtures of a set of seven 1,4-benzoquinone derivatives with alkyl substituents (Tm's between 44 and 120 °C), we find that the eutectic melting point of a mixture of all seven achieves a large decrease in Tm to -6 °C. We further determine that the regular solution model shows improvement over an ideal solution model in predicting the eutectic properties for this newly investigated type of mixture composed of many small redox-active organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Baclig
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Devi Ganapathi
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Victoria Ng
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Emily Penn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jonathan Saathoff
- ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - William C Chueh
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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8
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Ganapathi D, Akinlemibola W, Baclig A, Penn E, Chueh WC. A Comparison of Key Features in Melting Point Prediction Models for Quinones and Hydroquinones. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c04490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
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9
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Carlson EZ, Chueh WC, Mefford JT, Bajdich M. Selectivity of Electrochemical Ion Insertion into Manganese Dioxide Polymorphs. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:1513-1524. [PMID: 36546548 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The ion insertion redox chemistry of manganese dioxide has diverse applications in energy storage, catalysis, and chemical separations. Unique properties derive from the assembly of Mn-O octahedra into polymorphic structures that can host protons and nonprotonic cations in interstitial sites. Despite many reports on individual ion-polymorph couples, much less is known about the selectivity of electrochemical ion insertion in MnO2. In this work, we use density functional theory to holistically compare the electrochemistry of AxMnO2 (where A = H+, Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, Al3+) in aqueous and nonaqueous electrolytes. We develop an efficient computational scheme demonstrating that Hubbard-U correction has a greater impact on calculating accurate redox energetics than choice of exchange-correlation functional. Using PBE+U, we find that for nonprotonic cations, ion selectivity depends on the oxygen coordination environments inside a polymorph. When H+ is present, however, the driving force to form hydroxyl bonds is usually stronger. In aqueous electrolytes, only three ion-polymorph pairs are thermodynamically stable within water's voltage stability window (Na+ and K+ in α-MnO2, and Li+ in λ-MnO2), with all other ion insertion being metastable. We find Al3+ may insert into the δ, R, and λ polymorphs across the full 2-electron redox of MnO2 at high voltage; however, electrolytes for multivalent ions must be designed to impede the formation of insoluble precipitates and facilitate cation desolvation. We also show that small ions coinsert with water in α-MnO2 to achieve greater coordination by oxygen, while solvation energies and kinetic effects dictate water coinsertion in δ-MnO2. Taken together, these findings explain reports of mixed ion insertion mechanisms in aqueous electrolytes and highlight promising design strategies for safe, high energy density electrochemical energy storage, desalination batteries, and electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Z Carlson
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - William C Chueh
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - J Tyler Mefford
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Michal Bajdich
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California94025, United States
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10
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Deng HD, Zhao H, Jin N, Hughes L, Savitzky BH, Ophus C, Fraggedakis D, Borbély A, Yu YS, Lomeli EG, Yan R, Liu J, Shapiro DA, Cai W, Bazant MZ, Minor AM, Chueh WC. Correlative image learning of chemo-mechanics in phase-transforming solids. Nat Mater 2022; 21:547-554. [PMID: 35177785 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-01191-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Constitutive laws underlie most physical processes in nature. However, learning such equations in heterogeneous solids (for example, due to phase separation) is challenging. One such relationship is between composition and eigenstrain, which governs the chemo-mechanical expansion in solids. Here we developed a generalizable, physically constrained image-learning framework to algorithmically learn the chemo-mechanical constitutive law at the nanoscale from correlative four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy and X-ray spectro-ptychography images. We demonstrated this approach on LiXFePO4, a technologically relevant battery positive electrode material. We uncovered the functional form of the composition-eigenstrain relation in this two-phase binary solid across the entire composition range (0 ≤ X ≤ 1), including inside the thermodynamically unstable miscibility gap. The learned relation directly validates Vegard's law of linear response at the nanoscale. Our physics-constrained data-driven approach directly visualizes the residual strain field (by removing the compositional and coherency strain), which is otherwise impossible to quantify. Heterogeneities in the residual strain arise from misfit dislocations and were independently verified by X-ray diffraction line profile analysis. Our work provides the means to simultaneously quantify chemical expansion, coherency strain and dislocations in battery electrodes, which has implications on rate capabilities and lifetime. Broadly, this work also highlights the potential of integrating correlative microscopy and image learning for extracting material properties and physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao D Deng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hongbo Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Norman Jin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lauren Hughes
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin H Savitzky
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Colin Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Dimitrios Fraggedakis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - András Borbély
- Centre SMS, Georges Friedel Laboratory (UMR 5307), Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ. Lyon, CNRS, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Young-Sang Yu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eder G Lomeli
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rui Yan
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jueyi Liu
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David A Shapiro
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Martin Z Bazant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew M Minor
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - William C Chueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Electrochemical interfaces involving solids enable charge transfer, electrical transport, and mass storage in energy devices. One central concept that determines the interfacial charge carrier concentration is the space-charge field. The classical theory accounts for electrochemical equilibrium in the absence of mechanical effects; such effects have recently been found critical in many solids, such as materials for lithium-ion and solid-state batteries, perovskite solar cells, and fuel cells. Towards elucidating the interplay between charge carriers and mechanics, we establish a generalized electro-chemo-mechanical space-charge model and categorize the carriers into physically-meaningful four types, based on the signs of the charge number (i.e., polarity) and the partial molar volume (i.e., expansion coefficient). Beyond the electrostatic effects discussed in the literature, our work reveals the importance of elastic effects, as demonstrated by simulations of a composite beam bending experiment. The analysis highlights opportunities to systematically tune the interfacial electrical conductivity and the reaction kinetics of solids through mechanics. Our treatment provides a rational basis for understanding stress-driven phenomena at interfaces in a wide range of solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chin Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Yikai Yin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Stephen Dongmin Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - William C Chueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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12
