The Feasibility of Fast, Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography-Based O-Ring Linac Plans for Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy in Patients with Poor Performance Status

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

As patients with poor performance status cannot endure long treatment times, it can lead to unplanned and prolonged radiation treatment or discontinuation of treatment. Moreover, prolonged radiation treatment appears to negatively affect survival for patients. We aimed to verify the feasibility of fast 4DCT-based O-ring linear accelerator (LINAC) treatment in lung 4D stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT).

MATERIALS/METHODS

This study included data of 38 patients who received lung 4D-SBRT. Gating20-70% plans were based on 4DCT data obtained at phase values ranging from 20-70% using a C-arm LINAC. Non-GatingFB plans were retrospectively established based on 4DCT data obtained at phase values of 0-90% using an O-ring LINAC. The prescribed dose of 4,800 cGy was delivered to PTV in four fractions. The conformity index (CI), homogeneity index (HI), and gradient measurement (GM) of the PTV were analyzed to compare dosimetric data between Gating20-70% and Non-GatingFB plans. Organs at risks (OARs) were analyzed in accordance with the RTOG 0915 protocol. Treatment delivery time and total monitor units (MU) were analyzed to compare the efficiency of treatment delivery. Statistical comparisons were performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (p<0.05).

RESULTS

For the PTV, there was no significant difference in the CI or HI between Gating20-70% and Non-GatingFB plans (CI: 1.337±0.137, 1.335±0.174, HI: 0.939±0.015, 0.939±0.016, all at p>0.05). However, there was a significant difference in GM between Gating20-70% and Non-GatingFB plan (1.528±0.206 cm, 1.381±0.222 cm, p<0.001). For OARs, all plans met the criteria for dose constraint. There was a significant difference between Gating20-70% and Non-GatingFB plans except in the spinal cord. In particular, D1000cc and D1500cc values for the ipsilateral lung for Gating20-70% plans were 31.6% and 59.9% lower than those for Non-GatingFB plans (D1000cc: 50.780±132.061 cGy, 34.755±102.480 cGy, p<0.001, D1500cc: 6.641±14.598 cGy, 2.666±7.926 cGy, p<0.001). Treatment delivery time was 92% longer for Gating20-70% plans than for Non-GatingFB plans (5.0±0.4 min, 9.6±3.3 min, p = 0.043). The total MU value for Gating20-70% plans was 9.6% higher than that for Non-GatingFB plans (3665.8±230.7, 4016±236.9, p = 0.039).

CONCLUSION

When compared to OARs both plans were acceptable per RTOG-0915 protocol, but significant differences were between Non-GatingFB and Gating20-70% plans. However, treatment delivery time of Non-GatingFB plans decreased by 47.9% than Gating20-70% plans. We verified the feasibility of fast 4DCT-based O-ring LINAC treatment for patients who cannot endure long treatment times due to poor performance status in lung 4D-SBRT. In further study, we will analyze dosimetric differences and treatment delivery efficiency considering tumor motion according to tumor location.

Flavonostilbenes Isolated from the Stems of Rhamnoneuron balansae as Potential SIRT1 Activators

The cumulative effects of cell damage result in aging, which gradually decreases human function in various aspects and leads to multiple age-related chronic diseases. To overcome the adverse effects of aging, silent mating type information regulation 2 homologue (SIRT1) activators are promising bioactive compounds that mimic calorie restriction to improve quality of life and prevent aging. In this study, 11 new flavonostilbenes (1-11) and three known compounds (12-14) were purified from stems of Rhamnoneuron balansae. The structures of the new compounds were determined using extensive data from spectroscopic methods, including NMR and HRESIMS. Their absolute configurations were deduced by ECD calculations with coupling constant analysis. All of the isolated new compounds (1-11) were evaluated for their effects on SIRT1 deacetylase activity, the NAD⁺/NADH ratio, and the AMP-activated protein kinase activation level in cell-based assays. The results showed that rhamnoneuronal D (1) exhibits promising biological activity in several in vitro models related to SIRT1 and suggest it is a potential natural-product-based antiaging agent.

Ribosomal protein S3 associates with the TFIIH complex and positively regulates nucleotide excision repair

In mammalian cells, the bulky DNA adducts caused by ultraviolet radiation are mainly repaired via the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway; some defects in this pathway lead to a genetic disorder known as xeroderma pigmentosum (XP). Ribosomal protein S3 (rpS3), a constituent of the 40S ribosomal subunit, is a multi-functional protein with various extra-ribosomal functions, including a role in the cellular stress response and DNA repair-related activities. We report that rpS3 associates with transcription factor IIH (TFIIH) via an interaction with the xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group D (XPD) protein and complements its function in the NER pathway. For optimal repair of UV-induced duplex DNA lesions, the strong helicase activity of the TFIIH complex is required for unwinding damaged DNA around the lesion. Here, we show that XP-D cells overexpressing rpS3 showed markedly increased resistance to UV radiation through XPD and rpS3 interaction. Additionally, the knockdown of rpS3 caused reduced NER efficiency in HeLa cells and the overexpression of rpS3 partially restored helicase activity of the TFIIH complex of XP-D cells in vitro. We also present data suggesting that rpS3 is involved in post-excision processing in NER, assisting TFIIH in expediting the repair process by increasing its turnover rate when DNA is damaged. We propose that rpS3 is an accessory protein of the NER pathway and its recruitment to the repair machinery augments repair efficiency upon UV damage by enhancing XPD helicase function and increasing its turnover rate.

Low free T3 to free T4 ratio was associated with low muscle mass and impaired physical performance in community-dwelling aged population

In aged population, the association of thyroid hormones on physical performance, especially within their normal range, has yet to be elucidated. In this study, individuals with low serum free T3/free T4 were likely to have low muscle mass and impaired physical performance.

PURPOSE

We aimed to evaluate the associations of muscle mass, strength, and physical performance with thyroid hormone in an aged euthyroid population from a community-based cohort.

METHODS

We examined 918 men aged over 60 years and 1215 postmenopausal women from the Ansung cohort study. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass divided by square of height (ASM/ht²) was used as the muscle mass index. Hand grip strength was measured using a hydraulic dynamometer. Physical performance was assessed using the short physical performance battery (SPPB).

