Duodenal microbiota makes an important impact in functional dyspepsia

Duodenal microbiota may have impact in Functional Dyspepsia. The aim of this study was to explore the difference of microbiota on duodenal mucosa between patients with Functional Dyspepsia and normal subjects. The duodenal mucosa of the subjects were collected under upper gastrointestinal endoscope and the contents of the descending duodenal intestine were extracted with cell brushes in 20 patients with Functional Dyspepsia and 5 healthy subjects. The microbiome on duodenal was studied by 16SrDNA gene sequencing. The differences of duodenal flora were analyzed and compared by LEfSe, FAPROTAX, SPSS and other software. There were significant differences in ACE index, shannon index and observedspecies index between patients with functional dyspepsia and healthy people (P < 0.05). PCoA analysis of the structure of bacteria between two groups found that the duodenal microbiome showed a separate trend. In further study, Amova analysis showed a significant difference (P < 0.05). We found that the there are obvious differences in the composition of duodenal microbiome in functional dyspepsia and healthy people. At the genus level, there were significant differences in Alloprevotella, Peptostreptococcus,Sutterella, Corynebacteriurn,Catonella, Faecalibacterium,Staphylococcus,Eubacteriumnodatumgro-up, Lachnoclostridiurn and Lautropia between the two groups (P < 0.05). The prediction results of Microflora function from FAPROTAX showed that the urea decomposing (ureolysis) and fumaric acid respiratory (fumaraterespiration) function of duodenal bacteria in patients with functional dyspepsia were significantly different from those in healthy people (P < 0.05). In conclusion, there is a significant difference in mucosal microflora of duodenum between patients with functional dyspepsia and healthy groups. It includes greater microflora diversity, different microflora structure, different microflora composition, specific taxa and specific microbiome function. The disorder of duodenal microecology may be the formation mechanism of functional dyspepsia.

D-galacturonic acid ameliorates the intestinal mucosal permeability and inflammation of functional dyspepsia in rats

BACKGROUND

Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a gastrointestinal disease caused by imbalanced gastrointestinal function. Traditional treatments are deemed to be limited, and new therapeutic drugs are required. New study suggested that duodenal low-grade inflammation and increased intestinal permeability play an important role in the pathogenesis of FD. Previous studies have shown that polysaccharides containing D-galacturonic acid (GA) could modulate intestinal immune activity in vitro and in animal models. However, the ability of GA monomer to improve intestinal mucosal permeability and inflammation in FD has not been clearly elucidated.

METHODS

A FD rat model was established using iodoacetamide (IA). FD Rats were administrated different doses of GA. Subsequently, the body weight and behavioral sensitivity of the rats were measured and evaluated; the permeability of the intestinal barrier was measured by determining D-lactose, lactulose/mannitol ratio (LMR), and permeability-related genes [desmocollin-2 (DSC2), TJP1, and OCLN] in FD rats. Also, inflammatory cells [cluster of differentiation (CD)3+ cells and mast cells] were assessed by immunohistochemistry, and the levels of immune-related factors, such as the Toll-like receptor-nuclear factor kappa B (TLR/NF-κB) pathway, were monitored by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) or western blot assays.

RESULTS

Our results suggested that GA could markedly increase the body weight and attenuate the behavioral sensitivity of FD rats. Moreover, GA also has an obvious ameliorating effect on the intestinal mucosal permeability and inflammatory response of FD rats. Furthermore, we found that GA could markedly downregulate TLR2, TLR4, and NF-κB in FD rats.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings indicate that GA could significantly attenuate the intestinal mucosal permeability and inflammation FD rats. The effect of GA was partially mediated by the TLR/NF-κB signaling pathway.

A case report of a post-polypectomy syndrome with severe sepsis and organ dysfunction

Post-polypectomy syndrome (PPS) results from electrocoagulation injury to the bowel wall that induces a transmural burn and localized peritonitis. It has a good prognosis; however, there are exceptions when complications are observed. We here report a case of a 50-year-old man who developed lumbosacral pain and high fever with chills four days after colonoscopy, during which polypectomy was performed by endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and argon plasma coagulation (APC). Both the plain abdominal film and abdominal CT scan showed no free air, and lumbar CT showed no apparent lesions, which satisfied the diagnosis of PPS. However, the patient was in a critical condition as he developed septic shock caused by bacteremia. Following active treatment, the patient's condition rapidly improved. Therefore, we suggest that clinicians should consider the severity of PPS with sepsis and colon transmural burn. Patients with a diagnosis of PPS should be admitted to the hospital for observation and treatment to avoid adverse consequences.

[Expression of bcl-2 in the normal endometrium and endometrium of adenomyosis]

Using immunohistochemical ABC staining, we detected the expression and role of bcl-2 in normal endometrium(n = 17) and eutopic and ectopic endometrium with adenomyosis(n = 16) during the menstrual cycle. The first result was that the expressions of bcl-2 in the eutopic endometrium were the same as the normal endometrium, showing predominantly in the glandular epithelial cells, and obviously cyclic changes throughout the menstrual cycle. This result suggests that these changes may be regulated by ovarian hormone and play an important role in the proliferation and physiologic death of normal endometrial glandular epithelial cells to regulate the menstrual cycle. Bcl-2 expression in the glandular cells of ectopic endometrium of adenomyosis had no cyclic change and bcl-2 staining had remained in the whole menstrual cycle. The second result suggests that the above mentioned phenomena may play an important role in the pathogenesis of adenomyosis.

[Effects of c-erbB(2) on the hCG-induced progesterone production of rat luteal cells]

The effects of c-erbB(2) antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (antisense c-erbB(2) ODN) on hCG-induced progesterone production of isolated rat luteal cells in relation to cAMP, Ca(2+) and cycloheximide (CYX) were investigated. Antisense c-erbB(2) ODN inhibited hCG-induced progesterone production in a dose-dependent manner; and the percentage of luteal cells stained for c-erbB(2) protein was decreased. But nonsense tat ODN had no similar effect. The effect of dbcAMP was in contrast with that of antisense c-erbB(2) ODN, which suppressed the progesterone production and reduced the percentage of luteal cells stained for c-erbB(2) protein. On the other hand, both verapamil and CYX enhanced the inhibition of antisense c-erbB(2) ODN. The result of the present investigation suggests that cAMP, Ca(2+)-dependent pathway participates in the expression of protooncogene.