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Muscher PK, Rehn DA, Sood A, Lim K, Luo D, Shen X, Zajac M, Lu F, Mehta A, Li Y, Wang X, Reed EJ, Chueh WC, Lindenberg AM. Highly Efficient Uniaxial In-Plane Stretching of a 2D Material via Ion Insertion. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2101875. [PMID: 34331368 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
On-chip dynamic strain engineering requires efficient micro-actuators that can generate large in-plane strains. Inorganic electrochemical actuators are unique in that they are driven by low voltages (≈1 V) and produce considerable strains (≈1%). However, actuation speed and efficiency are limited by mass transport of ions. Minimizing the number of ions required to actuate is thus key to enabling useful "straintronic" devices. Here, it is shown that the electrochemical intercalation of exceptionally few lithium ions into WTe2 causes large anisotropic in-plane strain: 5% in one in-plane direction and 0.1% in the other. This efficient stretching of the 2D WTe2 layers contrasts to intercalation-induced strains in related materials which are predominantly in the out-of-plane direction. The unusual actuation of Lix WTe2 is linked to the formation of a newly discovered crystallographic phase, referred to as Td', with an exotic atomic arrangement. On-chip low-voltage (<0.2 V) control is demonstrated over the transition to the novel phase and its composition. Within the Td'-Li0.5- δ WTe2 phase, a uniaxial in-plane strain of 1.4% is achieved with a change of δ of only 0.075. This makes the in-plane chemical expansion coefficient of Td'-Li0.5-δ WTe2 far greater than of any other single-phase material, enabling fast and efficient planar electrochemical actuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp K Muscher
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Daniel A Rehn
- Computational Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Aditya Sood
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Kipil Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Duan Luo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Xiaozhe Shen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Marc Zajac
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Feiyu Lu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Apurva Mehta
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Yiyang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Xijie Wang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Evan J Reed
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - William C Chueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Aaron M Lindenberg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
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13
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Sood A, Shen X, Shi Y, Kumar S, Park SJ, Zajac M, Sun Y, Chen LQ, Ramanathan S, Wang X, Chueh WC, Lindenberg AM. Universal phase dynamics in VO 2 switches revealed by ultrafast operando diffraction. Science 2021; 373:352-355. [PMID: 34437156 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc0652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the pathways and time scales underlying electrically driven insulator-metal transitions is crucial for uncovering the fundamental limits of device operation. Using stroboscopic electron diffraction, we perform synchronized time-resolved measurements of atomic motions and electronic transport in operating vanadium dioxide (VO2) switches. We discover an electrically triggered, isostructural state that forms transiently on microsecond time scales, which is shown by phase-field simulations to be stabilized by local heterogeneities and interfacial interactions between the equilibrium phases. This metastable phase is similar to that formed under photoexcitation within picoseconds, suggesting a universal transformation pathway. Our results establish electrical excitation as a route for uncovering nonequilibrium and metastable phases in correlated materials, opening avenues for engineering dynamical behavior in nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Sood
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xiaozhe Shen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Yin Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Suhas Kumar
- Hewlett Packard Labs, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Su Ji Park
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Marc Zajac
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yifei Sun
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Long-Qing Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Shriram Ramanathan
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Xijie Wang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - William C Chueh
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aaron M Lindenberg
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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14
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Park J, Zhao H, Kang SD, Lim K, Chen CC, Yu YS, Braatz RD, Shapiro DA, Hong J, Toney MF, Bazant MZ, Chueh WC. Fictitious phase separation in Li layered oxides driven by electro-autocatalysis. Nat Mater 2021; 20:991-999. [PMID: 33686277 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-00936-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Layered oxides widely used as lithium-ion battery electrodes are designed to be cycled under conditions that avoid phase transitions. Although the desired single-phase composition ranges are well established near equilibrium, operando diffraction studies on many-particle porous electrodes have suggested phase separation during delithiation. Notably, the separation is not always observed, and never during lithiation. These anomalies have been attributed to irreversible processes during the first delithiation or reversible concentration-dependent diffusion. However, these explanations are not consistent with all experimental observations such as rate and path dependencies and particle-by-particle lithium concentration changes. Here, we show that the apparent phase separation is a dynamical artefact occurring in a many-particle system driven by autocatalytic electrochemical reactions, that is, an interfacial exchange current that increases with the extent of delithiation. We experimentally validate this population-dynamics model using the single-phase material Lix(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)O2 (0.5 < x < 1) and demonstrate generality with other transition-metal compositions. Operando diffraction and nanoscale oxidation-state mapping unambiguously prove that this fictitious phase separation is a repeatable non-equilibrium effect. We quantitatively confirm the theory with multiple-datastream-driven model extraction. More generally, our study experimentally demonstrates the control of ensemble stability by electro-autocatalysis, highlighting the importance of population dynamics in battery electrodes (even non-phase-separating ones).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungjin Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hongbo Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephen Dongmin Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kipil Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Applied Energy Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Chia-Chin Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Young-Sang Yu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Richard D Braatz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David A Shapiro
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jihyun Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
- Applied Energy Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
- Center for Energy Materials Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Michael F Toney
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Applied Energy Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Martin Z Bazant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - William C Chueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
