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Imanaga N, Terao N, Wakugawa S, Miyara Y, Sawaguchi S, Oshiro A, Yamauchi Y, Koizumi H. Scleral Thickness in Simple Versus Complex Central Serous Chorioretinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 2024; 261:103-111. [PMID: 38281567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2024.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the association between scleral thickness and a newly developed multimodal imaging-based classification of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). DESIGN Retrospective, cross-sectional study. METHODS This study included 217 eyes of 217 patients classified as simple or complex CSC based on the established protocols. Clinical and anatomical factors were compared between the 2 types. The scleral thickness was measured at 4 locations using anterior-segment optical coherence tomography. RESULTS Of the 217 eyes, 167 were classified as simple CSC and 50 as complex CSC. The complex CSC group showed older age (P = .011), higher male ratio (P = .001), more bilateral involvement (P < .001), poorer visual acuity (P < .001), greater subfoveal choroidal thickness (P = .025), and higher frequency of loculation of fluid (P < .001) and ciliochoroidal effusion (P < .001) than the simple CSC group. The complex CSC group had significantly greater scleral thicknesses in the superior, temporal, inferior, and nasal directions (all P < .001) than the simple CSC group. Multivariable analysis revealed that older age (odds ratio [OR] 1.054, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.013-1.097, P < .001), male sex (OR 10.445, 95% CI 1.151-94.778, P < .001), bilateral involvement (OR 7.641, 95% CI 3.316-17.607, P < .001), and the mean value of scleral thicknesses in 4 directions (OR 1.022, 95% CI 1.012-1.032, P < .001) were significantly associated with the complex CSC. CONCLUSIONS Older age, male sex, bilateral involvement, and thick sclera were associated with the complex CSC. Scleral thickness seemed to determine the clinical manifestations of CSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Imanaga
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Terao
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Sorako Wakugawa
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yasunori Miyara
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Shota Sawaguchi
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Ayano Oshiro
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yukihide Yamauchi
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hideki Koizumi
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
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Inoda S, Takahashi H, Maruyama-Inoue M, Ikeda S, Sekiryu T, Itagaki K, Matsumoto H, Mukai R, Nagai Y, Ohnaka M, Kusuhara S, Miki A, Okada AA, Nakayama M, Nishiguchi KM, Takeuchi J, Mori R, Tanaka K, Honda S, Kohno T, Koizumi H, Miyara Y, Inoue Y, Takana H, Iida T, Maruko I, Hayashi A, Ueda-Consolvo T, Yanagi Y. INCIDENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF INTRAOCULAR INFLAMMATION AFTER BROLUCIZUMAB TREATMENT IN JAPAN: A Multicenter Age-Related Macular Degeneration Study. Retina 2024; 44:714-722. [PMID: 38016089 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000004009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the incidence of intraocular inflammation (IOI) and its risk factors following intravitreal injections of brolucizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration in Japan. METHODS A total of 1,351 Japanese consecutive patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration who were treated with brolucizumab from May 2020 to May 2022 at 14 institutions were examined. The variables analyzed were the number of brolucizumab injections, time to onset of IOI, and risk factors. RESULTS Intraocular inflammation developed in 152 eyes (11.3%). Retinal vasculitis and/or retinal occlusion occurred in 53 eyes (3.9%). Ninety-four patients received bilaterally, bilateral IOI occurred in five patients (5.3%). Sixteen eyes (1.2%) had irreversible visual acuity loss and nine eyes (0.67%) had visual loss of three lines or more due to retinal vasculitis and/or retinal occlusion. The cumulative IOI incidence was 4.5%, 10.3%, and 12.2% at 30, 180, and 365 days (1-year), respectively. History of IOI (including retinal vasculitis) and/or retinal occlusion (odds ratio [OR], 5.41; P = 0.0075) and female sex (OR, 1.99; P = 0.0004) were significantly associated with IOI onset. CONCLUSION The 1-year cumulative incidence of IOI in Japanese neovascular age-related macular degeneration patients treated with brolucizumab was 12.2%. History of IOI (including retinal vasculitis) and/or retinal occlusion and female sex were significant risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Inoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hidenori Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Maiko Maruyama-Inoue
- Department of Ophthalmology and Micro-technology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shoko Ikeda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Micro-technology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tetsuju Sekiryu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima-shi, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kanako Itagaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima-shi, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Matsumoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi-shi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ryo Mukai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi-shi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Nagai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ohnaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sentaro Kusuhara
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Akiko Miki
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Annabelle A Okada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyorin University, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makiko Nakayama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyorin University, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji M Nishiguchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, Japan
| | - Jun Takeuchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryusaburo Mori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nihon University Hospital, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Tanaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nihon University Hospital, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Honda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeya Kohno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideki Koizumi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
| | - Yasunori Miyara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