RESULTS

Participants with higher tertiles of free T3 and free T3/free T4 were younger and had higher ASM/ht², stronger hand grip strength, and higher SPPB scores than those in the lower tertiles. In adjusted models, men within higher tertiles of free T3 had higher ASM/ht² compared with those within lower tertiles (p = 0.033), whereas subjects with higher tertiles of free T4 had lower ASM/ht² compared with those within lower tertiles (p = 0.043). Subjects within higher tertiles of free T3/free T4 had higher ASM/ht² (p < 0.001) and better physical performance (p = 0.048) than those within lower tertiles after adjustments. However, free T3, free T4, or free T3/free T4 was not related to hand grip strength after adjustment for covariates.

CONCLUSION

Our results thus indicate that in an aged euthyroid population, low serum free T3/free T4 was a better index for low muscle mass and impaired physical performance than serum free T3 or free T4 alone.

P3617Systolic blood pressure, glycemic control and clinical outcome in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction

Background

Recent blood pressure guidelines recommend intensive blood pressure control in diabetic patients with cardiovascular disease.

Purpose

We sought to investigate combined impact of intensive blood glucose lowering and blood pressure control on clinical outcome in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has not been fully investigated yet.

Method

Korean Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry (KAMIR) – National Institute of Health (NIH) database included 12,179 patients (9,046 men; mean age = 63.6±12.6 year-old) who were discharged alive. Among them, 3,430 (28.2%) had a diabetes mellitus (DM). MACCEs were defined as a composition of all cause death, non-fatal MI, repeat revascularizations including repeated percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary bypass grafting, cerebrovascular accident and rehospitalizations at 1 year. This research was supported by a fund by Research of Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Result

We determined cut-off value of discharge systolic blood pressure (SBP) to predict 1-year MACCE in DM and non-DM patients. Discharge SBP of less than 130mmHg was associated with a lower MACCE at 1 year compared to SBP level of 130mmHg or greater (10.8% versus 15.4%; log-rank p=0.001) in DM patients, whereas discharge SBP cut-off level was 140mmHg to discriminate 1-year MACCE in non-DM patients (6.4% versus 8.5%, log-rank p=0.045). In DM patients, there were no significant difference in 1-year MACCEs between patients with HbA1c less than 7% versus 7% or greater (12.0% versus 10.7%; log-rank p=0.325). DM patients were categorized into 4 groups; discharge SBP <130mmHg and HbA1c <7% (Group 1); discharge SBP <130mmHg and HbA1c ≥7% (Group 2); discharge SBP ≥130mmHg and HbA1c <7% (Group 3); discharge SBP ≥130mmHg and HbA1c ≥7% (Group 4). Intensive BP control was associated lower 1-year MACCEs in patients with good glycemic control (Group 1 & 3; 10.7% versus 16.7%; log-rank p=0.009). However, in patients with poor glycemic control, intensive BP control did not improve 1-year MACCEs (Group 2 & 4; 10.6% versus 11.1%; log-rank p=0.761).

Conclusion

Strict BP control is more important than glycemic control to improve short-term clinical outcome in DM patients with AMI. However, in patients with poor glycemic control, strict BP control did not improve clinical outcome.

P3583Optimal procedural strategy to improve clinical outcome in primary percutaneous coronary intervention

Background

Current guideline recommends potent antiplatelet agents and transradial intervention. However, it is uncertain whether routine use of IVUS, thrombus aspiration and glycoprotein IIB-IIIA inhibitor is beneficial for improving clinical outcome in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).

Purpose

The aim of this study was to investigate optimal procedural strategy to improve clinical outcome.

Methods

A total of 6,046 patients who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for STEMI were analyzed from the Korean Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry (KAMIR) – National Institute of Health (NIH) database. MACCEs were defined as a composition of all cause death, non-fatal MI, repeat revascularizations including repeated percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary bypass grafting, cerebrovascular accident and rehospitalizations. This research was supported by a fund by Research of Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Results

During the primary PCI, potent antiplatelet agents such as prasugrel and ticagrelor were used in 2342 (38.4%). PCI was performed through transradial approach in 1490 (25.2%). Thrombus aspiration and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) examination was done in 2204 (36.1%) and 1079 (18.1%), respectively. Glycoprotein IIB-IIIA inhibitor was administered in 1295 (21.7%). Among them, potent antiplatelet agents, transradial intervention, IVUS, and thrombus aspiration significantly reduced MACCEs at 1 year. Glycoprotein IIB-IIIA inhibitor was not effective to improved clinical outcome. In Cox-proportional hazards model, potent antiplatelet agents (hazard ratio 0.82, 95% confidence interval 0.67–0.99; p=0.045) and transradial intervention (hazard ratio 0.61, 95% confidence interval 0.47–0.78; p<0.001) was an independent predictor of MACCEs after adjusting for confounding variables. Combined use of potent antiplatelet agents and transradial intervention (hazard ratio 0.54; 95% confidence interval 0.37–0.80; p=0.002) substantially reduced MACCEs at 1 year.

Conclusion

Among evidence based procedures during the primary PCI, combined use of potent antiplatelet agents and transradial intervention was optimal procedural strategy to improve clinical outcome.

Anion gap and base deficit are predictors of mortality in acute pesticide poisoning

BACKGROUND:

Acute pesticide poisoning has long been a serious problem as a method of suicide worldwide. This poisoning is a highly fatal condition that requires a rapid and precise diagnosis for adequate treatment. However, various studies on mortality predictor factors have been insufficient for whole pesticide treatments. We hypothesized that the initial plasma anion gap (AG) and base deficit (BD) are reliable prognostic factors.

METHODS:

A retrospective study analyzed 561 patients with a diagnosis of acute pesticide poisoning between January 1, 2014 and June 30, 2017. The initial AG and BD values were divided into quartiles according to the number of patients. Survival at 30 days from admission was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curves were drawn, and the areas under the curve for AG and BD for mortality were calculated.