- Applied Energy Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
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15
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Mefford JT, Akbashev AR, Kang M, Bentley CL, Gent WE, Deng HD, Alsem DH, Yu YS, Salmon NJ, Shapiro DA, Unwin PR, Chueh WC. Correlative operando microscopy of oxygen evolution electrocatalysts. Nature 2021; 593:67-73. [PMID: 33953412 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal (oxy)hydroxides are promising electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction1-3. The properties of these materials evolve dynamically and heterogeneously4 with applied voltage through ion insertion redox reactions, converting materials that are inactive under open circuit conditions into active electrocatalysts during operation5. The catalytic state is thus inherently far from equilibrium, which complicates its direct observation. Here, using a suite of correlative operando scanning probe and X-ray microscopy techniques, we establish a link between the oxygen evolution activity and the local operational chemical, physical and electronic nanoscale structure of single-crystalline β-Co(OH)2 platelet particles. At pre-catalytic voltages, the particles swell to form an α-CoO2H1.5·0.5H2O-like structure-produced through hydroxide intercalation-in which the oxidation state of cobalt is +2.5. Upon increasing the voltage to drive oxygen evolution, interlayer water and protons de-intercalate to form contracted β-CoOOH particles that contain Co3+ species. Although these transformations manifest heterogeneously through the bulk of the particles, the electrochemical current is primarily restricted to their edge facets. The observed Tafel behaviour is correlated with the local concentration of Co3+ at these reactive edge sites, demonstrating the link between bulk ion-insertion and surface catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tyler Mefford
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
| | - Andrew R Akbashev
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Minkyung Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | - William E Gent
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Haitao D Deng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Young-Sang Yu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - David A Shapiro
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - William C Chueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
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16
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Abate I, Kim SY, Pemmaraju CD, Toney MF, Yang W, Devereaux TP, Chueh WC, Nazar LF. The Role of Metal Substitution in Tuning Anion Redox in Sodium Metal Layered Oxides Revealed by X-Ray Spectroscopy and Theory. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:10880-10887. [PMID: 33320987 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We investigate high-valent oxygen redox in the positive Na-ion electrode P2-Na0.67-x [Fe0.5 Mn0.5 ]O2 (NMF) where Fe is partially substituted with Cu (P2-Na0.67-x [Mn0.66 Fe0.20 Cu0.14 ]O2 , NMFC) or Ni (P2-Na0.67-x [Mn0.65 Fe0.20 Ni0.15 ]O2 , NMFN). From combined analysis of resonant inelastic X-ray scattering and X-ray near-edge structure with electrochemical voltage hysteresis and X-ray pair distribution function profiles, we correlate structural disorder with high-valent oxygen redox and its improvement by Ni or Cu substitution. Density of states calculations elaborate considerable anionic redox in NMF and NMFC without the widely accepted requirement of an A-O-A' local configuration in the pristine materials (where A=Na and A'=Li, Mg, vacancy, etc.). We also show that the Jahn-Teller nature of Fe4+ and the stabilization mechanism of anionic redox could determine the extent of structural disorder in the materials. These findings shed light on the design principles in TM and anion redox for positive electrodes to improve the performance of Na-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwnetim Abate
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Se Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry and the Waterloo Institute for, Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - C Das Pemmaraju
- Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Michael F Toney
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Thomas P Devereaux
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - William C Chueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Linda F Nazar
- Department of Chemistry and the Waterloo Institute for, Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
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17
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Baeumer C, Li J, Lu Q, Liang AYL, Jin L, Martins HP, Duchoň T, Glöß M, Gericke SM, Wohlgemuth MA, Giesen M, Penn EE, Dittmann R, Gunkel F, Waser R, Bajdich M, Nemšák S, Mefford JT, Chueh WC. Tuning electrochemically driven surface transformation in atomically flat LaNiO 3 thin films for enhanced water electrolysis. Nat Mater 2021; 20:674-682. [PMID: 33432142 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-00877-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationships built on descriptors of bulk and bulk-terminated surfaces are the basis for the rational design of electrocatalysts. However, electrochemically driven surface transformations complicate the identification of such descriptors. Here we demonstrate how the as-prepared surface composition of (001)-terminated LaNiO3 epitaxial thin films dictates the surface transformation and the electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen evolution reaction. Specifically, the Ni termination (in the as-prepared state) is considerably more active than the La termination, with overpotential differences of up to 150 mV. A combined electrochemical, spectroscopic and density-functional theory investigation suggests that this activity trend originates from a thermodynamically stable, disordered NiO2 surface layer that forms during the operation of Ni-terminated surfaces, which is kinetically inaccessible when starting with a La termination. Our work thus demonstrates the tunability of surface transformation pathways by modifying a single atomic layer at the surface and that active surface phases only develop for select as-synthesized surface terminations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Baeumer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
- Institute of Electronic Materials (IWE2) and JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands.
| | - Jiang Li
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Qiyang Lu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Allen Yu-Lun Liang
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lei Jin
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons (ER-C), Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Juelich, Germany
| | | | - Tomáš Duchoň
- Peter Gruenberg Institute and JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Juelich, Germany
| | - Maria Glöß
- Peter Gruenberg Institute and JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Juelich, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sabrina M Gericke
- Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Combustion Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marcus A Wohlgemuth
- Peter Gruenberg Institute and JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Juelich, Germany
| | - Margret Giesen
- Peter Gruenberg Institute and JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Juelich, Germany
| | - Emily E Penn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Regina Dittmann
- Peter Gruenberg Institute and JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Juelich, Germany
| | - Felix Gunkel
- Peter Gruenberg Institute and JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Juelich, Germany
| | - Rainer Waser
- Institute of Electronic Materials (IWE2) and JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Peter Gruenberg Institute and JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Juelich, Germany
| | - Michal Bajdich
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
| | - Slavomír Nemšák
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Peter Gruenberg Institute and JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Juelich, Germany.
