1
|
Schwartz ZP, Li AJ, Walsh CS, Rimel BJ, Alvarado MM, Lentz SE, Cass I. Patterns of care and outcomes of risk reducing surgery in women with pathogenic variants in non-BRCA and Lynch syndrome ovarian cancer susceptibility genes. Gynecol Oncol 2023; 173:1-7. [PMID: 37030072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2023.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Guidelines recommend risk-reducing bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) for women with pathogenic variants of non-BRCA and Lynch syndrome-associated ovarian cancer susceptibility genes. Optimal timing and findings at the time of RRSO for these women remains unclear. We sought to characterize practice patterns and frequency of occult gynecologic cancers for these women at our two institutions. METHODS Women with germline ovarian cancer susceptibility gene pathogenic variants who underwent RRSO between 1/2000-9/2019 were reviewed in an IRB-approved study. All patients were asymptomatic with no suspicion for malignancy at time of RRSO. Clinico-pathologic characteristics were extracted from the medical records. RESULTS 26 Non-BRCA (9 BRIP1, 9 RAD51C, and 8 RAD51D) and 75 Lynch (36 MLH1, 18 MSH2, 21 MSH6) pathogenic variants carriers were identified. Median age at time of RRSO was 47. There were no occurrences of occult ovarian or fallopian tube cancer in either group. Two patients (3%) in the Lynch group had occult endometrial cancer. Median follow up was 18 and 35 months for non-BRCA and Lynch patients, respectively. No patient developed primary peritoneal cancer upon follow up. Post-surgical complications occurred in 9/101 (9%) of patients. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was rarely used despite reported post-menopausal symptoms in 6/25 (23%) and 7/75 (37%) patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS No occult ovarian or tubal cancers were observed in either group. No recurrent or primary gynecologic-related cancers occurred upon follow-up. Despite frequent menopausal symptoms, HRT use was rare. Both groups experienced surgical complications when hysterectomy and/or concurrent colon surgery was performed suggesting concurrent surgeries should only be performed when indicated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary P Schwartz
- Kaiser Permanente Panorama City Medical Center, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, 13640 Roscoe Blvd., Panorama City, CA 91402, USA.
| | - Andrew J Li
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Samuel Oschin Cancer Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., 7th Floor, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
| | - Christine S Walsh
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, 1665 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - B J Rimel
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Samuel Oschin Cancer Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., 7th Floor, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
| | - Monica M Alvarado
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California Regional Genetic Services, 393 E. Walnut St. 6 SW, Pasadena, CA 91188, USA.
| | - Scott E Lentz
- Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Gynecology Oncology Department, 4950 W., Sunset Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
| | - Ilana Cass
- Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1 Medical, Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Saderi D, Schwartz ZP, Heller CR, Pennington JR, David SV. Dissociation of task engagement and arousal effects in auditory cortex and midbrain. eLife 2021; 10:e60153. [PMID: 33570493 PMCID: PMC7909948 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Both generalized arousal and engagement in a specific task influence sensory neural processing. To isolate effects of these state variables in the auditory system, we recorded single-unit activity from primary auditory cortex (A1) and inferior colliculus (IC) of ferrets during a tone detection task, while monitoring arousal via changes in pupil size. We used a generalized linear model to assess the influence of task engagement and pupil size on sound-evoked activity. In both areas, these two variables affected independent neural populations. Pupil size effects were more prominent in IC, while pupil and task engagement effects were equally likely in A1. Task engagement was correlated with larger pupil; thus, some apparent effects of task engagement should in fact be attributed to fluctuations in pupil size. These results indicate a hierarchy of auditory processing, where generalized arousal enhances activity in midbrain, and effects specific to task engagement become more prominent in cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Saderi
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Zachary P Schwartz
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Charles R Heller
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Jacob R Pennington
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Washington State UniversityVancouverUnited States
| | - Stephen V David