RESULTS:

Fifty-eight (10.3%) of 561 patients died within 30 days. The highest AG quartile (>22 mEq/L) was associated with an increased risk of 30-day hospital mortality. Compared to patients with an AG less than 14.7 mEq/L, these patients had a 4.18-fold higher risk of 30-day hospital mortality and the highest BD quartile (>7.9 mEq/L) was associated with an increased risk of 30-day hospital mortality. Compared to patients with a BD less than 1.4 mEq/L, these patients had 2.23-fold higher risk of 30-day hospital mortality. The areas under the ROC for AG and BD curve were 0.699 and 0.744, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:

Initial high AG and BD values could predict mortality and require precise intensive care.

Results from the Survey of Antibiotic Resistance (SOAR) 2012-14 in Thailand, India, South Korea and Singapore

OBJECTIVES

To provide susceptibility data for community-acquired respiratory tract isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis collected in 2012-14 from four Asian countries.

METHODS

MICs were determined using Etest(®) for all antibiotics except erythromycin, which was evaluated by disc diffusion. Susceptibility was assessed using CLSI, EUCAST and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) breakpoints. For macrolide/clindamycin interpretation, breakpoints were adjusted for incubation in CO2 where available.

RESULTS

Susceptibility of S. pneumoniae was generally lower in South Korea than in other countries. Penicillin susceptibility assessed using CLSI oral or EUCAST breakpoints ranged from 21.2% in South Korea to 63.8% in Singapore. In contrast, susceptibility using CLSI intravenous breakpoints was much higher, at 79% in South Korea and ∼95% or higher elsewhere. Macrolide susceptibility was ∼20% in South Korea and ∼50%-60% elsewhere. Among S. pyogenes isolates (India only), erythromycin susceptibility (∼20%) was lowest of the antibiotics tested. In H. influenzae antibiotic susceptibility was high except for ampicillin, where susceptibility ranged from 16.7% in South Korea to 91.1% in India. South Korea also had a high percentage (18.1%) of β-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant isolates. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid susceptibility for each pathogen (PK/PD high dose) was between 93% and 100% in all countries except for H. influenzae in South Korea (62.5%).

CONCLUSIONS

Use of EUCAST versus CLSI breakpoints had profound differences for cefaclor, cefuroxime and ofloxacin, with EUCAST showing lower susceptibility. There was considerable variability in susceptibility among countries in the same region. Thus, continued surveillance is necessary to track future changes in antibiotic resistance.

Whole-breast US following mammography and breast MRI in newly diagnosed breast cancer patients: can it be more than just a guidance tool for biopsy?

AIM

To evaluate the role of ultrasound (US) following magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and mammography in patients with newly diagnosed breast cancers by assessing the additional cancer detection rate of US.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Two hundred and twenty-five women who had undergone 225 MRI examinations followed by US were included. An US-detected additional cancer was defined as a lesion detected using breast US that had not been detected by MRI, and which was shown to be malignant at histopathology. The rate of additional cancer detection, incidence of additional malignancies, positive predictive value (PPV), and false-positive (FP) rate were analysed. Factors associated with an increase in the additional cancer detection rate were analysed.

RESULTS

The additional cancer detection rate was 0% (0/225) for the ipsilateral breast and 0.9% (2/225) for the contralateral breast, and the PPVs were 0% (0/5) and 100% (2/2), respectively. The overall TP:FP ratio was 0.4 (2:5). The additional cancer detection rate was higher for cases with moderate and severe background parenchymal enhancement than cases with minimal and mild background parenchymal enhancement (p=0.003). The additional cancer detection rate for cases with moderate and severe background parenchymal enhancement was 5.7% (2/35) for the contralateral breast (p=0.003).

CONCLUSION

Preoperative breast US following MRI and mammography can help clinicians screen for contralateral cancers with an additional detection rate of 0.9%. Moreover, whole-breast US might be a useful contralateral screening modality in cases with moderate or marked parenchymal enhancement on breast MRI.

High-normal free thyroxine levels are associated with low trabecular bone scores in euthyroid postmenopausal women

Trabecular bone scores (TBS) have recently been developed as a diagnostic tool to assess bone texture. We studied thyroid status and TBS in a population-based cohort and demonstrated that high-normal thyroxine levels are associated with low TBS in healthy euthyroid postmenopausal women.

INTRODUCTION

Increased thyroid hormone levels affect bone mineral density (BMD) and, if untreated, increase the risk of fracture. However, the relationship between thyroid function and bone microarchitecture has not yet been established. Trabecular bone scores (TBS) are gray-level textural measurements of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) images. The TBS has been proposed as an indirect index of bone microarchitecture. The goal of this study was to characterize the relationship between thyroid function and TBS in euthyroid men and postmenopausal euthyroid women.

METHODS

A total of 1376 euthyroid subjects (648 postmenopausal women and 728 men) were recruited from a community-based cohort in Korea. Free thyroxine (fT4) levels, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, BMD, and TBS were measured and compared.

RESULTS

There was no significant relationship between either fT4 or TSH levels and BMD in men and women. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that high-normal fT4 levels were negatively correlated with TBS (β = -0.111; P = 0.002, after adjusting for both age and body mass index [BMI]) in postmenopausal women. In men, however, there was no significant correlation between fT4 levels and TBS. TSH levels were not significantly associated with TBS in either men or women.

CONCLUSION

Higher fT4 levels within the normal reference range are associated with deterioration of trabecular microarchitecture in healthy euthyroid postmenopausal women.

Investigation of thermal and electrical stabilities of a GdBCO coil using grease as an insulation material for practical superconducting applications

This paper presents the effects of thermal grease on the electrical and thermal characteristics of GdBCO pancake coils, observed through charge-discharge, sudden discharge, over-current, and thermal quench testing. In charge-discharge and sudden discharge tests, a coil using thermal grease as an insulation material demonstrated faster charging/discharging rates compared to a coil without turn-to-turn insulation. In the case of over-current tests, the coil using thermal grease exhibited the highest electrical stability. Furthermore, thermal quench testing showed the coil employing thermal grease to possess superior thermal characteristics, with rapid cooling and low temperature rise. Overall, the use of thermal grease as an insulation material may be a potential solution to the problems observed with the existing insulation materials, possessing fast charging/discharging rates with superior thermal and electrical stabilities.