| | - J Tyler Mefford
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - William C Chueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
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18
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Abate I, Kim SY, Pemmaraju CD, Toney MF, Yang W, Devereaux TP, Chueh WC, Nazar LF. The Role of Metal Substitution in Tuning Anion Redox in Sodium Metal Layered Oxides Revealed by X‐Ray Spectroscopy and Theory. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iwnetim Abate
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stanford University 496 Lomita Mall Stanford CA 94305 USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 2575 Sand Hill Road Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
| | - Se Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry and the Waterloo Institute for, Nanotechnology University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - C. Das Pemmaraju
- Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 2575 Sand Hill Road Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
| | - Michael F. Toney
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stanford University 496 Lomita Mall Stanford CA 94305 USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Light Source SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 2575 Sand Hill Road Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced Light Source Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Thomas P. Devereaux
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stanford University 496 Lomita Mall Stanford CA 94305 USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 2575 Sand Hill Road Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
| | - William C. Chueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stanford University 496 Lomita Mall Stanford CA 94305 USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 2575 Sand Hill Road Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
| | - Linda F. Nazar
- Department of Chemistry and the Waterloo Institute for, Nanotechnology University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
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19
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Abate II, Pemmaraju CD, Kim SY, Hsu KH, Sainio S, Moritz B, Vinson J, Toney MF, Yang W, Gent WE, Devereaux TP, Nazar LF, Chueh WC. Coulombically-stabilized oxygen hole polarons enable fully reversible oxygen redox. Energy Environ Sci 2021; 14:10.1039/d1ee01037a. [PMID: 37719447 PMCID: PMC10502899 DOI: 10.1039/d1ee01037a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Stabilizing high-valent redox couples and exotic electronic states necessitate an understanding of the stabilization mechanism. In oxides, whether they are being considered for energy storage or computing, highly oxidized oxide-anion species rehybridize to form short covalent bonds and are related to significant local structural distortions. In intercalation oxide electrodes for batteries, while such reorganization partially stabilizes oxygen redox, it also gives rise to substantial hysteresis. In this work, we investigate oxygen redox in layered Na2-XMn3O7, a positive electrode material with ordered Mn vacancies. We prove that coulombic interactions between oxidized oxideanions and the interlayer Na vacancies can disfavor rehybridization and stabilize hole polarons on oxygen (O-) at 4.2 V vs. Na/Na+. These coulombic interactions provide thermodynamic energy saving as large as O-O covalent bonding and enable ~ 40 mV voltage hysteresis over multiple electrochemical cycles with negligible voltage fade. Our results establish a complete picture of redox energetics by highlighting the role of coulombic interactions across several atomic distances and suggest avenues to stabilize highly oxidized oxygen for applications in energy storage and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwnetim I. Abate
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - C. Das Pemmaraju
- Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Se Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry and the Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kuan H. Hsu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sami Sainio
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Light source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Brian Moritz
- Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - John Vinson
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Michael F. Toney
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Light source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - William E. Gent
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Thomas P. Devereaux
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Linda F. Nazar
- Department of Chemistry and the Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - William C. Chueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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20
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Fraggedakis D, McEldrew M, Smith RB, Krishnan Y, Zhang Y, Bai P, Chueh WC, Shao-Horn Y, Bazant MZ. Theory of coupled ion-electron transfer kinetics. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Huang W, Attia PM, Wang H, Renfrew SE, Jin N, Das S, Zhang Z, Boyle DT, Li Y, Bazant MZ, McCloskey BD, Chueh WC, Cui Y. Correction to "Evolution of the Solid-Electrolyte Interphase on Carbonaceous Anodes Visualized by Atomic-Resolution Cryogenic Electron Microscopy". Nano Lett 2020; 20:5591. [PMID: 32530289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
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22
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Attia PM, Grover A, Jin N, Severson KA, Markov TM, Liao YH, Chen MH, Cheong B, Perkins N, Yang Z, Herring PK, Aykol M, Harris SJ, Braatz RD, Ermon S, Chueh WC. Closed-loop optimization of fast-charging protocols for batteries with machine learning. Nature 2020; 578:397-402. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-1994-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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23
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Chen D, Guan Z, Zhang D, Trotochaud L, Crumlin E, Nemsak S, Bluhm H, Tuller HL, Chueh WC. Constructing a pathway for mixed ion and electron transfer reactions for O2 incorporation in Pr0.1Ce0.9O2−x. Nat Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-019-0401-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Huang W, Attia PM, Wang H, Renfrew SE, Jin N, Das S, Zhang Z, Boyle DT, Li Y, Bazant MZ, McCloskey BD, Chueh WC, Cui Y. Evolution of the Solid-Electrolyte Interphase on Carbonaceous Anodes Visualized by Atomic-Resolution Cryogenic Electron Microscopy. Nano Lett 2019; 19:5140-5148. [PMID: 31322896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The stability of modern lithium-ion batteries depends critically on an effective solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI), a passivation layer that forms on the carbonaceous negative electrode as a result of electrolyte reduction. However, a nanoscopic understanding of how the SEI evolves with battery aging remains limited due to the difficulty in characterizing the structural and chemical properties of this sensitive interphase. In this work, we image the SEI on carbon black negative electrodes using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and track its evolution during cycling. We find that a thin, primarily amorphous SEI nucleates on the first cycle, which further evolves into one of two distinct SEI morphologies upon further cycling: (1) a compact SEI, with a high concentration of inorganic components that effectively passivates the negative electrode; and (2) an extended SEI spanning hundreds of nanometers. This extended SEI grows on particles that lack a compact SEI and consists primarily of alkyl carbonates. The diversity in observed SEI morphologies suggests that SEI growth is a highly heterogeneous process. The simultaneous emergence of these distinct SEI morphologies highlights the necessity of effective passivation by the SEI, as large-scale extended SEI growths negatively impact lithium-ion transport, contribute to capacity loss, and may accelerate battery failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Peter M Attia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Hansen Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Sara E Renfrew
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Norman Jin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Supratim Das
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Zewen Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - David T Boyle
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Yuzhang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Martin Z Bazant
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Bryan D McCloskey
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - William C Chueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
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25
