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Al-Qodah Z, Al-Zghoul TM, Jamrah A. The performance of pharmaceutical wastewater treatment system of electrocoagulation assisted adsorption using perforated electrodes to reduce passivation. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2024; 31:20434-20448. [PMID: 38376783 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32458-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The integrated electrocoagulation-assisted adsorption (ECA) system with a solar photovoltaic power supply has gained more attention as an effective approach for reduction chemical oxygen demand (COD) from pharmaceutical wastewater (PhWW). In this research, the ECA system was used for the treatment of PhWW. Several operating parameters were investigated, including electrode number, configuration, distance, operating time, current density, adsorption time, and temperature. A current density of 6.656 mA/cm2, six electrodes, a 20-min time, a 4 cm distance, an MP-P configuration, and a 45 °C temperature produced the maximum COD reductions, where the operating cost of conventional energy was 0.273 $/m3. The EC, adsorption, and combination of EC and adsorption processes achieved efficient COD reductions of 85.4, 69.1, and 95.5%, respectively. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Freundlich isotherm fit the data of the endothermic adsorption process. Therefore, it was found that the combination processes were superior to the use of these processes in isolation to remove COD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria Al-Qodah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Al-Balqa Applied University, Amman, 11134, Jordan.
| | - Tharaa M Al-Zghoul
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Ahmad Jamrah
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
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Mousazadeh M, Niaragh EK, Usman M, Khan SU, Sandoval MA, Al-Qodah Z, Khalid ZB, Gilhotra V, Emamjomeh MM. A critical review of state-of-the-art electrocoagulation technique applied to COD-rich industrial wastewaters. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:43143-43172. [PMID: 34164789 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14631-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electrocoagulation (EC) is one of the emerging technologies in groundwater and wastewater treatment as it combines the benefits of coagulation, sedimentation, flotation, and electrochemical oxidation processes. Extensive research efforts implementing EC technology have been executed over the last decade to treat chemical oxygen demand (COD)-rich industrial wastewaters with the aim to protect freshwater streams (e.g., rivers, lakes) from pollution. A comprehensive review of the available recent literature utilizing EC to treat wastewater with high COD levels is presented. In addition, recommendations are provided for future studies to improve the EC technology and broaden its range of application. This review paper introduces some technologies which are often adopted for industrial wastewater treatment. Then, the EC process is compared with those techniques as a treatment for COD-rich wastewater. The EC process is considered as the most privileged technology by different research groups owing to its ability to deal with abundant volumes of wastewater. After, the application of EC as a single and combined treatment for COD-rich wastewaters is thoroughly reviewed. Finally, this review attempts to highlight the potentials and limitations of EC. Related to the EC process in batch operation mode, the best operational conditions are found at 10 V and 60 min of voltage and reaction time, respectively. These last values guarantee high COD removal efficiencies of > 90%. This review also concludes that considerably large operation costs of the EC process appears to be the serious drawback and renders it as an unfeasible approach for handling of COD rich wastewaters. In the end, this review has attempted to highlights the potential and limitation of EC and suggests that vast notably research in the field of continuous flow EC system is essential to introduce this technology as a convincing wastewater technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Mousazadeh
- Student research committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Elnaz Karamati Niaragh
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Institute for Water Resources and Water Supply, Hamburg University of Technology, Am Schwarzenberg-Campus 3, 20173, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Saif Ullah Khan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Zakir Husain College of Engineering & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P., 202001, India
| | - Miguel Angel Sandoval
- Departamento de Química de los Materiales, Laboratorio de Electroquímica Medio Ambiental, LEQMA, Universidad de Santiago de Chile USACH, Casilla 40, Correo 33, Santiago, Chile
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta S/N, 36050, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Zakaria Al-Qodah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Al-Balqa Applied University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Zaied Bin Khalid
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP), 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Vishakha Gilhotra
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Emamjomeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
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Mousazadeh M, Naghdali Z, Rahimian N, Hashemi M, Paital B, Al-Qodah Z, Mukhtar A, Karri RR, Mahmoud AED, Sillanpää M, Dehghani MH, Emamjomeh MM. Management of environmental health to prevent an outbreak of COVID-19. Environmental and Health Management of Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19 ) 2021. [PMCID: PMC8237497 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85780-2.00007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently pronounced severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as a serious pandemic. It is, therefore, mandatory for public health authorities to have an environmental health management plan against COVID-19. This chapter summarizes articles and official reports related to environmental health management and prevention policies against COVID-19. Because medical sectors require comprehensive guidelines to follow in such pandemic situations, this chapter highlights the significant factors of COVID-19 transmission in our environment (e.g., air), waste management for COVID-19, and protection and disinfection policies against COVID-19. At present, scientists are still discovering more about COVID-19 and its effect on the environment and the health sector. As such, further research is required to increase knowledge about the structural and pathogenic features of COVID-19 and to find effective treatments to dominate this epidemic.