CD11a, CD11c, and CD18 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to Behçet's disease in Koreans

Lesions of Behçet's disease (BD) show vascular infiltrates of immune cells expressing integrins. β2 integrins (CD11/CD18) play a major role in cell migration to the inflammatory lesion and also induce cytokine production. Thus, genetic polymorphisms of CD11/CD18 may be associated with the pathogenesis of BD. In this study, nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the CD11a, CD11c, and CD18 were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and haplotype analysis in 305 BD patients and 266 healthy controls. The frequencies of genotype rs11574944 CC and haplotype rs11574944C-rs2230433G-rs8058823A in CD11a were significantly lower in BD patients. The frequencies of genotype rs2230429 CC, rs2929 GG, and haplotype rs2230429C-rs2929G in CD11c were higher in BD patients. The frequencies of genotype rs235326CC and haplotype rs2070946A-rs235326C-rs760456G-rs684G in CD18 were significantly higher in the BD patients than in the controls. Other SNPs in CD11a, CD11c, and CD18 gene were not significantly different. Therefore, the major genotype and haplotype of CD11a/CD18 may play a role in decreasing the susceptibility of BD, whereas the major genotype and haplotype of CD11c/CD18 may play a role in increasing the susceptibility of BD.

Role of the superior turbinate when performing endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach

BACKGROUND

This study examined the relationship between the superior turbinate and natural ostium of the sphenoid sinus, as seen during the endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach (EETSA) for sellar lesions and described how to enter the sphenoethmoid cell safely for complete exposure of the sellar floor, including adjacent vital structures such as the prominence of the optic nerve and carotid artery.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study retrospectively reviewed the medical records and operative findings of 154 patients, who underwent EETSA between February 2009 and February 2011. We evaluated the location of the natural ostium of the sphenoid sinus relative to the superior turbinate and revealed the clinical significance of the superior turbinate as a surgical guide to enter into the sphenoethmoid cell during EETSA.

RESULTS

The natural ostium of the sphenoid sinus was located medially to the posteroinferior end of the superior turbinate in 151 (98%) patients. In 1 patient, the natural ostia of the sphenoid sinus were located lateral to the superior turbinate bilaterally. Sphenoethmoid cell was encountered in 53 (34%) patients. We could easily enter the sphenoethmoid cell at the point where the superior turbinate was attached to the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus.

CONCLUSIONS

The superior turbinate is a good surgical landmark for identifying the natural ostium of the sphenoid sinus and as a guide for the surgical entrance to the sphenoethmoid cell extending to the sphenoid sinus during EETSA.

Experimental validation of a novel compact focusing scheme for future energy-frontier linear lepton colliders

A novel scheme for the focusing of high-energy leptons in future linear colliders was proposed in 2001 [P. Raimondi and A. Seryi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 3779 (2001)]. This scheme has many advantageous properties over previously studied focusing schemes, including being significantly shorter for a given energy and having a significantly better energy bandwidth. Experimental results from the ATF2 accelerator at KEK are presented that validate the operating principle of such a scheme by demonstrating the demagnification of a 1.3 GeV electron beam down to below 65 nm in height using an energy-scaled version of the compact focusing optics designed for the ILC collider.

Phylogenetic relationships of chrysanthemums in Korea based on novel SSR markers

Chrysanthemums are well known for their esthetic and medicinal values. Characterization of chrysanthemums is vital for their conservation and management as well as for understanding their genetic relationships. We found 12 simple sequence repeat markers (SSRs) of 100 designed primers to be polymorphic. These novel SSR markers were used to evaluate 95 accessions of chrysanthemums (3 indigenous and 92 cultivated accessions). Two hundred alleles were identified, with an average of 16.7 alleles per locus. KNUCRY-77 gave the highest polymorphic information content value (0.879), while KNUCRY-10 gave the lowest (0.218). Similar patterns of grouping were observed with a distance-based dendrogram developed using PowerMarker and model-based clustering with Structure. Three clusters with some admixtures were identified by model-based clustering. These newly developed SSR markers will be useful for further studies of chrysanthemums, such as taxonomy and marker-assisted selection breeding.

The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist exenatide restores impaired pro-islet amyloid polypeptide processing in cultured human islets: implications in type 2 diabetes and islet transplantation

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS

Islet amyloid, formed by aggregation of human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP), is associated with beta cell death in type 2 diabetes as well as in cultured and transplanted human islets. Impaired prohIAPP processing due to beta cell dysfunction is implicated in hIAPP aggregation. We examined whether the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist exenatide can restore impaired prohIAPP processing and reduce hIAPP aggregation in cultured human islets and preserve beta cell function/mass during culture conditions used in clinical islet transplantation.

METHODS

Isolated human islets (n = 10 donors) were cultured with or without exenatide in normal or elevated glucose for 2 or 7 days. Beta cell apoptosis, proliferation, mass, function, cJUN N-terminal kinase (JNK) and protein kinase B (PKB) activation and amyloid formation were assessed. ProhIAPP, its intermediates and mature hIAPP were detected.

RESULTS

Exenatide-treated islets had markedly lower JNK and caspase-3 activation and beta cell apoptosis, resulting in higher beta/alpha cell ratio and beta cell area than non-treated cultured islets. Exenatide improved beta cell function, manifested as higher insulin response to glucose and insulin content, compared with non-treated cultured islets. Phospho-PKB immunoreactivity was detectable in exenatide-treated but not untreated cultured islets. Islet culture caused impaired prohIAPP processing with decreased mature hIAPP and increased NH(2)-terminally unprocessed prohIAPP levels resulting in higher release of immature hIAPP. Exenatide restored prohIAPP processing and reduced hIAPP aggregation in cultured islets.

CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION

Exenatide treatment enhances survival and function of cultured human islets and restores impaired prohIAPP processing in normal and elevated glucose conditions thereby reducing hIAPP aggregation. GLP-1R agonists may preserve beta cells in conditions associated with islet amyloid formation.

Effect of co-existing copper and calcium on the removal of As(V) by reused aluminum oxides

Among the various heavy metals, arsenic is frequently found in abandoned mine drainage and the environmental fate of arsenic in real aqueous solutions can be highly dependent on the presence of co-existing ions. In this study, removal of arsenate through adsorption on the reused aluminum oxide or through precipitation was investigated in a single and in a binary system as a function of pH and concentration. Different removal behaviors of arsenate were observed in the presence of different cations as well as a variation of the molar ratios of arsenate to cations. Co-operative effects on arsenate removal by precipitation in solution occurred with an increase of copper concentration, while a decrease of arsenate removal resulted in increasing calcium concentration. It was observed that the arsenate removal in the presence of calcium would be highly dependent on the molar ratios of both elements.

