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Lee SH, Yeoh ZX, Sachlin IS, Gazali N, Soelar SA, Foo CY, Low LL, Syed Alwi SB, Tengku Kamalden TMI, Shanmuganathan J, Zaid M, Wong CY, Chua HH, Yusuf S, Muhamad D, Devesahayam PR, Ker HB, Salahuddin Z, Mustafa M, Sawali H, Lee HG, Din S, Misnan NA, Mohamad A, Ismail MN, Periasamy C, Chow TS, Krishnan EK, Leong CL, Lim LPF, Zaidan NZ, Ibrahim MZ, Abd Wahab S, Mohd Hashim SS. Self-reported symptom study of COVID-19 chemosensory dysfunction in Malaysia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2111. [PMID: 35136124 PMCID: PMC8826975 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the three chemosensory modalities-smell, taste, and chemesthesis-have been implicated in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), yet emerging data suggest a wide geographic and ethnic variation in the prevalence of these symptoms. Studies on chemosensory disorders in COVID-19 have predominantly focused on Caucasian populations whereas Asians remain understudied. We conducted a nationwide, multicentre cross-sectional study using an online questionnaire on a cohort of RT-PCR-confirmed adult COVID-19 patients in Malaysia between 6 June and 30 November 2020. The aim of our study was to investigate their presenting symptoms and assess their chemosensory function using self-ratings of perceived smell, taste, chemesthesis, and nasal blockage. In this cohort of 498 patients, 41.4% reported smell and/or taste loss when diagnosed with COVID-19, which was the commonest symptom. Blocked nose, loss of appetite, and gastrointestinal disturbances were independent predictors of smell and/or taste loss on multivariate analysis. Self-ratings of chemosensory function revealed a reduction in smell, taste, and chemesthesis across the entire cohort of patients that was more profound among those reporting smell and/or taste loss as their presenting symptom. Perceived nasal obstruction accounted for only a small proportion of changes in smell and taste, but not for chemesthesis, supporting viral disruption of sensorineural mechanisms as the dominant aetiology of chemosensory dysfunction. Our study suggests that chemosensory dysfunction in COVID-19 is more widespread than previously reported among Asians and may be related to the infectivity of viral strains.Study Registration: NMRR-20-934-54803 and NCT04390165.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Han Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, KM 6 Jalan Langgar, Alor Setar, 05450, Kedah, Malaysia.
| | - Zhi Xiang Yeoh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, KM 6 Jalan Langgar, Alor Setar, 05450, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Ida Sadja'ah Sachlin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, KM 6 Jalan Langgar, Alor Setar, 05450, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Norzi Gazali
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, KM 6 Jalan Langgar, Alor Setar, 05450, Kedah, Malaysia
| | | | - Chee Yoong Foo
- Real World Insights, IQVIA Asia Pacific, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Lee Lee Low
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Kedah, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | - Masliza Zaid
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Chun Yiing Wong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Umum Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Hock Hin Chua
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Umum Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Suhaimi Yusuf
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Dzawani Muhamad
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | | | - Hong Bee Ker
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Zulkiflee Salahuddin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mahiran Mustafa
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Halimuddin Sawali
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Queen Elizabeth, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Heng Gee Lee
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Queen Elizabeth, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Sobani Din
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Amran Mohamad
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Noor Ismail
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | | | - Ting Soo Chow
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Pulau Pinang, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Chee Loon Leong
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Kuala Lumpur Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Mohd Zambri Ibrahim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Tuanku Fauziah, Perlis, Malaysia
| | | | - Siti Sabzah Mohd Hashim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, KM 6 Jalan Langgar, Alor Setar, 05450, Kedah, Malaysia
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Ali AH, Salahuddin Z, Salim R. Sudden sensorineural hearing loss: A missed opportunity for treatment. Malays Fam Physician 2018; 13:29-30. [PMID: 30800231 PMCID: PMC6382091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) is an otology emergency and carries significant morbidity if the diagnosis is missed. It can present to any specialty but in our local setting the patient usually presents to primary care as it is easily accessible. We present a case of SSNHL that was initially presented to a primary care centre and the patient was reassured without any investigation being carried out. SSNHL has many causes thus making diagnosis difficult. However, with knowledge of its possible, a diagnosis can be made and appropriate management can be advocated to the patient. Hence, we discuss the three main causes of SSNHL, while emphasizing the immune system-mediated mechanism as the main cause in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Ali