| | - Yuji Inoue
- Department of Ophthalmology, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nishikasai Inouye Eye Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nishikasai Inouye Eye Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Iida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Japan ; and
| | - Ichiro Maruko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Japan ; and
| | - Atsushi Hayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Toyama, Toyama-shi, Toyama, Japan
| | | | - Yasuo Yanagi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Micro-technology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
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Kataoka K, Itagaki K, Hashiya N, Wakugawa S, Tanaka K, Nakayama M, Yamamoto A, Mukai R, Honjyo J, Maruko I, Kawai M, Miyara Y, Terao N, Wakatsuki Y, Onoe H, Mori R, Koizumi H, Sekiryu T, Iida T, Okada AA. Six-month outcomes of switching from aflibercept to faricimab in refractory cases of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2024; 262:43-51. [PMID: 37668741 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-023-06222-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess 6-month outcomes of switching from aflibercept to faricimab in eyes with refractory neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) previously requiring monthly injections. METHODS This multicenter retrospective study examined nAMD eyes receiving monthly aflibercept injections switched to faricimab administered monthly up to 4 injections followed by injections at a minimum of 2-month intervals as per drug labeling. Data regarding age, sex, number of previous injections, treatment intervals, and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were collected. Central retinal thickness (CRT), subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), and maximal pigment epithelial detachment (PED) height were measured by optical coherence tomography. RESULTS The study included 130 eyes of 124 patients. At 6 months, 53 eyes (40.8%) continued on faricimab treatment (Group 1), while 77 eyes (59.2%) discontinued faricimab for various reasons (Group 2) the most common being worse exudation. There were no significant differences between the two groups at baseline. In Group 1, CRT and SFCT significantly decreased at 1 month (P = 0.013 and 0.008), although statistical significance was lost at 6 months (P = 0.689 and 0.052). BCVA and maximal PED height showed no significant changes; however, mean treatment intervals were extended from 4.4 ± 0.5 weeks at baseline to 8.7 ± 1.7 weeks at 6 months (P < 0.001) in Group 1. No clear predictors of response were identified. CONCLUSION Switching from aflibercept to faricimab allowed for extension of treatment intervals from monthly to bimonthly in roughly 40% of eyes, suggesting that faricimab may be considered in refractory nAMD cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Kataoka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kanako Itagaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Nozumu Hashiya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sorako Wakugawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Koji Tanaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makiko Nakayama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Yamamoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Mukai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Jyunichiro Honjyo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Ichiro Maruko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moeko Kawai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Miyara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Terao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yu Wakatsuki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Onoe
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryusaburo Mori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Koizumi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuju Sekiryu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Iida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Annabelle A Okada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo, Japan
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Sato Y, Ueda-Arakawa N, Takahashi A, Miyara Y, Hara C, Kitajima Y, Maruko R, Kawai M, Takahashi H, Koizumi H, Kawasaki R, Maruyama-Inoue M, Yanagi Y, Iida T, Takahashi K, Sakamoto T, Tsujikawa A. Clinical Characteristics and Progression of Geographic Atrophy in a Japanese Population. Ophthalmol Retina 2023; 7:901-909. [PMID: 37302656 DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To elucidate the clinical characteristics and progression rate of geographic atrophy (GA) associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in a Japanese population. DESIGN Retrospective, multicenter, observational study. PARTICIPANTS A total of 173 eyes from 173 patients from 6 university hospitals in Japan were included. Of 173 study eyes, 101 eyes from 101 patients were included in the follow-up group. All patients were Japanese, aged ≥ 50 years and had definite GA associated with AMD in at least 1 eye. METHODS The GA area was measured semiautomatically using fundus autofluorescence (FAF) images. In the follow-up group followed for > 6 months with FAF images, the GA progression rate was calculated by 2 methods: mm2 per year and mm per year using the square-root transformation (SQRT) strategy. Simple and multiple linear regression analyses were used to identify the baseline factors associated with the GA progression rate. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Clinical characteristics of GA and the GA progression rate. RESULTS The mean age was 76.8 ± 8.8 years, and 109 (63.0%) were males. Sixty-two (35.8%) patients had bilateral GA. The mean GA area was 3.06 ± 4.00 mm2 (1.44 ± 1.00 mm [SQRT]). Thirty-eight eyes (22.0%) were classified as having pachychoroid GA. Drusen and reticular pseudodrusen were detected in 115 (66.5%) and 73 (42.2%) eyes, respectively. The mean subfoveal choroidal thickness was 194.7 ± 105.5 μm. In the follow-up group (follow-up period: 46.2 ± 28.9 months), the mean GA progression rate was 1.01 ± 1.09 mm2 per year (0.23 ± 0.18 mm/year [SQRT]). In the multivariable analysis, the baseline GA area (SQRT; P = 0.002) and the presence of reticular pseudodrusen (P < 0.001) were significantly associated with a greater GA progression rate (SQRT). CONCLUSIONS Certain clinical characteristics of GA in Asian populations may differ from those in White populations. Asian patients with GA showed male dominance and relatively thicker choroid than White patients. There was a group with GA without drusen but with features of pachychoroid. The GA progression rate in this Asian population was relatively lower than that in White populations. Large GA and reticular pseudodrusen were associated with a greater GA progression rate. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoko Ueda-Arakawa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Ayako Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasunori Miyara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Chikako Hara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoko Kitajima