Updates and perspectives on the utilization of molecular makers of complex traits in rice

After complete sequencing of its genome and annotation of the majority of its ~32,000 genes, rice genome has become the model genome among the cereal genomes, and the focus has shifted from structural to functional genomics and application of genomic-derived information in rice breeding. During the past 2 decades, intensive worldwide efforts have led to significant improvements in rice. An abundance of molecular markers and information related to many genes/quantitative trait loci that control agronomically important traits such as yield, quality, and biotic and abiotic stress tolerance have been identified. Bridging the application gap between quantitative trait locus identification and marker-assisted selection breeding is an urgent, arduous, and long-term task. Marker development, allele mining, gene discovery, and molecular breeding have progressed to a great extent because of the rapid development of next-generation sequencing, large-scale high-density genotyping, and genome-wide selection strategies. The availability of high-density markers and the rapidly decreasing cost of genotyping have facilitated marker-assisted selection of many traits that were previously not possible.

Risk factors related to interfractional variation in whole pelvic irradiation for locally advanced pelvic malignancies

PURPOSE

The goal of the present study was to demonstrate risk factors affecting the interfractional variation in whole pelvic irradiation.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Daily image acquisitions of 101 patients with locally advanced pelvic malignancy were undertaken using a kilo-voltage orthogonal on-board imager. The baseline deviation (the shift between the initial treatment and each fraction; Value(Base)) and day-to-day variation (the shift between the previous treatment and each fraction; Value(DD)) were measured. The standard deviations (SD) along the x- (right-left), y- (cranial-caudal), and z- (anterior-posterior) axes (SD[x], SD[y], and SD[z], respectively), the 3D vector of the SD (SD[3D]), and the mean of 3D shift (mean[3D]) were calculated in each patient. Various clinical factors, lumbar pelvic balance and rotation, and the shift of 5 consecutive fractions from the initial treatment (Value(5Fx)) were investigated as risk factors.

RESULTS

The prone set-up showed a larger mean(Base)[3D] than in the supine position (p =0 .063). A body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m(2) resulted in the largest mean(DD)[3D] (p = 0.078) and SD(DD)[3D] (p = 0.058). All the SD(5Fx) along the x-, y-, and z-axes had moderate linear relationships with SD(Base) and SD(DD) (p < 0.001). The SD(5Fx)[3D] also had a moderate linear relationship with the mean(Base)[3D], mean(DD)[3D], SD(Base)[3D], and SD(DD)[3D] (p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, the SD(5Fx) had the same significant relationship with SD(Base) and SD(DD) (p < 0.001). A BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2) was associated with the largest SD(DD)[x] (p = 0.003).

CONCLUSION

Close surveillance through high-quality and frequent image guidance is recommended for patients with extensive variations of the initial five consecutive fractions or obesity.

Deletion of Fas protects islet beta cells from cytotoxic effects of human islet amyloid polypeptide

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Islet amyloid, which is mainly composed of human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP), is a pathological characteristic of type 2 diabetes and also forms in cultured and transplanted islets. We used islet beta cells as well as two ex vivo models of islet amyloid formation, cultured human islets and hIAPP-expressing transgenic mouse islets with or without beta cell Fas deletion, to test whether: (1) the aggregation of endogenous hIAPP induces Fas upregulation in beta cells; and (2) deletion or blocking of Fas protects beta cells from amyloid toxicity. METHODS: INS-1, mouse or human islet cells were cultured with hIAPP alone, or with amyloid inhibitor or Fas antagonist. Non-transduced islets, and human islets or hIAPP-expressing mouse islets transduced with an adenovirus that delivers a human proIAPP-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) (Ad-ProhIAPP-siRNA) were cultured to form amyloid. Mouse islets expressing hIAPP with or without Fas were similarly cultured. Beta cell Fas upregulation, caspase-3 activation, apoptosis and function, and islet IL-1β levels were assessed. RESULTS: hIAPP treatment induced Fas upregulation, caspase-3 activation and apoptosis in INS-1 and islet cells. The amyloid inhibitor or Fas antagonist reduced apoptosis in hIAPP-treated beta cells. Islet cells with Fas deletion had lower hIAPP-induced beta cell apoptosis than those expressing Fas. Ad-ProhIAPP-siRNA-mediated amyloid inhibition reduced Fas upregulation and IL-1β immunoreactivity in human and hIAPP-expressing mouse islets. Cultured hIAPP-expressing mouse islets with Fas deletion had similar amyloid levels, but lower caspase-3 activation and beta cell apoptosis, and a higher islet beta:alpha cell ratio and insulin response to glucose, compared with islets expressing Fas and hIAPP. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: The aggregation of biosynthetic hIAPP produced in islets induces beta cell apoptosis, at least partially, via Fas upregulation and the Fas-mediated apoptotic pathway. Deletion of Fas protects islet beta cells from the cytotoxic effects of endogenously secreted (and exogenously applied) hIAPP.

P4-11-20: Observational Study of Body Weight Changes and Metabolic Syndrome in Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Adjuvant Therapy: Characteristics of Dietary Pattern in Korean Breast Cancer Patients

Backgroud: Obesity, postdiagnosis weight gain, and presence of metabolic syndrome in breast cancer are reported to adversely affect survival among breast cancer survivors. Most of the studies on weight gain and metabolic syndrome in breast cancer are from Western countries and few information is available on Asian population. We designed this prospective observational study to characterize weight and metabolic changes during adjuvant treatment in women with early breast cancer and to identify factors associated with occurrence of metabolic syndrome, focusing on dietary pattern.

Methods: Patients aged 18–75 who underwent curative surgery with stage I-III invasive breast cancer were enrolled from 2008 to 2010. We measured glucose (FBS), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride (TG) level in fasting serum samples before starting adjuvant therapy, at 6 months and 12 months after enrollment. Body weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat mass, and percent body fat at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months were also measured. Dietary intake was assessed using valid semi-quantitative Food frequency questionnaire (FFQ).