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Hong J, Gent WE, Xiao P, Lim K, Seo DH, Wu J, Csernica PM, Takacs CJ, Nordlund D, Sun CJ, Stone KH, Passarello D, Yang W, Prendergast D, Ceder G, Toney MF, Chueh WC. Metal-oxygen decoordination stabilizes anion redox in Li-rich oxides. Nat Mater 2019; 18:256-265. [PMID: 30718861 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0276-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Reversible high-voltage redox chemistry is an essential component of many electrochemical technologies, from (electro)catalysts to lithium-ion batteries. Oxygen-anion redox has garnered intense interest for such applications, particularly lithium-ion batteries, as it offers substantial redox capacity at more than 4 V versus Li/Li+ in a variety of oxide materials. However, oxidation of oxygen is almost universally correlated with irreversible local structural transformations, voltage hysteresis and voltage fade, which currently preclude its widespread use. By comprehensively studying the Li2-xIr1-ySnyO3 model system, which exhibits tunable oxidation state and structural evolution with y upon cycling, we reveal that this structure-redox coupling arises from the local stabilization of short approximately 1.8 Å metal-oxygen π bonds and approximately 1.4 Å O-O dimers during oxygen redox, which occurs in Li2-xIr1-ySnyO3 through ligand-to-metal charge transfer. Crucially, formation of these oxidized oxygen species necessitates the decoordination of oxygen to a single covalent bonding partner through formation of vacancies at neighbouring cation sites, driving cation disorder. These insights establish a point-defect explanation for why anion redox often occurs alongside local structural disordering and voltage hysteresis during cycling. Our findings offer an explanation for the unique electrochemical properties of lithium-rich layered oxides, with implications generally for the design of materials employing oxygen redox chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Applied Energy Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Center for Energy Materials Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - William E Gent
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- The Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Penghao Xiao
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kipil Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Applied Energy Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Dong-Hwa Seo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jinpeng Wu
- Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- The Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Peter M Csernica
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christopher J Takacs
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Cheng-Jun Sun
- The Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Kevin H Stone
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Donata Passarello
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Wanli Yang
- The Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - David Prendergast
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Gerbrand Ceder
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Michael F Toney
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
- Applied Energy Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
| | - William C Chueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
- Applied Energy Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
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26
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Li Y, Chen H, Lim K, Deng HD, Lim J, Fraggedakis D, Attia PM, Lee SC, Jin N, Moškon J, Guan Z, Gent WE, Hong J, Yu YS, Gaberšček M, Islam MS, Bazant MZ, Chueh WC. Fluid-enhanced surface diffusion controls intraparticle phase transformations. Nat Mater 2018; 17:915-922. [PMID: 30224783 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0168-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phase transformations driven by compositional change require mass flux across a phase boundary. In some anisotropic solids, however, the phase boundary moves along a non-conductive crystallographic direction. One such material is LiXFePO4, an electrode for lithium-ion batteries. With poor bulk ionic transport along the direction of phase separation, it is unclear how lithium migrates during phase transformations. Here, we show that lithium migrates along the solid/liquid interface without leaving the particle, whereby charge carriers do not cross the double layer. X-ray diffraction and microscopy experiments as well as ab initio molecular dynamics simulations show that organic solvent and water molecules promote this surface ion diffusion, effectively rendering LiXFePO4 a three-dimensional lithium-ion conductor. Phase-field simulations capture the effects of surface diffusion on phase transformation. Lowering surface diffusivity is crucial towards supressing phase separation. This work establishes fluid-enhanced surface diffusion as a key dial for tuning phase transformation in anisotropic solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Li
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Hungru Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Kipil Lim
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Haitao D Deng
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jongwoo Lim
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Dimitrios Fraggedakis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peter M Attia
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Norman Jin
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jože Moškon
- National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Zixuan Guan
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - William E Gent
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jihyun Hong
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Young-Sang Yu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Miran Gaberšček
- National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Martin Z Bazant
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- SUNCAT Interfacial Science and Catalysis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - William C Chueh
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
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27
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Gent WE, Lim K, Liang Y, Li Q, Barnes T, Ahn SJ, Stone KH, McIntire M, Hong J, Song JH, Li Y, Mehta A, Ermon S, Tyliszczak T, Kilcoyne D, Vine D, Park JH, Doo SK, Toney MF, Yang W, Prendergast D, Chueh WC. Coupling between oxygen redox and cation migration explains unusual electrochemistry in lithium-rich layered oxides. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2091. [PMID: 29233965 PMCID: PMC5727078 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lithium-rich layered transition metal oxide positive electrodes offer access to anion redox at high potentials, thereby promising high energy densities for lithium-ion batteries. However, anion redox is also associated with several unfavorable electrochemical properties, such as open-circuit voltage hysteresis. Here we reveal that in Li1.17-x Ni0.21Co0.08Mn0.54O2, these properties arise from a strong coupling between anion redox and cation migration. We combine various X-ray spectroscopic, microscopic, and structural probes to show that partially reversible transition metal migration decreases the potential of the bulk oxygen redox couple by > 1 V, leading to a reordering in the anionic and cationic redox potentials during cycling. First principles calculations show that this is due to the drastic change in the local oxygen coordination environments associated with the transition metal migration. We propose that this mechanism is involved in stabilizing the oxygen redox couple, which we observe spectroscopically to persist for 500 charge/discharge cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Gent
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- The Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Kipil Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Yufeng Liang
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Qinghao Li
- The Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- School of Physics, National Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 27 Shanda South road, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Taylor Barnes
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sung-Jin Ahn
- Energy Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130, Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, South Korea
| | - Kevin H Stone
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Mitchell McIntire
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, 353 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jihyun Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Jay Hyok Song
- Energy1lab, Samsung SDI, 130, Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, South Korea
| | - Yiyang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Apurva Mehta
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Stefano Ermon
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, 353 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Tolek Tyliszczak
- The Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - David Kilcoyne
- The Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - David Vine
- The Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jin-Hwan Park
- Energy Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130, Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, South Korea
| | - Seok-Kwang Doo
- Energy Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130, Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, South Korea
| | - Michael F Toney
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
- Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
| | - Wanli Yang
- The Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - David Prendergast
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - William C Chueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
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28
