1
|
Samuels S, Kamara-Chieyoe N, Arku J, Kollie AG, Carl NJ, Ndebe K, Hagan E, Martinez S, Machalaba C, Desmond J, Francisco L, Miller M, Karesh W, Nunziata KR, Daszak P, Epstein J. Understanding One Health through biological and behavioral risk surveillance in Liberia: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Glob Health 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(22)00151-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
2
|
Phelps KL, Hamel L, Alhmoud N, Ali S, Bilgin R, Sidamonidze K, Urushadze L, Karesh W, Olival KJ. Bat Research Networks and Viral Surveillance: Gaps and Opportunities in Western Asia. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030240. [PMID: 30857374 PMCID: PMC6466127 DOI: 10.3390/v11030240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bat research networks and viral surveillance are assumed to be at odds due to seemingly conflicting research priorities. Yet human threats that contribute to declines in bat populations globally also lead to increased transmission and spread of bat-associated viruses, which may pose a threat to global health and food security. In this review, we discuss the importance of and opportunities for multidisciplinary collaborations between bat research networks and infectious disease experts to tackle shared threats that jeopardize bat conservation as well as human and animal health. Moreover, we assess research effort on bats and bat-associated viruses globally, and demonstrate that Western Asia has limited published research and represents a gap for coordinated bat research. The lack of bat research in Western Asia severely limits our capacity to identify and mitigate region-specific threats to bat populations and detect interactions between bats and incidental hosts that promote virus spillover. We detail a regional initiative to establish the first bat research network in Western Asia (i.e., the Western Asia Bat Research Network, WAB-Net), with the aim of integrating ecological research on bats with virus surveillance to find “win-win” solutions that promote bat conservation and safeguard public and animal health across the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luke Hamel
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001, USA.
| | - Nisreen Alhmoud
- Biosafety and Biosecurity Center, Royal Scientific Society, 11941 Amman, Jordan.
| | - Shahzad Ali
- Department of Wildlife & Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Rasit Bilgin
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Boğaziçi University, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | | - Lela Urushadze
- National Center for Disease Control & Public Health, 0198 Tbilisi, Georgia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Anthony SJ, Johnson CK, Greig DJ, Kramer S, Che X, Wells H, Hicks AL, Joly DO, Wolfe ND, Daszak P, Karesh W, Lipkin WI, Morse SS, Mazet JAK, Goldstein T. Global patterns in coronavirus diversity. Virus Evol 2017. [PMID: 28630747 PMCID: PMC5467638 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vex012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrom Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) it has become increasingly clear that bats are important reservoirs of CoVs. Despite this, only 6% of all CoV sequences in GenBank are from bats. The remaining 94% largely consist of known pathogens of public health or agricultural significance, indicating that current research effort is heavily biased towards describing known diseases rather than the ‘pre-emergent’ diversity in bats. Our study addresses this critical gap, and focuses on resource poor countries where the risk of zoonotic emergence is believed to be highest. We surveyed the diversity of CoVs in multiple host taxa from twenty countries to explore the factors driving viral diversity at a global scale. We identified sequences representing 100 discrete phylogenetic clusters, ninety-one of which were found in bats, and used ecological and epidemiologic analyses to show that patterns of CoV diversity correlate with those of bat diversity. This cements bats as the major evolutionary reservoirs and ecological drivers of CoV diversity. Co-phylogenetic reconciliation analysis was also used to show that host switching has contributed to CoV evolution, and a preliminary analysis suggests that regional variation exists in the dynamics of this process. Overall our study represents a model for exploring global viral diversity and advances our fundamental understanding of CoV biodiversity and the potential risk factors associated with zoonotic emergence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Anthony
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.,EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34 Street, New York, NY 10001, USA
| | - Christine K Johnson
- One Health Institute & Karen C Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Denise J Greig
- One Health Institute & Karen C Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sarah Kramer
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Che
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Heather Wells
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Allison L Hicks
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Damien O Joly
- Metabiota, Inc. One Sutter, Suite 600, San Francisco, CA 94104, USA.,Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, NY 10460, USA
| | - Nathan D Wolfe
- Metabiota, Inc. One Sutter, Suite 600, San Francisco, CA 94104, USA
| | - Peter Daszak
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34 Street, New York, NY 10001, USA
| | - William Karesh
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34 Street, New York, NY 10001, USA
| | - W I Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Stephen S Morse
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Jonna A K Mazet
- One Health Institute & Karen C Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Tracey Goldstein