- Department of Ophthalmology and Micro-Technology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ruka Maruko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moeko Kawai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideki Koizumi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Ryo Kawasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Maiko Maruyama-Inoue
- Department of Ophthalmology and Micro-Technology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yanagi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Micro-Technology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Iida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanji Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taiji Sakamoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Akitaka Tsujikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Aichi T, Terao N, Imanaga N, Sawaguchi S, Wakugawa S, Miyara Y, Oshiro A, Yamauchi Y, Koizumi H. SCLERAL THICKNESS IN THE FELLOW EYES OF PATIENTS WITH UNILATERAL CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY. Retina 2023; 43:1573-1578. [PMID: 37262427 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000003850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The sclera is reportedly thicker in eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) than in healthy control eyes. We compared the scleral thicknesses of the affected and unaffected fellow eyes of patients with unilateral CSC. METHODS We retrospectively examined the findings of 115 patients with unilateral CSC. Comparisons of the spherical equivalent, axial length, anterior chamber depth, subfoveal choroidal thickness, scleral thickness, and presence of peripheral ciliochoroidal effusion of the affected and fellow eyes were made. Using anterior segment optical coherence tomography, scleral thickness was measured vertically, 6 mm posterior to the scleral spur in the superior, temporal, inferior, and nasal directions. RESULTS No significant differences in scleral thickness in all four directions, spherical equivalent, axial length, anterior chamber depth, and frequency of ciliochoroidal effusion were found between the affected and unaffected fellow eyes. The only significant difference between the affected and fellow eyes was observed in the subfoveal choroidal thickness (398.8 µ m vs. 346.6 µ m, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION A thickened choroid seems to have a direct effect on CSC development. By contrast, the affected and fellow eyes showed no significant difference in scleral thickness, indicating that scleral thickening may be a predisposing factor for the development of CSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Aichi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
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Mukai R, Kataoka K, Tanaka K, Miyara Y, Maruko I, Nakayama M, Watanabe Y, Yamamoto A, Wakatsuki Y, Onoe H, Wakugawa S, Terao N, Hasegawa T, Hashiya N, Kawai M, Maruko R, Itagaki K, Honjo J, Okada AA, Mori R, Koizumi H, Iida T, Sekiryu T. Three-month outcomes of faricimab loading therapy for wet age-related macular degeneration in Japan. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8747. [PMID: 37253802 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35759-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This multicenter study aimed to assess the short-term effectiveness and safety of faricimab in treatment-naïve patients with wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD) in Japan. We retrospectively reviewed 63 eyes of 61 patients with wAMD, including types 1, 2, and 3 macular neovascularization as well as polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). Patients received three consecutive monthly intravitreal injections of faricimab as loading therapy. Over these 3 months, visual acuity improved gradually compared to baseline. Moreover, the central foveal thickness decreased significantly at 1, 2, and 3 months compared to baseline (p < 0.0001). At 3 months after initiation of faricimab therapy, a dry macula (defined as absence of intraretinal or subretinal fluid) was achieved in 82% of the eyes. Complete regression of polypoidal lesions was observed in 52% of eyes with PCV. Subfoveal choroidal thickness also decreased significantly at 1, 2, and 3 months compared to baseline (p < 0.0001). Although retinal pigment epithelium tears developed in two eyes, there were no other ocular or systemic complications observed during the 3 months of loading therapy. In conclusion, loading therapy using faricimab resulted in improved visual acuity and retinal morphology in Japanese patients with wAMD without particular safety issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Mukai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka-Cho, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Keiko Kataoka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Tanaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Miyara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Ichiro Maruko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makiko Nakayama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuto Watanabe
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Yamamoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Wakatsuki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Onoe
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sorako Wakugawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Terao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Taiji Hasegawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nozomu Hashiya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moeko Kawai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ruka Maruko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanako Itagaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka-Cho, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Jyunichiro Honjo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka-Cho, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Annabelle A Okada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryusaburo Mori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Koizumi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Iida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuju Sekiryu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka-Cho, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
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