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Zhang L, Sun L, Guan Z, Lee S, Li Y, Deng HD, Li Y, Ahlborg NL, Boloor M, Melosh NA, Chueh WC. Quantifying and Elucidating Thermally Enhanced Minority Carrier Diffusion Length Using Radius-Controlled Rutile Nanowires. Nano Lett 2017; 17:5264-5272. [PMID: 28817772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The minority carrier diffusion length (LD) is a crucial property that determines the performance of light absorbers in photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells. Many transition-metal oxides are stable photoanodes for solar water splitting but exhibit a small to moderate LD, ranging from a few nanometers (such as α-Fe2O3 and TiO2) to a few tens of nanometers (such as BiVO4). Under operating conditions, the temperature of PEC cells can deviate substantially from ambient, yet the temperature dependence of LD has not been quantified. In this work, we show that measuring the photocurrent as a function of both temperature and absorber dimensions provides a quantitative method for evaluating the temperature-dependent minority carrier transport. By measuring photocurrents of nonstoichiometric rutile TiO2-x nanowires as a function of wire radius (19-75 nm) and temperature (10-70 °C), we extract the minority carrier diffusion length along with its activation energy. The minority carrier diffusion length in TiO2-x increases from 5 nm at 25 °C to 10 nm at 70 °C, implying that enhanced carrier mobility outweighs the increase in the recombination rate with temperature. Additionally, by comparing the temperature-dependent photocurrent in BiVO4, TiO2, and α-Fe2O3, we conclude that the ratio of the minority carrier diffusion length to the depletion layer width determines the extent of temperature enhancement, and reconcile the widespread temperature coefficients, which ranged from 0.6 to 1.7% K-1. This insight provides a general design rule to select light absorbers for large thermally activated photocurrents and to predict PEC cell characteristics at a range of temperatures encountered during realistic device operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Zhang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, ‡Department of Applied Physics, §Institute for Computational & Mathematical Engineering (ICME), Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Litianqi Sun
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, ‡Department of Applied Physics, §Institute for Computational & Mathematical Engineering (ICME), Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Zixuan Guan
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, ‡Department of Applied Physics, §Institute for Computational & Mathematical Engineering (ICME), Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sangchul Lee
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, ‡Department of Applied Physics, §Institute for Computational & Mathematical Engineering (ICME), Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yingzhou Li
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, ‡Department of Applied Physics, §Institute for Computational & Mathematical Engineering (ICME), Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Haitao D Deng
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, ‡Department of Applied Physics, §Institute for Computational & Mathematical Engineering (ICME), Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yiyang Li
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, ‡Department of Applied Physics, §Institute for Computational & Mathematical Engineering (ICME), Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Nadia L Ahlborg
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, ‡Department of Applied Physics, §Institute for Computational & Mathematical Engineering (ICME), Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Madhur Boloor
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, ‡Department of Applied Physics, §Institute for Computational & Mathematical Engineering (ICME), Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Nicholas A Melosh
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, ‡Department of Applied Physics, §Institute for Computational & Mathematical Engineering (ICME), Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - William C Chueh
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, ‡Department of Applied Physics, §Institute for Computational & Mathematical Engineering (ICME), Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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29
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Sinclair R, Lee SC, Shi Y, Chueh WC. Structure and chemistry of epitaxial ceria thin films on yttria-stabilized zirconia substrates, studied by high resolution electron microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2017; 176:200-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Guan Z, Chen D, Chueh WC. Analyzing the dependence of oxygen incorporation current density on overpotential and oxygen partial pressure in mixed conducting oxide electrodes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:23414-23424. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03654j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The oxygen incorporation reaction involves the transformation of an oxygen gas molecule to two lattice oxygen ions in a mixed ionic and electronic conducting solid. The current density is modeled as functions of both oxygen partial pressure and overpotential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Guan
- Department of Applied Physics
- Stanford University
- Stanford
- USA
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Stanford University
- Stanford
- USA
| | - William C. Chueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Stanford University
- Stanford
- USA
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31
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Shi Y, Lee SC, Monti M, Wang C, Feng ZA, Nix WD, Toney MF, Sinclair R, Chueh WC. Growth of Highly Strained CeO 2 Ultrathin Films. ACS Nano 2016; 10:9938-9947. [PMID: 27934073 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b04081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Large biaxial strain is a promising route to tune the functionalities of oxide thin films. However, large strain is often not fully realized due to the formation of misfit dislocations at the film/substrate interface. In this work, we examine the growth of strained ceria (CeO2) thin films on (001)-oriented single crystal yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) via pulsed-laser deposition. By varying the film thickness systematically between 1 and 430 nm, we demonstrate that ultrathin ceria films are coherently strained to the YSZ substrate for thicknesses up to 2.7 nm, despite the large lattice mismatch (∼5%). The coherency is confirmed by both X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. This thickness is several times greater than the predicted equilibrium critical thickness. Partial strain relaxation is achieved by forming semirelaxed surface islands rather than by directly nucleating dislocations. In situ reflective high-energy electron diffraction during growth confirms the transition from 2-D (layer-by-layer) to 3-D (island) at a film thickness of ∼1 nm, which is further supported by atomic force microscopy. We propose that dislocations likely nucleate near the surface islands and glide to the film/substrate interface, as evidenced by the presence of 60° dislocations. An improved understanding of growing oxide thin films with a large misfit lays the foundation to systematically explore the impact of strain and dislocations on properties such as ionic transport and redox chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yezhou Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource and ∥Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource and ∥Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Matteo Monti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource and ∥Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Colvin Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource and ∥Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Zhuoluo A Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource and ∥Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - William D Nix
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource and ∥Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Michael F Toney
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource and ∥Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Robert Sinclair
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource and ∥Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - William C Chueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource and ∥Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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32
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Lim J, Li Y, Alsem DH, So H, Lee SC, Bai P, Cogswell DA, Liu X, Jin N, Yu YS, Salmon NJ, Shapiro DA, Bazant MZ, Tyliszczak T, Chueh WC. Origin and hysteresis of lithium compositional spatiodynamics within battery primary particles. Science 2016; 353:566-71. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf4914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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33
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Gent WE, Li Y, Ahn S, Lim J, Liu Y, Wise AM, Gopal CB, Mueller DN, Davis R, Weker JN, Park JH, Doo SK, Chueh WC. Persistent State-of-Charge Heterogeneity in Relaxed, Partially Charged Li1- x Ni1/3 Co1/3 Mn1/3 O2 Secondary Particles. Adv Mater 2016; 28:6631-6638. [PMID: 27187238 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201601273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ex situ transmission X-ray microscopy reveals micrometer-scale state-of-charge heterogeneity in solid-solution Li1- x Ni1/3 Co1/3 Mn1/3 O2 secondary particles even after extensive relaxation. The heterogeneity generates overcharged domains at the cutoff voltage, which may accelerate capacity fading and increase impedance with extended cycling. It is proposed that optimized secondary structures can minimize the state-of-charge heterogeneity by mitigating the buildup of nonuniform internal stresses associated with volume changes during charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Gent
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yiyang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Sungjin Ahn
- Energy Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130, Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, South Korea