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Al-Qodah Z, Tawalbeh M, Al-Shannag M, Al-Anber Z, Bani-Melhem K. Combined electrocoagulation processes as a novel approach for enhanced pollutants removal: A state-of-the-art review. Sci Total Environ 2020; 744:140806. [PMID: 32717462 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach using the integration of electrocoagulation, with one or more treatment processes has been recently practiced to improve the removal of colloidal and non-biodegradable pollutants. Several treatment processes including adsorption, chemical coagulation, magnetic field, reverse osmosis, and membrane filtration have been combined with electrocoagulation treatment step to improve pollutants removal efficiency. These combined systems showed the potential to improve the performance of the treatment process. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review for the recent processes available in the literature that combine treatment electrocoagulation with one of the previously mentioned treatment processes. It is found that the removal efficiency of any combined processes is higher than that of any single treatment process and the combined process has up to 20% higher removal efficiency compared to electrocoagulation alone. However, most reported studies were conducted at bench-scale level with synthetic wastewater instead of real wastewater. The main aspects of these combined systems including process mechanism, kinetic models, cost and the scale up of combined processes were discussed and summarized. Finally, several concluding remarks were drawn in view of the literature investigations and the gaps that suggest more studies and insights for future development were addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria Al-Qodah
- Chemical Engineering Department, Al-Balqa Applied University, 11134 Amman, Jordan
| | - Muhammad Tawalbeh
- Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Mohammad Al-Shannag
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Jordan, 11942 Amman, Jordan; Jordan Uranium Mining Company, 11953 Amman, Jordan.
| | - Zaid Al-Anber
- Chemical Engineering Department, Al-Balqa Applied University, 11134 Amman, Jordan
| | - Khalid Bani-Melhem
- Department of Water Management and Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, The Hashemite University, Al-Zarqa, Jordan
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Al-Qodah Z, Al-Qudah Y, Omar W. On the performance of electrocoagulation-assisted biological treatment processes: a review on the state of the art. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:28689-28713. [PMID: 31414385 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The combined treatment systems have become a potential alternative to treat highly polluted industrial wastewater to achieve high-quality treated effluents. The current review focuses on the treatment systems compromising electrocoagulation (EC) as a pretreatment step followed by a biological treatment step. The reasons for applying EC as a pretreatment process were mainly to (1) detoxify the wastewater by removing inhibitors of the biotreatment step or (2) to remove the major part of the COD or (3) the dissolved materials that could cause fouling to membrane bioreactors or (4) to increase the activity of the microorganisms. This combination represents a new and promising application characterized by higher performance and removal efficiency. The main published findings related to this application are presented and analyzed. Besides, the statistical models used to optimize the process variables and the kinetics of microorganism growth rate are discussed herein. Most of the previous investigations were conducted in a laboratory-scale level with biologically treated water as a feed to the EC process. Only a few works applied a hybrid system consisting of the biological step and the EC step. In all studies, improved performance and higher removal efficiencies of the combined process were achieved particularly when applying aluminum electrodes, providing more than 95% removal efficiency. Many researchers have reported that they had faced a significant problem in the operation of the electrocoagulation process associated with the reduction of electrodes' efficiency caused by deposits of the coagulation complex. This problem needs to be effectively resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria Al-Qodah
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Al-Balqa Applied University, Amman, 11134, Jordan.
