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Schmitt MC, Vogelsmeier LVDE, Erbas Y, Stuber S, Lischetzke T. Exploring Within-Person Variability in Qualitative Negative and Positive Emotional Granularity by Means of Latent Markov Factor Analysis. Multivariate Behav Res 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38600826 DOI: 10.1080/00273171.2024.2328381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Emotional granularity (EG) is an individual's ability to describe their emotional experiences in a nuanced and specific way. In this paper, we propose that researchers adopt latent Markov factor analysis (LMFA) to investigate within-person variability in qualitative EG (i.e., variability in distinct granularity patterns between specific emotions across time). LMFA clusters measurement occasions into latent states according to state-specific measurement models. We argue that state-specific measurement models of repeatedly assessed emotion items can provide information about qualitative EG at a given point in time. Applying LMFA to the area of EG for negative and positive emotions separately by using data from an experience sampling study with 11,662 measurement occasions across 139 participants, we found three latent EG states for the negative emotions and three for the positive emotions. Momentary stress significantly predicted transitions between the EG states for both the negative and positive emotions. We further identified two and three latent classes of individuals who differed in state trajectories for negative and positive emotions, respectively. Neuroticism and dispositional mood regulation predicted latent class membership for negative (but not for positive) emotions. We conclude that LMFA may enrich EG research by enabling more fine-grained insights into variability in qualitative EG patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel C Schmitt
- Department of Psychology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | | | - Yasemin Erbas
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Department of Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simon Stuber
- Department of Psychology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Tanja Lischetzke
- Department of Psychology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Landau, Germany
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Blanke ES, Neubauer AB, Houben M, Erbas Y, Brose A. Why do my thoughts feel so bad? Getting at the reciprocal effects of rumination and negative affect using dynamic structural equation modeling. Emotion 2022; 22:1773-1786. [PMID: 33630623 DOI: 10.1037/emo0000946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rumination means to perseveratively think about one's negative feelings and problems. It is a response to affective distress that is often referred to as maladaptive emotion regulation. According to the response styles theory and control theory, rumination may further prolong and exacerbate affective distress. This means that rumination can be viewed as both an antecedent and an outcome of negative affect (NA), and vice versa. However, at the level of short-term dynamics, state rumination and NA have previously mainly been examined as two separate outcomes. To model the reciprocal within-person effects and hence, to match theoretical assumptions, we combined the two interrelated time series in one model using dynamic structural equation modeling (DSEM). Both effects (NA on subsequent rumination and rumination on subsequent NA) were modeled simultaneously while acknowledging the autoregressive nature of both states (inert properties). We used data from two experience sampling studies (NStudy 1 = 200 Belgian university students; NStudy 2 = 70 German university students). Participants were paged on smartphones several times a day (Study 1: 10; Study 2: 6) for several days (Study 1: 7; Study 2: 9-12). In both studies, we found evidence for reciprocal effects of NA and rumination, and both processes showed autoregressive relationships. Aside from central findings, higher levels of rumination were also associated with higher rumination inertia, pointing toward more habitual rumination also being associated with prolonged rumination. Together, using DSEM, we found reciprocal associations between rumination and NA, while providing new insights into the dynamics between the two processes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Erbas Y, Gendron M, Fugate JMB. Editorial: The role of emotional granularity in emotional regulation, mental disorders, and well-being. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1080713. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1080713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Tanjitpiyanond P, Jetten J, Peters K, Ashokkumar A, Barry O, Billet M, Becker M, Booth RW, Castro D, Chinchilla J, Costantini G, Dejonckheere E, Dimdins G, Erbas Y, Espinosa A, Finchilescu G, Gómez Á, González R, Goto N, Hatano A, Hartwich L, Jarukasemthawee S, Karunagharan JK, Novak LM, Kim JP, Kohút M, Liu Y, Loughnan S, Onyishi IE, Onyishi CN, Varela M, Pattara‐angkoon IS, Peker M, Pisitsungkagarn K, Rizwan M, Suh EM, Swann W, Tong EMW, Turner RN, Vanhasbroeck N, Van Lange PAM, Vauclair C, Vinogradov A, Wacera G, Wang Z, Wibisono S, Yeung VW. A 32‐society investigation of the influence of perceived economic inequality on social class stereotyping. Euro J Social Psych 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Vedernikova E, Kuppens P, Erbas Y. From Knowledge to Differentiation: Increasing Emotion Knowledge Through an Intervention Increases Negative Emotion Differentiation. Front Psychol 2021; 12:703757. [PMID: 34899459 PMCID: PMC8662934 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.703757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Labeling emotions with a high degree of granularity appears to be beneficial for well-being. However, there are individual differences in the level of emotion differentiation, and some individuals do not appear to differentiate much between different emotions. Low differentiation is associated with maladaptive outcomes, therefore such individuals might benefit from interventions that can increase their level of emotion differentiation. To this end, we tested the effects of an emotion knowledge intervention on the level of emotion differentiation. One hundred and twenty participants were assigned to either an experimental or a control condition. Emotion differentiation was assessed with a Scenario Rating Task before and after the intervention, and at follow-up. As predicted, negative emotion differentiation increased significantly after the emotion knowledge intervention, and this increase was not observed in the control group. Positive emotion differentiation also increased slightly; however, it did not reach significance level. This finding suggests that an emotion knowledge intervention might be beneficial for increasing negative emotion differentiation and may have implications for the clinical context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Kuppens