| | - Jongwoo Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yijin Liu
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2757 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Anna M Wise
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Chirranjeevi Balaji Gopal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - David N Mueller
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ryan Davis
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2757 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Johanna Nelson Weker
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2757 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Jin-Hwan Park
- Energy Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130, Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, South Korea
| | - Seok-Kwang Doo
- Energy Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130, Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, South Korea
| | - William C Chueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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Gopal CB, Gabaly FE, McDaniel AH, Chueh WC. Origin and Tunability of Unusually Large Surface Capacitance in Doped Cerium Oxide Studied by Ambient-Pressure X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Adv Mater 2016; 28:4692-4697. [PMID: 27031580 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201506333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The volumetric redox (chemical) capacitance of the surface of CeO2-δ films is quantified in situ to be 100-fold larger than the bulk values under catalytically relevant conditions. Sm addition slightly lowers the surface oxygen nonstoichiometry, but effects a 10-fold enhancement in surface chemical capacitance by mitigating defect interactions, highlighting the importance of differential nonstoichiometry for catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirranjeevi Balaji Gopal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | | | | | - William C Chueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
- Stanford Institute of Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
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35
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Li Y, Meyer S, Lim J, Lee SC, Gent WE, Marchesini S, Krishnan H, Tyliszczak T, Shapiro D, Kilcoyne ALD, Chueh WC. Effects of Particle Size, Electronic Connectivity, and Incoherent Nanoscale Domains on the Sequence of Lithiation in LiFePO₄ Porous Electrodes. Adv Mater 2015; 27:6591-6597. [PMID: 26423560 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution X-ray microscopy is used to investigate the sequence of lithiation in LiFePO4 porous electrodes. For electrodes with homogeneous interparticle electronic connectivity via the carbon black network, the smaller particles lithiate first. For electrodes with heterogeneous connectivity, the better-connected particles preferentially lithiate. Correlative electron and X-ray microscopy also reveal the presence of incoherent nanodomains that lithiate as if they are separate particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Sophie Meyer
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jongwoo Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - William E Gent
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Stefano Marchesini
- Advanced Light Source One Cyclotron Road, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Harinarayan Krishnan
- Advanced Light Source One Cyclotron Road, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Tolek Tyliszczak
- Advanced Light Source One Cyclotron Road, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - David Shapiro
- Advanced Light Source One Cyclotron Road, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Arthur L David Kilcoyne
- Advanced Light Source One Cyclotron Road, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - William C Chueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute of Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
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36
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Nelson Weker J, Li Y, Shanmugam R, Lai W, Chueh WC. Tracking Non-Uniform Mesoscale Transport in LiFePO4Agglomerates During Electrochemical Cycling. ChemElectroChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201500119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Nelson Weker
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Stanford University; Stanford CA USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource; SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory; Menlo Park CA USA
| | - Yiyang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Stanford University; Stanford CA USA
| | - Rengarajan Shanmugam
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Michigan State University; East Lansing MI USA
| | - Wei Lai
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Michigan State University; East Lansing MI USA
| | - William C. Chueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Stanford University; Stanford CA USA
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37
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Mueller DN, Machala ML, Bluhm H, Chueh WC. Redox activity of surface oxygen anions in oxygen-deficient perovskite oxides during electrochemical reactions. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6097. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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38
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Feng ZA, Machala ML, Chueh WC. Surface electrochemistry of CO2reduction and CO oxidation on Sm-doped CeO2−x: coupling between Ce3+and carbonate adsorbates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:12273-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00114e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Strong coupling between carbonate coverage, surface Ce3+concentration and overpotential reveals rate-limiting step in CO oxidation and CO2reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoluo A. Feng
- Department of Applied Physics
- Stanford University
- Stanford
- USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences
| | - Michael L. Machala
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Stanford University
- Stanford, CA 94305
- USA
| | - William C. Chueh
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
- Menlo Park
- USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
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39
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Li Y, El Gabaly F, Ferguson TR, Smith RB, Bartelt NC, Sugar JD, Fenton KR, Cogswell DA, Kilcoyne ALD, Tyliszczak T, Bazant MZ, Chueh WC. Current-induced transition from particle-by-particle to concurrent intercalation in phase-separating battery electrodes. Nat Mater 2014; 13:1149-1156. [PMID: 25218062 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Many battery electrodes contain ensembles of nanoparticles that phase-separate on (de)intercalation. In such electrodes, the fraction of actively intercalating particles directly impacts cycle life: a vanishing population concentrates the current in a small number of particles, leading to current hotspots. Reports of the active particle population in the phase-separating electrode lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4; LFP) vary widely, ranging from near 0% (particle-by-particle) to 100% (concurrent intercalation). Using synchrotron-based X-ray microscopy, we probed the individual state-of-charge for over 3,000 LFP particles. We observed that the active population depends strongly on the cycling current, exhibiting particle-by-particle-like behaviour at low rates and increasingly concurrent behaviour at high rates, consistent with our phase-field porous electrode simulations. Contrary to intuition, the current density, or current per active internal surface area, is nearly invariant with the global electrode cycling rate. Rather, the electrode accommodates higher current by increasing the active particle population. This behaviour results from thermodynamic transformation barriers in LFP, and such a phenomenon probably extends to other phase-separating battery materials. We propose that modifying the transformation barrier and exchange current density can increase the active population and thus the current homogeneity. This could introduce new paradigms to enhance the cycle life of phase-separating battery electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Li
- Department of Materials Science &Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Farid El Gabaly
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Todd R Ferguson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Raymond B Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | - Joshua D Sugar
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - Kyle R Fenton
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Daniel A Cogswell
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology America, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - A L David Kilcoyne
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Tolek Tyliszczak
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Martin Z Bazant
- 1] Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [2] Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - William C Chueh
- 1] Department of Materials Science &Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA [2] Stanford Institute of Materials and Energy Science, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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40