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Frey MK, Lee SS, Gerber D, Schwartz ZP, Martineau J, Lutz K, Reese E, Dalton E, Olsen A, Girdler J, Pothuri B, Boyd L, Curtin JP, Levine DA, Blank SV. Facilitated referral pathway for genetic testing at the time of ovarian cancer diagnosis: uptake of genetic counseling and testing and impact on patient-reported stress, anxiety and depression. Gynecol Oncol 2020; 157:280-286. [PMID: 32057464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Timely genetic testing at ovarian cancer diagnosis is essential as results impact front line treatment decisions. Our objective was to determine rates of genetic counseling and testing with an expedited genetics referral pathway wherein women with newly-diagnosed ovarian cancer are contacted by a genetics navigator to facilitate genetic counseling. METHODS Patients were referred for genetic counseling by their gynecologic oncologist, contacted by a genetics navigator and offered appointments for genetic counseling. Patients completed quality of life (QoL) surveys immediately pre- and post-genetic assessment and 6 months later. The primary outcome was feasibility of this pathway defined by presentation for genetic counseling. RESULTS From 2015 to 2018, 100 patients were enrolled. Seventy-eight had genetic counseling and 73 testing. Median time from diagnosis to genetic counseling was 34 days (range 10-189). Among patients who underwent testing, 12 (16%) had pathogenic germline mutations (BRCA1-7, BRCA2-4, MSH2-1). Sixty-five patients completed QoL assessments demonstrating stress and anxiety at time of testing, however, scores improved at 6 months. Despite the pathway leveling financial and logistical barriers, patients receiving care at a public hospital were less likely to present for genetic counseling compared to private hospital patients (56% versus 84%, P = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS Facilitated referral to genetic counselors at time of ovarian cancer diagnosis is effective, resulting in high uptake of genetic counseling and testing, and does not demonstrate a long term psychologic toll. Concern about causing additional emotional distress should not deter clinicians from early genetics referral as genetic testing can yield important prognostic and therapeutic information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah S Lee
- New York University Langone Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Deanna Gerber
- New York University Langone Medical Center, United States of America
| | | | - Jessica Martineau
- New York University Langone Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Lutz
- New York University Langone Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Erin Reese
- New York University Langone Medical Center, United States of America
| | | | - Annie Olsen
- New York University Langone Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Julia Girdler
- New York University Langone Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Bhavana Pothuri
- New York University Langone Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Leslie Boyd
- New York University Langone Medical Center, United States of America
| | - John P Curtin
- New York University Langone Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Douglas A Levine
- New York University Langone Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Stephanie V Blank
- Blavatnik Family Women's Health Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schwartz ZP, Buran BN, David SV. Pupil-associated states modulate excitability but not stimulus selectivity in primary auditory cortex. J Neurophysiol 2019; 123:191-208. [PMID: 31721652 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00595.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research in mice indicates that luminance-independent fluctuations in pupil size predict variability in spontaneous and evoked activity of single neurons in auditory and visual cortex. These findings suggest that pupil is an indicator of large-scale changes in arousal state that affect sensory processing. However, it is not known whether pupil-related state also influences the selectivity of auditory neurons. We recorded pupil size and single-unit spiking activity in the primary auditory cortex (A1) of nonanesthetized male and female ferrets during presentation of natural vocalizations and tone stimuli that allow measurement of frequency and level tuning. Neurons showed a systematic increase in both spontaneous and sound-evoked activity when pupil was large, as well as desynchronization and a decrease in trial-to-trial variability. Relationships between pupil size and firing rate were nonmonotonic in some cells. In most neurons, several measurements of tuning, including acoustic threshold, spectral bandwidth, and best frequency, remained stable across large changes in pupil size. Across the population, however, there was a small but significant decrease in acoustic threshold when pupil was dilated. In some recordings, we observed rapid, saccade-like eye movements during sustained pupil constriction, which may indicate sleep. Including the presence of this state as a separate variable in a regression model of neural variability accounted for some, but not all, of the variability and nonmonotonicity associated with changes in pupil size.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Cortical neurons vary in their response to repeated stimuli, and some portion of the variability is due to fluctuations in network state. By simultaneously recording pupil and single-neuron activity in auditory cortex of ferrets, we provide new evidence that network state affects the excitability of auditory neurons, but not sensory selectivity. In addition, we report the occurrence of possible sleep states, adding to evidence that pupil provides an index of both sleep and physiological arousal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary P Schwartz