| | - Yahiya Al-Qudah
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Salt, Jordan
| | - Waid Omar
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Al-Balqa Applied University, Amman, 11134, Jordan
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria Al-Qodah
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Al-Balqa Applied University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Yahiya Al-Qudah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, Jordan
| | - Eman Assirey
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Madinah, KSA
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Al-Qodah Z, Al-Shannag M. On the Performance of Free Radicals Combined Electrocoagulation Treatment Processes. Separation & Purification Reviews 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2018.1459700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria Al-Qodah
- Chemical Engineering Department, Al-Balqa Applied University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Al-Shannag
- Chemical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria Al-Qodah
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering Technology Al-Balqa Applied University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Al-Shannag
- Chemical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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Al-Qodah Z, Al-Shannag M, Al-Bosoul M, Penchev I, Al-Ahmadi H, Al-Qodah K. On the performance of immobilized cell bioreactors utilizing a magnetic field. REV CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2016-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This review focuses on the performance of immobilized cell bioreactors utilizing a magnetic field. These reactors utilized immobilized cells on magnetic particles or beads as the solid phase. All published research papers dealing with the performance of immobilized cell bioreactors utilizing a magnetic field from the early 1960s to the present time were considered and analyzed. It was noted that many microorganisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae were immobilized on different supports in these reactors. These papers used the magnetic field for several purposes, mainly for the stabilization of magnetic particles to prevent their washout from the column while operating with relatively high substrate flow rates to enhance mass transfer processes. It was observed that most publications used an axial magnetic field. In addition, most of the magnetic particles were prepared by entrapment. Some comments are presented at the end of the review which show the gaps in this promising application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria Al-Qodah
- Chemical Engineering Department , Al-Balqa Applied University , Amman , Jordan
| | - Mohammad Al-Shannag
- Chemical Engineering Department, School of Engineering , University of Jordan , Amman , Jordan
| | - Mamdouh Al-Bosoul
- Mechanical Engineering Department , Al-Balqa Applied University , Amman , Jordan
| | - Ivan Penchev
- Chemical Engineering Department , Sofia University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Hamed Al-Ahmadi
- Mechanical Engineering Department , Taibah University , Madina , Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Al-Qodah
- Mechanical Engineering Department , Taibah University , Madina , Saudi Arabia
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Al-Qodah Z, Al-Shannag M, Assirey E, Orfali W, Bani-Melhem K, Alananbeh K, Bouqellah N. Characteristics of a novel low density cell-immobilized magnetic supports in liquid magnetically stabilized beds. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Bani-Melhem K, Al-Qodah Z, Al-Shannag M, Qasaimeh A, Rasool Qtaishat M, Alkasrawi M. On the performance of real grey water treatment using a submerged membrane bioreactor system. J Memb Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Assirey E, Al-Qodah Z, Al-Ahmadi M. Impact of Traffic Density on Roadside Pollution by Some Heavy Metal Ions in Madinah City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.14233/ajchem.2015.18973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Yahya MA, Al-Qodah Z, Ngah C, Hashim MA. Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Desiccated Coconut Residue by Potassium Hydroxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.14233/ajchem.2015.18804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Al-Shannag M, Bani-Melhem K, Al-Anber Z, Al-Qodah Z. Enhancement of COD-Nutrients Removals and Filterability of Secondary Clarifier Municipal Wastewater Influent Using Electrocoagulation Technique. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2012.707729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Shawabkah
- King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Mutah Univeristy, Jordan
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Zalloum HM, Al-Qodah Z, Mubarak MS. Copper Adsorption on Chitosan-Derived Schiff Bases. Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10601320802515225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
AIMS To separate Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells from aqueous solutions using magnetically stabilized fluidized beds (MSFB) that utilize a horizontal magnetic field, and to study the effect of some parameters, such as bed porosity and height, liquid flow rate and inlet concentration on cell removal efficiency and breakthrough curves. METHODS AND RESULTS The separation process was conducted in an MSFB under the effect of horizontal magnetic field. The magnetic particles used consist of a ferromagnetic core of magnetite (Fe3O4) covered by a stable layer of activated carbon to adsorb the yeast cells from the suspension. The yeast cell concentration in the effluent was determined periodically by measuring the absorbance at 610 nm. The effect of the magnetic field intensity on the bed porosity and consequently the exit-normalized cell concentration from the bed was studied. It was found that bed porosity increased by 75%, and the normalized cell concentration in the bed effluent decreased by 30%, when the magnetic field intensity was increased from 0 to 110 mT. In addition, increasing the magnetic field intensity and bed height delayed the breakthrough point, and allowed efficient cell removal. These results demonstrate an improved method to separate cells of low concentration from cell suspension. CONCLUSIONS This study allows the continuous separation of yeast cells from aqueous solutions in an MSFB. The removal efficiency is affected by different parameters including the bed height, flow rate and initial concentration. The removal efficiency reaches 82%, and could be improved by varying the operational parameters. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results obtained in this investigation show that the MSFB using horizontal fields represents a potential tool for the continuous separation of cell suspension from aqueous solution. This study will contribute to a better understanding of the hydrodynamic parameters on the separation efficiencies of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Al-Qodah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Al-Balqa Applied University, Amman, Jordan.