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yasemin Erbas
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
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Erbas Y, Gusset N. The need for evidence-based treatment decisions in spinal muscular atrophy type 0. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2021; 8:2094-2095. [PMID: 34546649 PMCID: PMC8528450 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Erbas Y, Kalokerinos EK, Kuppens P, van Halem S, Ceulemans E. Momentary Emotion Differentiation: The Derivation and Validation of an index to Study Within-Person Fluctuations in Emotion Differentiation. Assessment 2021; 29:700-716. [PMID: 33522259 DOI: 10.1177/1073191121990089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Emotion differentiation refers to the tendency to label emotions in a granular way. While differentiation is an important individual difference in the context of psychological well-being, it is unknown how it fluctuates within individuals. Such a within-person measure is important, since it would allow the study of how changes in differentiation predict subsequent levels of other variables of interest. Here, we present a framework to study emotion differentiation at the within-person level by introducing a momentary emotion differentiation index. This index is directly derived from the classical emotion differentiation index, the intraclass correlation. We first give a theoretical derivation of this index. Next, using data from two experience sampling studies, we show how this new momentary index is related to other momentary indicators of well-being, and take the first steps in building its nomological network. A better understanding of within-person fluctuations in emotion differentiation will allow us to identify the causes and consequences of these fluctuations, and search for ways to teach individuals to increase their level of emotion differentiation.
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Gusset N, Erbas Y, Germanenko O, Rucinski K, Stumpe E, de Lemus M. A Decision for Life - Treatment decisions in newly diagnosed families with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2021; 30:105-107. [PMID: 33353801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Eva Stumpe
- SMA Europe, Im Moos 4, 79112, Freiburg, Germany.
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MacCann C, Erbas Y, Dejonckheere E, Minbashian A, Kuppens P, Fayn K. Emotional Intelligence Relates to Emotions, Emotion Dynamics, and Emotion Complexity. European Journal of Psychological Assessment 2020. [DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Emotional intelligence (EI) should relate to people’s emotional experiences. We meta-analytically summarize associations of felt affect with ability EI branches (perception, facilitation, understanding, and management) and total scores ( k = 7–14; N = 1,584–2,813). We then use experience sampling ( N = 122 undergraduates over 5 days, 24 beeps) to test whether EI predicts emotion dynamics and complexity. Meta-analyses show that EI correlates significantly with lower negative affect (NA; ρ = −.21) but not higher positive affect (PA; ρ = .05). PA (but not NA) shows a significantly stronger relationship with emotion management (ρ = .23) versus other EI branches (ρ = −.01 to .07). In the experience sampling study, only management significantly related to higher PA, whereas lower NA was significantly related to total EI, perception, facilitation, and management. After controlling for mean affect: (a) only understanding significantly predicted NA dynamics whereas only management and facilitation significantly predicted PA dynamics; (b) management and facilitation predicted lower PA differentiation (EI was unrelated to NA differentiation); and (c) perception and facilitation predicted greater bipolarity. Results show that EI predicts affect, emotion dynamics, and emotion complexity. We discuss the importance of distinguishing between different branches of ability EI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kirill Fayn
- KU Leuven, Belgium
- Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Erbas Y, Ceulemans E, Kalokerinos EK, Houben M, Koval P, Pe ML, Kuppens P. Why I don't always know what I'm feeling: The role of stress in within-person fluctuations in emotion differentiation. J Pers Soc Psychol 2019; 115:179-191. [PMID: 30024239 DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Emotion differentiation, the ability to make fine-grained distinctions between emotional states, has mainly been studied as a trait. In this research, we examine within-person fluctuations in emotion differentiation and hypothesize that stress is a central factor in predicting these fluctuations. We predict that experiencing stress will result in lower levels of emotion differentiation. Using data from a 3-wave longitudinal experience sampling study, we examined the within-person fluctuations in the level of emotion differentiation across days and months and tested if these fluctuations related to changes in stress levels. On the day-level, we found that differentiation of negative emotions varied significantly within individuals, that high stress levels were associated with lower levels of emotion differentiation, and that stress on 1 day negatively predicted the level of differentiation of negative emotions on a next day (but not vice versa). On the wave-level, we found a concurrent, but not a prospective relationship between stress and emotion differentiation. These results are the first to directly demonstrate the role of stress in predicting fluctuations in emotion differentiation and have implications for our theoretical understanding of emotion differentiation, as well as for interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Erbas
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven
| | - Eva Ceulemans
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven
| | | | - Marlies Houben
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven
| | - Peter Koval
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne
| | - Madeline L Pe
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven
| | - Peter Kuppens
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven