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Brad N Buran
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Stephen V David
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lopez Espejo M, Schwartz ZP, David SV. Spectral tuning of adaptation supports coding of sensory context in auditory cortex. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007430. [PMID: 31626624 PMCID: PMC6821137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Perception of vocalizations and other behaviorally relevant sounds requires integrating acoustic information over hundreds of milliseconds. Sound-evoked activity in auditory cortex typically has much shorter latency, but the acoustic context, i.e., sound history, can modulate sound evoked activity over longer periods. Contextual effects are attributed to modulatory phenomena, such as stimulus-specific adaption and contrast gain control. However, an encoding model that links context to natural sound processing has yet to be established. We tested whether a model in which spectrally tuned inputs undergo adaptation mimicking short-term synaptic plasticity (STP) can account for contextual effects during natural sound processing. Single-unit activity was recorded from primary auditory cortex of awake ferrets during presentation of noise with natural temporal dynamics and fully natural sounds. Encoding properties were characterized by a standard linear-nonlinear spectro-temporal receptive field (LN) model and variants that incorporated STP-like adaptation. In the adapting models, STP was applied either globally across all input spectral channels or locally to subsets of channels. For most neurons, models incorporating local STP predicted neural activity as well or better than LN and global STP models. The strength of nonlinear adaptation varied across neurons. Within neurons, adaptation was generally stronger for spectral channels with excitatory than inhibitory gain. Neurons showing improved STP model performance also tended to undergo stimulus-specific adaptation, suggesting a common mechanism for these phenomena. When STP models were compared between passive and active behavior conditions, response gain often changed, but average STP parameters were stable. Thus, spectrally and temporally heterogeneous adaptation, subserved by a mechanism with STP-like dynamics, may support representation of the complex spectro-temporal patterns that comprise natural sounds across wide-ranging sensory contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mateo Lopez Espejo
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Zachary P. Schwartz
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Stephen V. David
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Auditory selective attention is required for parsing crowded acoustic environments, but cortical systems mediating the influence of behavioral state on auditory perception are not well characterized. Previous neurophysiological studies suggest that attention produces a general enhancement of neural responses to important target sounds versus irrelevant distractors. However, behavioral studies suggest that in the presence of masking noise, attention provides a focal suppression of distractors that compete with targets. Here, we compared effects of attention on cortical responses to masking versus non-masking distractors, controlling for effects of listening effort and general task engagement. We recorded single-unit activity from primary auditory cortex (A1) of ferrets during behavior and found that selective attention decreased responses to distractors masking targets in the same spectral band, compared with spectrally distinct distractors. This suppression enhanced neural target detection thresholds, suggesting that limited attention resources serve to focally suppress responses to distractors that interfere with target detection. Changing effort by manipulating target salience consistently modulated spontaneous but not evoked activity. Task engagement and changing effort tended to affect the same neurons, while attention affected an independent population, suggesting that distinct feedback circuits mediate effects of attention and effort in A1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary P Schwartz
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Oregon Health and Science University, OR, USA
| | - Stephen V David
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, OR, USA
- Address Correspondence to Stephen V. David, Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, MC L335A, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Schwartz ZP, Frey MK, Philips S, Curtin JP. Endometrial cancer surveillance adherence reduces utilization and subsequent costs. Gynecol Oncol 2017; 146:514-518. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|