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Feng ZA, El Gabaly F, Ye X, Shen ZX, Chueh WC. Fast vacancy-mediated oxygen ion incorporation across the ceria-gas electrochemical interface. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4374. [PMID: 25007038 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical incorporation reactions are ubiquitous in energy storage and conversion devices based on mixed ionic and electronic conductors, such as lithium-ion batteries, solid-oxide fuel cells and water-splitting membranes. The two-way traffic of ions and electrons across the electrochemical interface, coupled with the bulk transport of mass and charge, has been challenging to understand. Here we report an investigation of the oxygen-ion incorporation pathway in CeO2-δ (ceria), one of the most recognized oxygen-deficient compounds, during hydrogen oxidation and water splitting. We probe the response of surface oxygen vacancies, electrons and adsorbates to the electrochemical polarization at the ceria-gas interface. We show that surface oxygen-ion transfer, mediated by oxygen vacancies, is fast. Furthermore, we infer that the electron transfer between cerium cations and hydroxyl ions is the rate-determining step. Our in operando observations reveal the precise roles of surface oxygen vacancy and electron defects in determining the rate of surface incorporation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoluo A Feng
- 1] Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA [2] Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Farid El Gabaly
- Materials Physics Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Xiaofei Ye
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Zhi-Xun Shen
- 1] Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA [2] Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - William C Chueh
- 1] Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA [2] Materials Physics Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, USA [3] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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41
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Chen C, Chen D, Chueh WC, Ciucci F. Modeling the impedance response of mixed-conducting thin film electrodes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:11573-83. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp01285b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Siegel DA, Chueh WC, El Gabaly F, McCarty KF, de la Figuera J, Blanco-Rey M. Determination of the surface structure of CeO2(111) by low-energy electron diffraction. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:114703. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4820826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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43
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Chueh WC, El Gabaly F, Sugar JD, Bartelt NC, McDaniel AH, Fenton KR, Zavadil KR, Tyliszczak T, Lai W, McCarty KF. Intercalation pathway in many-particle LiFePO4 electrode revealed by nanoscale state-of-charge mapping. Nano Lett 2013; 13:866-872. [PMID: 23362838 DOI: 10.1021/nl3031899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The intercalation pathway of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) in the positive electrode of a lithium-ion battery was probed at the ∼40 nm length scale using oxidation-state-sensitive X-ray microscopy. Combined with morphological observations of the same exact locations using transmission electron microscopy, we quantified the local state-of-charge of approximately 450 individual LFP particles over nearly the entire thickness of the porous electrode. With the electrode charged to 50% state-of-charge in 0.5 h, we observed that the overwhelming majority of particles were either almost completely delithiated or lithiated. Specifically, only ∼2% of individual particles were at an intermediate state-of-charge. From this small fraction of particles that were actively undergoing delithiation, we conclude that the time needed to charge a particle is ∼1/50 the time needed to charge the entire particle ensemble. Surprisingly, we observed a very weak correlation between the sequence of delithiation and the particle size, contrary to the common expectation that smaller particles delithiate before larger ones. Our quantitative results unambiguously confirm the mosaic (particle-by-particle) pathway of intercalation and suggest that the rate-limiting process of charging is initiating the phase transformation by, for example, a nucleation-like event. Therefore, strategies for further enhancing the performance of LFP electrodes should not focus on increasing the phase-boundary velocity but on the rate of phase-transformation initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Chueh
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States.
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44
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Ye X, Melas-Kyriazi J, Feng ZA, Melosh NA, Chueh WC. A semiconductor/mixed ion and electron conductor heterojunction for elevated-temperature water splitting. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:15459-69. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52536h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sossina M. Haile
- Materials Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125;
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46
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El Gabaly F, McDaniel AH, Grass M, Chueh WC, Bluhm H, Liu Z, McCarty KF. Electrochemical intermediate species and reaction pathway in H2 oxidation on solid electrolytes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:8338-40. [PMID: 22781193 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc33229a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Chueh WC, Hao Y, Jung W, Haile SM. High electrochemical activity of the oxide phase in model ceria-Pt and ceria-Ni composite anodes. Nat Mater 2011; 11:155-161. [PMID: 22138788 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fuel cells, and in particular solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), enable high-efficiency conversion of chemical fuels into useful electrical energy and, as such, are expected to play a major role in a sustainable-energy future. A key step in the fuel-cell energy-conversion process is the electro-oxidation of the fuel at the anode. There has been increasing evidence in recent years that the presence of CeO(2)-based oxides (ceria) in the anodes of SOFCs with oxygen-ion-conducting electrolytes significantly lowers the activation overpotential for hydrogen oxidation. Most of these studies, however, employ porous, composite electrode structures with ill-defined geometry and uncontrolled interfacial properties. Accordingly, the means by which electrocatalysis is enhanced has remained unclear. Here we demonstrate unambiguously, through the use of ceria-metal structures with well-defined geometries and interfaces, that the near-equilibrium H(2) oxidation reaction pathway is dominated by electrocatalysis at the oxide/gas interface with minimal contributions from the oxide/metal/gas triple-phase boundaries, even for structures with reaction-site densities approaching those of commercial SOFCs. This insight points towards ceria nanostructuring as a route to enhanced activity, rather than the traditional paradigm of metal-catalyst nanostructuring.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Chueh
- Materials Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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48
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Ciucci F, Chueh WC, Goodwin DG, Haile SM. Surface reaction and transport in mixed conductors with electrochemically-active surfaces: a 2-D numerical study of ceria. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:2121-35. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01219j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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Chueh WC, Yang CK, Garland CM, Lai W, Haile SM. Unusual decrease in conductivity upon hydration in acceptor doped, microcrystalline ceria. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:6442-51. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02198a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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50
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Chueh WC, Haile SM. A thermochemical study of ceria: exploiting an old material for new modes of energy conversion and CO2 mitigation. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2010; 368:3269-3294. [PMID: 20566511 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2010.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive thermodynamic and kinetic analysis of the suitability of cerium oxide (ceria) for thermochemical fuel production. Both portions of the two-step cycle, (i) oxygen release from the oxide at 1773 and 1873 K under inert atmosphere, and (ii) hydrogen release upon hydrolysis at 1073 K, are examined theoretically as well as experimentally. We observe gravimetric fuel productivity that is in quantitative agreement with equilibrium, thermogravimetric studies of ceria. Despite the non-stoichiometric nature of the redox cycle, in which only a portion of the cerium atoms change their oxidation state, the fuel productivity of 8.5-11.8 ml of H(2) per gram of ceria is competitive with that of other solid-state thermochemical cycles currently under investigation. The fuel production rate, which is also highly attractive, at a rate of 4.6-6.2 ml of H(2) per minute per gram of ceria, is found to be limited by a surface-reaction step rather than by ambipolar bulk diffusion of oxygen through the solid ceria. An evaluation of the thermodynamic efficiency of the ceria-based thermochemical cycle suggests that, even in the absence of heat recovery, solar-to-fuel conversion efficiencies of 16 to 19 per cent can be achieved, assuming a suitable method for obtaining an inert atmosphere for the oxygen release step.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Chueh
- Materials Science, California Institute of Technology, , MC 309-81, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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