- One Health Institute & Karen C Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Anthony SJ, Johnson CK, Greig DJ, Kramer S, Che X, Wells H, Hicks AL, Joly DO, Wolfe ND, Daszak P, Karesh W, Lipkin WI, Morse SS, Mazet JAK, Goldstein T. Global patterns in coronavirus diversity. Virus Evol 2017; 3:vex012. [PMID: 28630747 DOI: 10.1093/ve] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrom Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) it has become increasingly clear that bats are important reservoirs of CoVs. Despite this, only 6% of all CoV sequences in GenBank are from bats. The remaining 94% largely consist of known pathogens of public health or agricultural significance, indicating that current research effort is heavily biased towards describing known diseases rather than the 'pre-emergent' diversity in bats. Our study addresses this critical gap, and focuses on resource poor countries where the risk of zoonotic emergence is believed to be highest. We surveyed the diversity of CoVs in multiple host taxa from twenty countries to explore the factors driving viral diversity at a global scale. We identified sequences representing 100 discrete phylogenetic clusters, ninety-one of which were found in bats, and used ecological and epidemiologic analyses to show that patterns of CoV diversity correlate with those of bat diversity. This cements bats as the major evolutionary reservoirs and ecological drivers of CoV diversity. Co-phylogenetic reconciliation analysis was also used to show that host switching has contributed to CoV evolution, and a preliminary analysis suggests that regional variation exists in the dynamics of this process. Overall our study represents a model for exploring global viral diversity and advances our fundamental understanding of CoV biodiversity and the potential risk factors associated with zoonotic emergence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Anthony
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34 Street, New York, NY 10001, USA
| | - Christine K Johnson
- One Health Institute & Karen C Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Denise J Greig
- One Health Institute & Karen C Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sarah Kramer
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Che
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Heather Wells
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Allison L Hicks
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Damien O Joly
- Metabiota, Inc. One Sutter, Suite 600, San Francisco, CA 94104, USA
- Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, NY 10460, USA
| | - Nathan D Wolfe
- Metabiota, Inc. One Sutter, Suite 600, San Francisco, CA 94104, USA
| | - Peter Daszak
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34 Street, New York, NY 10001, USA
| | - William Karesh
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34 Street, New York, NY 10001, USA
| | - W I Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Stephen S Morse
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jonna A K Mazet
- One Health Institute & Karen C Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Tracey Goldstein
- One Health Institute & Karen C Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Paragas J, Dudley J, Karesh W, Leighton T, Rudolph A. Roger Gerrard Breeze, 1946-2016. Health Secur 2016; 14:203-4. [PMID: 27442909 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2016.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
6
|
Loh EH, Zambrana-Torrelio C, Olival KJ, Bogich TL, Johnson CK, Mazet JAK, Karesh W, Daszak P. Targeting Transmission Pathways for Emerging Zoonotic Disease Surveillance and Control. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2015; 15:432-7. [PMID: 26186515 PMCID: PMC4507309 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2013.1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We used literature searches and a database of all reported emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) to analyze the most important transmission pathways (e.g., vector-borne, aerosol droplet transmitted) for emerging zoonoses. Our results suggest that at the broad scale, the likelihood of transmission occurring through any one pathway is approximately equal. However, the major transmission pathways for zoonoses differ widely according to the specific underlying drivers of EID events (e.g., land-use change, agricultural intensification). These results can be used to develop better targeting of surveillance for, and more effective control of newly emerged zoonoses in regions under different underlying pressures that drive disease emergence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tiffany L. Bogich
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Christine K. Johnson
- Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Jonna A. K. Mazet
- Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rabinowitz PM, Kock R, Kachani M, Kunkel R, Thomas J, Gilbert J, Wallace R, Blackmore C, Wong D, Karesh W, Natterson B, Dugas R, Rubin C. Toward proof of concept of a one health approach to disease prediction and control. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 19. [PMID: 24295136 PMCID: PMC3840882 DOI: 10.3201/eid1912.130265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A One Health approach considers the role of changing environments with regard to infectious and chronic disease risks affecting humans and nonhuman animals. Recent disease emergence events have lent support to a One Health approach. In 2010, the Stone Mountain Working Group on One Health Proof of Concept assembled and evaluated the evidence regarding proof of concept of the One Health approach to disease prediction and control. Aspects examined included the feasibility of integrating human, animal, and environmental health and whether such integration could improve disease prediction and control efforts. They found evidence to support each of these concepts but also identified the need for greater incorporation of environmental and ecosystem factors into disease assessments and interventions. The findings of the Working Group argue for larger controlled studies to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of the One Health approach.