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Kalokerinos EK, Erbas Y, Ceulemans E, Kuppens P. Differentiate to Regulate: Low Negative Emotion Differentiation Is Associated With Ineffective Use but Not Selection of Emotion-Regulation Strategies. Psychol Sci 2019; 30:863-879. [PMID: 30990768 DOI: 10.1177/0956797619838763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotion differentiation, which involves experiencing and labeling emotions in a granular way, has been linked with well-being. It has been theorized that differentiating between emotions facilitates effective emotion regulation, but this link has yet to be comprehensively tested. In two experience-sampling studies, we examined how negative emotion differentiation was related to (a) the selection of emotion-regulation strategies and (b) the effectiveness of these strategies in downregulating negative emotion (Ns = 200 and 101 participants and 34,660 and 6,282 measurements, respectively). Unexpectedly, we found few relationships between differentiation and the selection of putatively adaptive or maladaptive strategies. Instead, we found interactions between differentiation and strategies in predicting negative emotion. Among low differentiators, all strategies (Study 1) and four of six strategies (Study 2) were more strongly associated with increased negative emotion than they were among high differentiators. This suggests that low differentiation may hinder successful emotion regulation, which in turn supports the idea that effective regulation may underlie differentiation benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasemin Erbas
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven
| | - Eva Ceulemans
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven
| | - Peter Kuppens
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven
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Blanke ES, Brose A, Kalokerinos EK, Erbas Y, Riediger M, Kuppens P. Mix it to fix it: Emotion regulation variability in daily life. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 20:473-485. [PMID: 30714776 DOI: 10.1037/emo0000566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Emotion regulation (ER) strategies are often categorized as universally adaptive or maladaptive. However, it has recently been proposed that this view is overly simplistic: instead, adaptive ER involves applying strategies variably to meet contextual demands. Using data from four experience-sampling studies (Ns = 70, 95, 200, and 179), we tested the relationship between ER variability and negative affect (NA) in everyday life. The constantly changing demands of daily life provide a more ecologically valid context in which to test the role of variability. We calculated 2 global indicators of variability: within-strategy variability (of particular strategies across time) and between-strategy variability (across strategies at one time-point). Associations between within-strategy variability and NA were inconsistent. In contrast, when controlling for mean strategy endorsement, between-strategy variability was associated with reduced NA across both individuals and measurement occasions. This is the first evidence that variably choosing between different strategies within a situation may be adaptive in daily life. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annette Brose
- Institute of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
| | | | - Yasemin Erbas
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven
| | - Michaela Riediger
- Heisenberg Research Group Socio-emotional Development and Health Across the Lifespan, Freie Universität Berlin
| | - Peter Kuppens
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven
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Van der Gucht K, Dejonckheere E, Erbas Y, Takano K, Vandemoortele M, Maex E, Raes F, Kuppens P. An experience sampling study examining the potential impact of a mindfulness-based intervention on emotion differentiation. Emotion 2019; 19:123-131. [DOI: 10.1037/emo0000406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Erbas Y, Ceulemans E, Blanke ES, Sels L, Fischer A, Kuppens P. Emotion differentiation dissected: between-category, within-category, and integral emotion differentiation, and their relation to well-being. Cogn Emot 2018; 33:258-271. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2018.1465894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Erbas
- Department of Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva Ceulemans
- Department of Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Laura Sels
- Department of Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Agneta Fischer
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Kuppens
- Department of Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Dejonckheere E, Mestdagh M, Houben M, Erbas Y, Pe M, Koval P, Brose A, Bastian B, Kuppens P. The bipolarity of affect and depressive symptoms. J Pers Soc Psychol 2018; 114:323-341. [DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Fayn K, Silvia PJ, Erbas Y, Tiliopoulos N, Kuppens P. Nuanced aesthetic emotions: emotion differentiation is related to knowledge of the arts and curiosity. Cogn Emot 2017; 32:593-599. [PMID: 28488919 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2017.1322554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability to distinguish between emotions is considered indicative of well-being, but does emotion differentiation (ED) in an aesthetic context also reflect deeper and more knowledgeable aesthetic experiences? Here we examine whether positive and negative ED in response to artistic stimuli reflects higher fluency in an aesthetic domain. Particularly, we test whether knowledge of the arts and curiosity are associated with more fine-grained positive and negative aesthetic experiences. A sample of 214 people rated their positive and negative feelings in response to various artworks including positive and negative themes. Positive ED was associated with the embracing sub-trait of curiosity that reflects engagement and enjoyment of novelty and complexity, but was unrelated to artistic knowledge and perceived comprehension. Negative ED was associated with higher curiosity and particularly more knowledge of the arts. This relationship was mediated by appraised comprehension suggesting that deeper engagement with art, by those with more art knowledge, is associated with more fine-grained emotional experiences. This finding extends ED beyond well-being research and suggests that more nuanced emotional experiences are more likely for those with expertise in the arts and motivation for exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Fayn
- a Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Paul J Silvia