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Lafi WK, Al-Qodah Z. Combined advanced oxidation and biological treatment processes for the removal of pesticides from aqueous solutions. J Hazard Mater 2006; 137:489-97. [PMID: 16616414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Revised: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes were combined with biological treatment processes in this study to remove both pesticides and then the COD load from aqueous solutions. It was found that O(3) and O(3)/UV oxidation systems were able to reach 90 and 100%, removal of the pesticide Deltamethrin, respectively, in a period of 210 min. The use of O(3) combined with UV radiation enhances pesticides degradation and the residual pesticide reaches zero in the case of Deltamethrin. The combined O(3)/UV system can reduce COD up to 20% if the pH of the solution is above 4. Both pesticide degradation and COD removal in the combined O(3)/UV system follow the pseudo-first-order kinetics and the parameters of this model were evaluated. The application of the biological treatment to remove the bulk COD from different types of feed solution was investigated. More than 95% COD removal was achieved when treated wastewater by the O(3)/UV system was fed to the bioreactor. The parameters of the proposed Grau model were estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid K Lafi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Al-Balqaa Applied University Jordan, P.O. Box 340558, Amman, Marka 11134, Jordan.
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Abstract
Studies on the alpha-amylase-producing thermophilic bacterium isolated and identified from a hot spring in Jordan and designated as Geobacillus stearothermophilus JT2 were carried out. The optimum conditions for growth and enzyme production were pH 7 and 55 degrees C. The study of the kinetics of cellular growth indicated a mu(max) of 0.22/h, a K(s) of 1.2 g/L, a tau(d) of 3.15 h and a Y(x/s) of 0.43 g cell/g starch. In addition, the activation energy for growth and death were estimated and found to be 30.5 and 210 J/mol, respectively. The effect of different carbon and nitrogen sources on the cellular growth was tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria Al-Qodah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Al-Balqaa Applied University, Amman, Marka, Jordan.
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Abstract
A mathematical model is developed to describe the performance of a three-phase airlift reactor utilizing a transverse magnetic field. The model is based on the complete mixing model for the bulk of liquid phase and on the Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The model equations are solved by the explicit finite difference method from transient to steady state conditions. The results of the numerical simulation indicate that the magnetic field increases the degree of bioconversion. The mathematical model is experimentally verified in a three-phase airlift reactor with P. chrysogenum immobilized on magnetic beads. The experimental results are well described by the developed model when the reactor operates in the stabilized regime. At relatively high magnetic field intensities a certain discrepancy in the model solution was observed when the model over estimates the product concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Al-Qodah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amman College for Engineering Technology, Al-Balqa' Applied University, P.O. Box 340558, Marka, Amman, Jordan
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Al-Qodah Z. Continuous production of antibiotics in an airlift fermentor utilizing a transverse magnetic field. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2000; 87:37-55. [PMID: 10850672 DOI: 10.1385/abab:87:1:37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/1999] [Revised: 11/24/1999] [Accepted: 11/29/1999] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a series of experiments was conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of continuous production of penicillin antibiotic using a three-phase magneto airlift fermentor with immobilized Penicillium chrysogenum. The fermentation processes were carried out in a 2.4-L external loop airlift utilizing a transverse magnetic field. It was found that the application of the magnetic field to a bed of ferromagnetic beads affects both the hydrodynamics of the reactor and the rate of the bioconversion process occurring inside it. One hundred hours after startup, the maximum penicillin concentration increased 48% as the magnetic field intensity increased from 0 to 35 mT, owing to the increased residence time of the substrate in the riser and the positive effect of the magnetic field on the effective fluid-solid interfacial area. In addition, the detached biomass concentration in the liquid phase was found to be only 5% of the immobilized biomass, owing to low shear levels and the absence of friction among the solid-phase particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Al-Qodah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amman College for Engineering Technology, Al-Balqa Applied University, Marka, Jordan.
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