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
We analyzed a database of mammal–virus associations to ask whether surveillance targeting diseased animals is the best strategy to identify potentially zoonotic pathogens. Although a mixed healthy and diseased animal surveillance strategy is generally best, surveillance of apparently healthy animals would likely maximize zoonotic virus discovery potential for bats and rodents.
Collapse
|
9
|
Anthony SJ, St. Leger JA, Navarrete-Macias I, Nilson E, Sanchez-Leon M, Liang E, Seimon T, Jain K, Karesh W, Daszak P, Briese T, Lipkin WI. Identification of a novel cetacean polyomavirus from a common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) with Tracheobronchitis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68239. [PMID: 23874559 PMCID: PMC3707911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A female short-beaked common dolphin calf was found stranded in San Diego, California in October 2010, presenting with multifocal ulcerative lesions in the trachea and bronchi. Viral particles suggestive of polyomavirus were detected by EM, and subsequently confirmed by PCR and sequencing. Full genome sequencing (Ion Torrent) revealed a circular dsDNA genome of 5,159 bp that was shown to form a distinct lineage within the genus Polyomavirus based on phylogenetic analysis of the early and late transcriptomes. Viral infection and distribution in laryngeal mucosa was characterised using in-situ hybridisation, and apoptosis observed in the virus-infected region. These results demonstrate that polyomaviruses can be associated with respiratory disease in cetaceans, and expand our knowledge of their diversity and clinical significance in marine mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon J. Anthony
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SJA); (JASL)
| | - Judy A. St. Leger
- Department of Pathology and Research, SeaWorld Parks, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SJA); (JASL)
| | - Isamara Navarrete-Macias
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Erica Nilson
- Department of Pathology and Research, SeaWorld Parks, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Maria Sanchez-Leon
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Eliza Liang
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Tracie Seimon
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx Zoo, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Komal Jain
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - William Karesh
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Peter Daszak
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas Briese
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - W. Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dierenfeld ES, Kilbourn A, Karesh W, Bosi E, Andau M, Alsisto S. Intake, utilization, and composition of browses consumed by the Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis harissoni) in captivity in Sabah, Malaysia. Zoo Biol 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.20107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
11
|
Karesh W, Reed P. Ebola and great apes in Central Africa: current status and future needs. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 2005; 98:237-8. [PMID: 16267967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W Karesh
- Field Veterinary Program Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY 10460, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rouquet P, Froment JM, Bermejo M, Kilbourn A, Karesh W, Reed P, Kumulungui B, Yaba P, Délicat A, Rollin PE, Leroy EM. Wild animal mortality monitoring and human Ebola outbreaks, Gabon and Republic of Congo, 2001-2003. Emerg Infect Dis 2005; 11:283-90. [PMID: 15752448 PMCID: PMC3320460 DOI: 10.3201/eid1102.040533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
All human Ebola virus outbreaks during 2001-2003 in the forest zone between Gabon and Republic of Congo resulted from handling infected wild animal carcasses. After the first outbreak, we created an Animal Mortality Monitoring Network in collaboration with the Gabonese and Congolese Ministries of Forestry and Environment and wildlife organizations (Wildlife Conservation Society and Programme de Conservation et Utilisation Rationnelle des Ecosystemes Forestiers en Afrique Centrale) to predict and possibly prevent human Ebola outbreaks. Since August 2001, 98 wild animal carcasses have been recovered by the network, including 65 great apes. Analysis of 21 carcasses found that 10 gorillas, 3 chimpanzees, and 1 duiker tested positive for Ebola virus. Wild animal outbreaks began before each of the 5 human Ebola outbreaks. Twice we alerted the health authorities to an imminent risk for human outbreaks, weeks before they occurred.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Rouquet