Results: Total of 63 patients were enrolled. Median age of the enrolled patients were 48 (range, 25–68), with premenopausal/postmenopausal 40 (63.5%)/ 23 (36.5%). Fifty (82.0%) and 10 (16.4%) received adjuvant chemotherapy followed by hormone therapy and hormone therapy alone. Hormone receptor positive (ER+/PR+) and HER2 positive cancer accounted for 52 (83.9%) and 7 (12.1%). Mean FBS, HbA1c, TC, HDL, and TG level was 99.9 mg/dL (range, 83–159), 5.59 mg/dL (range, 4.8−7.5), 197.4 mg/dL (125-298), 51.9 mg/dL (range, 30–90), and 119.7 mg/dL (42-371). Mean height, weight, and BMI was 158 cm (range, 149–169), 61.7kg (range, 46.2−96.0), and 24.7 kg/m2 (range, 18.7−35.7), respectively. According to the WHO and NTH guidelines for Asian, normal (BMI 18.5−22.9), overweight (BMI 23–24.9), and obesity (BMI≥25) was 18 (28.6%), 13 (20.6%), and 32 (50.8%), respectively. Number of patients with metabolic syndrome was 18 (34%). Mean BMI (26.1 vs 24.0, p=0.021) and TG (180.6 vs 92.0, p&lt;0.001) was higher, HDL cholesterol was lower (42.2 vs 57.3, p&lt;0.001) in patients with metabolic syndrome. Composition of daily calorie intake consisted of 13.5% (range 10.7−21.8) of protein, 6.7% (range, 3.3−22.1) of fat, and 70.1% (range, 28.1−79.5) of carbohydrate. The presence of metabolic syndrome was associated with a higher carbohydrate intake (carbohydrate intake per ideal body weight&gt;6.0) (p=0.071). The TG level of patients who indigested high carbohydrate was significantly higher (143.8 vs 102.9, p=0.023). The HDL level of patients who took high fat diet (&gt;20% of total calorie) was lower (45.3 vs 53.5, p=0.045).

Conclusion: In our cohort of Korean breast cancer patients, 34% had metabolic syndrome at baseline. Those patients with metabolic syndrome consumed higher proportion of carbohydrate, which resulted in significantly higher level of TG. Our data suggest that composition of calorie intake is different in Asian population compared to Western countries, warranting for reappraisal on the recommendation on life style modification and diet.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-11-20.

Sensitive detection and accurate monitoring of Plasmodium vivax parasites on routine complete blood count using automatic blood cell analyzer (DxH800(TM))

INTRODUCTION

Plasmodium vivax malaria is one of the most important infectious diseases plaguing humanity and causes significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. The gold standard of P. vivax malaria diagnosis is the microscopy of blood smears. Although microscopy is a rapid, cost-effective, and readily applicable method, it has many disadvantages, including low sensitivity, specificity, and precision. Therefore, there is a clear need for an effective screening test for P. vivax malaria detection both in high-prevalence areas and developed countries.

METHODS

A total of 1761 complete blood count (CBC) samples generated by the automated hematology analyzer (DxH 800™; Beckman Coulter Inc., Miami, FL, USA) were retrospectively analyzed. The sample pool contained 123 samples from 52 P. vivax malaria patients and 1504 nonmalarial samples including 509 patients with leukopenia (white blood cell <2000/μL) and 134 normal subjects.

RESULTS

The P. vivax malaria samples exhibited easily recognizable typical malaria signals on the nucleated red blood cell (nRBC) plots (sensitivity 100%) in DxH 800™. All 1504 samples without P. vivax infection were negative for malaria signal (specificity 100%). The size of P. vivax malaria signals correlated roughly with the parasite burden.

CONCLUSION

DxH800™ provides very sensitive and specific, easily recognizable P. vivax malaria signals on routine CBC without need for the additional reagents or special procedures.

A cell-permeable fusion protein for the mineralization of human dental pulp stem cells

Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) are the only mesenchymal stem cells in pulp tissue that can differentiate into osteoblasts, odontoblasts, and adipose cells. The transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) protein has been reported to modulate osteogenic differentiation in mouse MSCs. Therefore, we examined whether the TAZ protein plays the same role in human pulp stem cells. In this study, TAZ was applied to cells directly with low-molecular-weight protamine (LMWP) as a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP). The LMWP-TAZ fusion proteins were expressed in an E. coli system with a pET-21b vector and efficiently transferred into hDPSCs without producing toxicity in the cells. The efficient uptake of TAZ was shown by Western blot with an anti-TAZ antibody, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and confocal microscopy in live cells. The delivered TAZ protein increased osteogenic differentiation, as confirmed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, RT-PCR, and Western blotting. In addition, TAZ also inhibited adipogenic differentiation, regulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (aP2) mRNA levels. These in vitro studies suggest that cell-permeable TAZ may be used as a specific regulator of hard-tissue differentiation.

Efficient spin transfer phenomena in Fe/MgO/GaAs structure

The efficiency of spin polarized charge transfer was investigated in an Fe/MgO tunnel barrier/GaAs based structure using spin dependent photocurrent measurements, whereby a spin imbalance in carrier population was generated in the GaAs by circularly polarized light. The dominance of tunneling transport processes over Schottky emission gave rise to a high spin transfer efficiency of 35% under the photovoltaic mode of device operation. A spin dependent tunneling conductance associated with spin polarized electron transport was identified by the observation of phase changes. This transport prevails over the unpolarized electron and hole conduction over the bias range which corresponds to flat band conditions.

Capacitation status of stored boar spermatozoa is related to litter size of sows

Semen parameters can be considered useful predictors of sperm fertility. The objective of this study was to address the question of whether differences in in vivo fertility after the use of different ejaculates could be predicted using sperm kinematics, capacitation status, and sperm penetration ability under commercial pig production conditions. The percentage of capacitated sperm, as assessed by chlortetracycline (CTC) staining, was positively correlated with litter size (p<0.01). Our data suggest that litter size increases in proportion to the number of capacitated spermatozoa. When all semen parameters (kinematics, sperm capacitation status, and sperm penetration ability) and litter size were included in a multiple linear regression analysis, significant associations were found between the percentage of capacitated sperm (B-type), the sperm fertility index as assessed by a sperm penetration assay (SPA), and litter size. This relationship between capacitated sperm and litter size, however, was more predictive for smaller litter groups than larger ones. We found that the percentage of B-type sperm was significantly correlated with historic average litter size. However, there was no significant correlation between the percentage of B-type sperm and historic farrowing rates. To determine the normal range for B-type sperm, the lower limits were established as 30% for small litters (<8 piglets) and 35% for large litters. The overall accuracy of the assay was 92% and 83% for small and large litters, respectively. These results indicate that capacitation status as measured by CTC staining is a useful predictor of sperm fertility, equivalent to SPA. Moreover, original capacitation status exhibited better predictive ability for small litters than for large ones. Therefore, subfertile boars can be identified primarily by capacitation status.