- b Psychology , University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , NC , USA
| | - Yasemin Erbas
- a Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | | | - Peter Kuppens
- a Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
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Pe ML, Koval P, Houben M, Erbas Y, Champagne D, Kuppens P. Updating in working memory predicts greater emotion reactivity to and facilitated recovery from negative emotion-eliciting stimuli. Front Psychol 2015; 6:372. [PMID: 25914655 PMCID: PMC4391229 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
That emotions change in response to emotion-eliciting events is a natural part of human life. However, it is equally important for emotions to return to baseline once the emotion-eliciting events have passed. This suggests that the ability to emotionally react to and recover from emotion-eliciting events is critical for healthy psychological functioning. But why do individuals differ in their emotion reactivity and recovery? The present work postulates that the ability to update emotional information in working memory (WM) may explain individual differences in emotion reactivity and recovery. Two studies are presented, which examined whether updating ability was related to emotion reactivity and recovery. In Study 1, we assessed participants' self-reported affect as they viewed negative and positive films. Our results revealed that better updating ability was related to greater emotion reactivity and facilitated (i.e., quicker) recovery from watching negative films. In Study 2, participants recalled a recent angering event, and were then instructed to either ruminate about or reappraise the event. Results revealed that updating ability was again related to greater emotion reactivity and facilitated (i.e., successful) emotion recovery in response to the angering event, and that this was unrelated to the emotion regulation strategy used. These findings identify the ability to update emotional information in WM as a possible mechanism in emotion responding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline L. Pe
- Research Group of Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Koval
- Research Group of Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Marlies Houben
- Research Group of Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Yasemin Erbas
- Research Group of Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Champagne
- Research Group of Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Kuppens
- Research Group of Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
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Koval P, Brose A, Pe ML, Houben M, Erbas Y, Champagne D, Kuppens P. Emotional inertia and external events: The roles of exposure, reactivity, and recovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 15:625-36. [PMID: 25844974 DOI: 10.1037/emo0000059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Increased moment-to-moment predictability, or inertia, of negative affect has been identified as an important dynamic marker of psychological maladjustment, and increased vulnerability to depression in particular. However, little is known about the processes underlying emotional inertia. The current article examines how the emotional context, and people's responses to it, are related to emotional inertia. We investigated how individual differences in the inertia of negative affect (NA) are related to individual differences in exposure, reactivity, and recovery from emotional events, in daily life (assessed using experience sampling) as well as in the lab (assessed using an emotional film-clip task), among 200 participants commencing their first year of tertiary education. This dual-method approach allowed us to assess affective responding on different timescales, and in response to standardized as well as idiographic emotional stimuli. Our most consistent finding, across both methods, was that heightened NA inertia is related to decreased NA recovery following negative stimuli, suggesting that higher levels of inertia may be mostly driven by impairments in affect repair following negative events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Koval
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven
| | - Annette Brose
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven
| | - Madeline L Pe
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven
| | - Marlies Houben
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven
| | - Yasemin Erbas
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven
| | | | - Peter Kuppens
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven
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Abstract
Western culture has become obsessed with happiness, while treating negative emotions like sadness, depression, or anxiety as pathological and nonnormative. These salient cultural norms communicate social expectations that people should feel “happy” and not “sad.” Previous research has shown that these “social expectancies” can increase feelings of sadness and reduce well-being. In this study, we examined whether these perceived social pressures might also lead people to feel socially disconnected—lonely—when they do experience negative emotions? Drawing on a large stratified sample prescreened for depressive symptoms and utilizing both trait measures and moment-to-moment “experience sampling” over a 7-day period, we found that people who felt more negative emotions and also believe that others in society disapprove of these emotions reported more loneliness. Our data suggest that social pressures to be happy and not sad can make people feel more socially isolated when they do feel sad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock Bastian
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter Koval
- Department of Psychology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yasemin Erbas
- Department of Psychology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marlies Houben
- Department of Psychology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Madeline Pe
- Department of Psychology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Kuppens
- Department of Psychology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Erbas Y, Ceulemans E, Lee Pe M, Koval P, Kuppens P. Negative emotion differentiation: Its personality and well-being correlates and a comparison of different assessment methods. Cogn Emot 2014; 28:1196-213. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2013.875890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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