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, (CIRMF) BP 769, Franceville, Gabon.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Leroy EM, Rouquet P, Formenty P, Souquière S, Kilbourne A, Froment JM, Bermejo M, Smit S, Karesh W, Swanepoel R, Zaki SR, Rollin PE. Multiple Ebola Virus Transmission Events and Rapid Decline of Central African Wildlife. Science 2004; 303:387-90. [PMID: 14726594 DOI: 10.1126/science.1092528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Several human and animal Ebola outbreaks have occurred over the past 4 years in Gabon and the Republic of Congo. The human outbreaks consisted of multiple simultaneous epidemics caused by different viral strains, and each epidemic resulted from the handling of a distinct gorilla, chimpanzee, or duiker carcass. These animal populations declined markedly during human Ebola outbreaks, apparently as a result of Ebola infection. Recovered carcasses were infected by a variety of Ebola strains, suggesting that Ebola outbreaks in great apes result from multiple virus introductions from the natural host. Surveillance of animal mortality may help to predict and prevent human Ebola outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Leroy
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UR034, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769 Franceville, Gabon.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Souquière S, Bibollet-Ruche F, Robertson DL, Makuwa M, Apetrei C, Onanga R, Kornfeld C, Plantier JC, Gao F, Abernethy K, White LJ, Karesh W, Telfer P, Wickings EJ, Mauclère P, Marx PA, Barré-Sinoussi F, Hahn BH, Müller-Trutwin MC, Simon F. Wild Mandrillus sphinx are carriers of two types of lentivirus. J Virol 2001; 75:7086-96. [PMID: 11435589 PMCID: PMC114437 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.15.7086-7096.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mandrillus sphinx, a large primate living in Cameroon and Gabon and belonging to the Papionini tribe, was reported to be infected by a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) (SIVmndGB1) as early as 1988. Here, we have identified a second, highly divergent SIVmnd (designated SIVmnd-2). Genomic organization differs between the two viral types; SIVmnd-2 has the additional vpx gene, like other SIVs naturally infecting the Papionini tribe (SIVsm and SIVrcm) and in contrast to the other SIVmnd type (here designated SIVmnd-1), which is more closely related to SIVs infecting l'hoest (Cercopithecus lhoesti lhoesti) and sun-tailed (Cercopithecus lhoesti solatus) monkeys. Importantly, our epidemiological studies indicate a high prevalence of both types of SIVmnd; all 10 sexually mature wild-living monkeys and 3 out of 17 wild-born juveniles tested were infected. The geographic distribution of SIVmnd seems to be distinct for the two types: SIVmnd-1 viruses were exclusively identified in mandrills from central and southern Gabon, whereas SIVmnd-2 viruses were identified in monkeys from northern and western Gabon, as well as in Cameroon. SIVmnd-2 full-length sequence analysis, together with analysis of partial sequences from SIVmnd-1 and SIVmnd-2 from wild-born or wild-living mandrills, shows that the gag and pol regions of SIVmnd-2 are closest to those of SIVrcm, isolated from red-capped mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus), while the env gene is closest to that of SIVmnd-1. pol and env sequence analyses of SIV from a related Papionini species, the drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus), shows a closer relationship of SIVdrl to SIVmnd-2 than to SIVmnd-1. Epidemiological surveys of human immunodeficiency virus revealed a case in Cameroon of a human infected by a virus serologically related to SIVmnd, raising the possibility that mandrills represent a viral reservoir for humans similar to sooty mangabeys in Western Africa and chimpanzees in Central Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Souquière
- Laboratoire de Virologie, UGENET, SEGC, Réserve de la Lopé, Centre International de Recherches Médicales, Franceville, Gabon
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Patterns of restriction site variation within mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of 270 individuals were used to examine the current structure of savanna elephant populations and to infer historical patterns of gene flow across eastern and southern Africa. Elephants have a complex population structure characterized by marked subdivision at the continental level (Fst = 0.39; 95% confidence interval 0.19-0.58), and isolation by distance at the regional level. However, phylogeographic analysis revealed evidence of protracted gene flow across the continent. First, one relatively derived haplotype was found at all sampling locations. Second, haplotypes representing exceptionally divergent (up to 8.3%) mitochondrial clades were found to coexist at distant (> 2,000 km) sampling locations. In the few other species characterized by sympatric individuals bearing such divergent haplotypes, all such individuals were found to coexist within limited geographical regions. Accordingly, pronounced mitochondrial divergence within populations is often attributed to ancestral isolation in allopatry, followed by secondary contact. The patterns within elephants do not accord with ancestral isolation in allopatry. Given the exceptional mobility of elephants, a geographical barrier is unlikely to have obstructed gene flow between regions for long enough to produce the observed mitochondrial divergence. Rather, the patterns are consistent with the more parsimonious hypothesis, based on neutral coalescent theory, that gene flow has maintained a sufficiently large effective population size (> 50,000 females) for representatives of clades that diverged at least 4 million years ago to have persisted by chance within a population that was subdivided, but not strictly isolated in allopatry.
Collapse
|