- (MBBCh BAO) Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery School of Medical Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Z Salahuddin
- (MD, MS ORL HNS) Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - R Salim
- (MD, MMED ORL-HNS) Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery Universiti Sains Malaysia Kelantan, Malaysia
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Saud MRM, Salahuddin Z, Hassan A, Yunus MRM, Mohamad I, Zulkifli MM. Laryngeal giant cell tumour presenting as a tongue base lesion causing severe dysphagia. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2017; 13:201-204. [PMID: 31435324 PMCID: PMC6695023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant cell tumours are benign lesions that are uncommonly found in the larynx. Patients with these tumours may present with dysphagia, hoarseness and anterior neck swelling. Giant cell tumours are extremely rare and only a few cases have been reported. We present a case of an elderly woman who presented with severe dysphagia and a mass at the base of her tongue. The mass was found to be a laryngeal giant cell tumour and was successfully treated with chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Razi M Saud
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Zulkiflee Salahuddin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Aniza Hassan
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Razif M Yunus
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Irfan Mohamad
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Maryam M Zulkifli
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Demidem A, Salahuddin Z, Lam T, Levine A, Khan R, Hober D, Bonavida B. Sensitization of AIDS related non-Hodgkin's B lymphoma cell lines to cytotoxic drugs toxins by interferon-gamma. Int J Oncol 2012; 8:461-8. [PMID: 21544383 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.8.3.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AIDS-related lymphomas (ARL) progressively become resistant to conventional chemotherapy. We have developed three B cell lines from tumor biopsies of AIDS patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). The ARL cell lines were shown to be resistant to a panel of cytotoxic cytokines, toxins and drugs such as tumor necrosis factor, diphteria toxin, ricin, adriamycin, cis-platinum and anti-Fas antibody. However, when these cell lines were pretreated with low concentrations of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), (50 U/ml or 150 U/ml) for 24 to 48 h, the tumor cells became sensitive to these cytotoxic agents. Pretreatment of ARL with IFN-gamma stimulated proliferation while IFN-gamma inhibited the growth of ovarian tumor cell lines. Further, following treatment with IFN-gamma, the secretion of TNF-alpha by ARL lines was significantly decreased and TNF-alpha surface receptor expression was downregulated. The expression of several surface antigens on ARL was upregulated by IFN-gamma. These findings demonstrate that treatment of ARL with IFN-gamma stimulated cell proliferation, modulated several surface antigens, inhibited TNF-alpha secretion and sensitized the tumor cells to cytotoxicity by various drugs/toxins. These findings may be clinically relevant in the treatment of drug-refractory ARL.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Demidem
- UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,SCH MED,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,JONSSON COMPREHENS CANC CTR,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024. HUNTINGTON MEM HOSP,INST MOLEC MED & TECHNOL,PASADENA,CA 91105. SERV BACTERIOL VIROL B,F-59037 LILLE,FRANCE. UNIV SO CALIF,NORRIS CANC REGISTRY,SCH MED,LOS ANGELES,CA 90089
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Steuer AF, Ting RC, Markham PD, Salahuddin Z, Gallo RC. Effect of type C viral expression and cellular karyotype on human B-lymphoblast tumorigenicity in nude mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 1982; 69:435-41. [PMID: 6287077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultured human hematopoietic cells from several normal and leukemic sources, including those cells initiated after exposure to primate type C retroviruses were tested for their capacity to induce tumors in young athymic BALB/c (nu/nu) mice after sc inoculation. An attempt was made to correlate these results with virus expression and chromosome patterns. Progressively growing tumor formation was observed in 5 of 18 normal diploid B-lymphoblast lines from normal peripheral blood and in one of three diploid B-lymphoblast lines from leukemic donors established after infection with primate type C viruses (gibbon ape leukemia virus or simian sarcoma virus). In contrast, none of eight spontaneously transformed B-lymphoblast lines with normal diploid karyotypes formed progressively growing tumors, although one formed a tumor that remained the same size (0.5 cm) for several months. Progressive tumor formation occurred in four of seven previously established cell lines of different cell types that had abnormal karyotypes. Of the normal diploid B-lymphoblast cultures exposed to type C viruses, 12 were tested for the presence of viral RNA and structural proteins (p12, p30, gp70), and this information was correlated with tumorigenicity. Four of the six cultures expressing viral RNA or proteins were tumorigenic, whereas only one of six cultures that did not express virus information was positive. The results of this study suggest that expression of type C viral RNA and proteins by human B-lymphoblasts increases their tumorigenicity in nude mice. It is also apparent that caution must be used in attempts to correlate cell tumorigenicity and chromosome abnormalities in nude mice.
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