External and internal controls of lunar-related reproductive rhythms in fishes

Reproductive activities of many fish species are, to some extent, entrained to cues from the moon. During the spawning season, synchronous spawning is repeated at intervals of c. 1 month (lunar spawning cycle) and 2 weeks (semi-lunar spawning cycle) or daily according to tidal changes (tidal spawning cycle). In species showing lunar-related spawning cycles, oocytes in the ovary develop towards and mature around a specific moon phase for lunar spawners, around spring tides for semi-lunar spawners and at daytime high tides for tidal spawners. The production of sex steroid hormones also changes in accordance with synchronous oocyte development. Since the production of the steroid hormones with lunar-related reproductive periodicity is regulated by gonadotropins, it is considered that the higher parts of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis play important roles in the perception and regulation of lunar-related periodicity. It is likely that fishes perceive cues from the moon by sensory organs; however, it is still unknown how lunar cues are transduced as an endogenous rhythm exerting lunar-related spawning rhythmicity. Recent research has revealed that melatonin fluctuated according to the brightness at night, magnetic fields and the tidal cycle. In addition, cyclic changes in hydrostatic pressure had an effect on monoamine contents in the brain. These factors may be indirectly related to the exertion of lunar-related periodicity. Molecular approaches have revealed that mRNA expressions of light-sensitive clock genes change with moonlight, suggesting that brightness at night plays a role in phase-shifting or resetting of biological clocks. Some species may have evolved biological clocks in relation to lunar cycles, although it is still not known how lunar periodicities are endogenously regulated in fishes. This review demonstrates that lunar-related periodicity is utilized and incorporated by ecological and physiological mechanisms governing the reproductive success of fishes.

A case of disseminated Nocardia farcinica diagnosed through DNA sequencing in a kidney transplantation patient

Nocardia is a rare gram-positive bacteria causing opportunistic infection, and belongs to the aerobic Actinomycetes group. As the mortality in the immunocompromised patients with nocardiosis is high, early diagnosis and treatment is very important. However, clinical manifestations of infection caused by Nocardia are very variable and early diagnosis is limited by the difficulty in obtaining specimens and its isolation. Rapid diagnosis of Nocardia infection may allow for earlier effective therapy, thus improving patient outcome. We report a case of Nocardia farcinica diagnosed by DNA sequencing through blood culture in a renal transplant recipient with severe pneumonia and multiple brain abscesses.

Disturbance of tunneling coherence by oxygen vacancy in epitaxial Fe/MgO/Fe magnetic tunnel junctions

Oxygen vacancies in the MgO barriers of epitaxial Fe/MgO/Fe magnetic tunnel junctions are observed to introduce symmetry-breaking scatterings and hence open up channels for noncoherent tunneling processes that follow the normal WKB approximation. The evanescent waves inside the MgO barrier thus experience two-step tunneling, the coherent followed by the noncoherent process, and lead to lower tunnel magnetoresistance, higher junction resistance, as well as increased bias and temperature dependence. The characteristic length of the symmetry scattering process is determined to be about 1.6 nm.

Large spin diffusion length in an amorphous organic semiconductor

We directly measured a spin diffusion length (lambdas) of 13.3 nm in amorphous organic semiconductor (OS) rubrene (C42H28) by spin polarized tunneling. In comparison, no spin-conserved transport has been reported in amorphous Si or Ge. Absence of dangling bond defects can explain the spin transport behavior in amorphous OS. Furthermore, when rubrene barriers were grown on a seed layer, the elastic tunneling characteristics were greatly enhanced. Based on our findings, lambdas in single-crystalline rubrene can be expected to reach even millimeters, showing the potential for organic spintronics development.

Pretransplant donor-specific interferon-gamma ELISPOT assay predicts acute rejection episodes in renal transplant recipients

Interferon (IFN)-gamma enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay is a powerful tool for measuring the frequency of alloantigen-specific T cells, reflecting cellular immunity. We correlated the pretransplant frequencies of donor-specific and third-party-specific IFN-gamma ELISPOT tests, with the posttransplant outcomes of 45 recipients of living donor renal transplantations. The mean frequency of pretransplant donor-specific ELISPOT was significantly greater among patients with acute rejection episodes (ARE) than those without ARE (18.0 [12 to 50] versus 8.8 [5 to 30.4]) spots per 200,000 peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs; P=.024). A cutoff level of 12 spots per 200,000 PBLs on the donor-specific ELISPOT identified an ARE-positive patient with a sensitivity of 81.8% and a specificity of 64.7%. The recipients with pretransplant donor-specific ELISPOT+showed higher serum creatinine levels and lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR) at 6 posttransplant months (P<.05). Although the pretransplant third-party-specific ELISPOT results correlated with the donor-specific ELISPOT results (r=.783; P<.001), there was no significant difference in the third-party ELISPOT results between the ARE-positive and ARE-negative recipients. In conclusion, an analysis of pretransplant donor-specific IFN-gamma ELISPOT may identify the posttransplant risk of developing ARE and displaying decreased GFR at 6 months.

Applicability of reused industrial dry sanding powder for adsorption of arsenic

This study examined the potential reuse of powdered wastes (PW) generated during the sanding and sawing process in a local chemical company in Korea with the viewpoint of the recycling these wastes and minimizing the level of contamination. As the aluminium hydroxide inside the PW could be thermally converted to various types of aluminium oxides depending on the calcination temperature, the adsorptive properties could be changed and it may affect on adsorption ability. Calcination of the PW was performed for 3 h at 550 degrees C, 750 degrees C, and 950 degrees C. From the results, amorphous aluminium oxide was thermally generated by calcinating the PW at 550 degrees C and with further increase of temperature to 950 degrees C, the crystallinity of amorphous aluminium oxide was gradually increased. The physicochemical analysis of calcined powdered wastes (CPW) at various temperatures showed that more developed porosity was noted in the CPW as the calcinations temperature increased, whereas surface area was significantly decreased from 175.5 m2 g(-1) to 46.5 m2 g(-1). The removal efficiency of arsenate on the CPW decreased as the calcinations temperature increased from 550 degrees C to 950 degrees C. The CPW550 exhibited the highest adsorption capacities toward arsenate over pH range of 2-8 and showed a complete removal of the arsenate (10.0 mg L(-1)) within the first 10 min. Adsorption kinetic studies showed that the rate of arsenic adsorption on the CPW decreased with the increase of the calcination temperature. When the maximum adsorption capacity of arsenic onto the CPW was calculated by Langmuir equation, the CPW550 has the highest value as 43.9 mg g(-1).

Non-resonant and resonant x-ray scattering studies on multiferroic TbMn2O5

Comprehensive x-ray scattering studies, including resonant scattering at Mn L, Tb L, and M edges, were performed on single crystals of TbMn2O5 for crystallographic data to elucidate the nature of its commensurate and incommensurate phases. The scattering results provide direct evidence of symmetry lowering to the ferroelectric phase driven by magnetically induced lattice modulations and show the presence of multiple magnetic orders. The competing orders under spin-frustrated geometry are believed to cause discommensuration and result in the commensurate-to-incommensurate phase transition around 24 K. It is proposed that the low temperature incommensurate phase consists of commensurate domains separated by antiphase domain walls which change both signs of spontaneous polarizations and x-ray scattering amplitudes for forbidden reflections.

Resonant X-ray scattering study of quadrupole-strain coupling in DyB4

X-ray and neutron scattering studies were performed on DyB4 which exhibits both a quadrupolar ordering and a macroscopic lattice distortion. A forbidden reflection at 7.792 keV near the Dy L3 absorption edge is identified as a quadrupolar ordering peak, and the quadrupolar order and a monoclinic structural distortion develop concomitantly below 12.3 K as second-order-type phase transitions. Coupling between the quadrupolar order and the strain in DyB4 is directly demonstrated by observing that both order parameters are proportional to each other.

False susceptibility to cefotetan reported by MicroScan for DHA-type AmpC beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae

This study evaluated the accuracy of cefotetan susceptibility determination using the MicroScan WalkAway system for AmpC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. In total, 57 K. pneumoniae isolates that showed a D-shape flattening in a double-disk synergy test were studied. Cefotetan MICs were determined by the agar dilution method. The bla(DHA) gene was detected in all 57 isolates, one of which co-harboured bla(CMY-1). According to the MicroScan system, 28 isolates were susceptible, 18 were intermediately-resistant, and 11 were resistant to cefotetan. Compared with the agar dilution method, very major, minor and major error rates were 28.1% (16/57), 47.4% (27/57) and 1.8% (1/57), respectively.

Study of an alpha track analysis and a fission track analysis for determining the hot particles contaminated with Pu and U isotopes

A fission track analysis and alpha track analysis were developed to detect fissile particles such as uranium and plutonium isotopes as well as to identify particle-bound plutonium in contaminated soil or sediment. To record a reference point, a locator SEM grid electroplated with boron was used to obtain a recorded grid image on the Lexan or CR-39 detector. With the fission track technique, the track images of the grid coated with boron and the fissile nuclides on the CR-39 detector were clearly recorded so that the location of the fissile particles could be easily identified in the radio-contaminated soil matrix. With the alpha track technique, many of the hot particles in the BOMARC soil turned out to be contaminated with plutonium isotopes rather than uranium isotopes.

Detection of Donor-Specific Anti-HLA Class I and II Antibodies Using Antibody Monitoring System

The antibody monitoring system (AMS, GTI Inc) is a solid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) crossmatch test for the detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody to donor-specific solubilized HLA class I and class II antigens. The objective of this study was to compare the results of the AMS assay with donor-specific anti-HLA IgG antibodies (DS-HLA Abs), as determined by ELISA panel reactive antibody (PRA) and the flow cytometric crossmatch test (FCXM). A total of 107 sera were screened for the presence of HLA Abs by ELISA PRA (LAT-M, One-Lambda Inc), the DS-HLA Abs were determined in 34 serum samples (31.8%) by an ELISA panel (LAT class I and class II, One-Lambda Inc) and FCXM. The FCXM and AMS assays were performed with matched lymphocytes from 56 donors. There was a significant degree of concordance (89.7%) between the two tests (P < .001). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of AMS assay to detect DS-HLA Abs was 88.2%, 94.5%, 88.2%, and 94.5%, respectively. The AMS is a simple, objective test, which has several advantages over the cell-based crossmatch test, such as elimination of non-HLA antibody reactivity, elimination of non-donor-specific antibody reactivity, no need for viable cells, and preparation of the donor's HLA antigens in advance. In summary, this study suggested that AMS may be useful as a supportive crossmatch test or as a monitoring test after transplantation to detect class I or class II DS-HLA Abs.

Targeting xa13, a recessive gene for bacterial blight resistance in rice

Bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), is one of the most serious diseases of rice worldwide. Thirty bacterial blight resistance (R) genes (21 dominant genes and 9 recessive genes) in rice have been identified. They are the main sources for the genetic improvement of rice for resistance to Xoo. However, little is known about the recessive R genes. To clone and characterize the recessive R genes, we fine-mapped xa13, a fully recessive gene for Xoo resistance, to a DNA fragment of 14.8 kb using the map-based cloning strategy and a series of sequence-based molecular markers. Sequence analysis of this fragment indicated that this region contains only two apparently intact candidate genes (an extensin-like gene and a homologue of nodulin MtN3) and the 5' end of a predicted hypothetical gene. These results will greatly facilitate the isolation and characterization of xa13. Four PCR-based markers, E6a, SR6, ST9 and SR11 that were tightly linked to the xa13 locus, were also developed. These markers will be useful tools for the marker-assisted selection of xa13 in breeding programs.