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Kärkkäinen O, Tuomainen T, Koistinen V, Tuomainen M, Leppänen J, Laitinen T, Lehtonen M, Rysä J, Auriola S, Poso A, Tavi P, Hanhineva K. Whole grain intake associated molecule 5-aminovaleric acid betaine decreases β-oxidation of fatty acids in mouse cardiomyocytes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13036. [PMID: 30158657 PMCID: PMC6115339 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31484-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite epidemiological evidence showing that diets rich in whole grains reduce the risk of chronic life-style related diseases, biological mechanisms for these positive effects are mostly unknown. Increased 5-aminovaleric acid betaine (5-AVAB) levels in plasma and metabolically active tissues such as heart have been associated with consumption of diets rich in whole grains. However, biological effects of 5-AVAB are poorly understood. We evaluated 5-AVAB concentrations in human and mouse heart tissue (3-22 µM and 38-78 µM, respectively) using mass spectrometry. We show that 5-AVAB, at physiological concentration range, dose-dependently inhibits oxygen consumption due to β-oxidation of fatty acids, but does not otherwise compromise mitochondrial respiration, as measured with oxygen consumption rate in cultured mouse primary cardiomyocytes. We also demonstrate that this effect is caused by 5-AVAB induced reduction of cellular L-carnitine. Reduced L-carnitine levels are at least partly mediated by the inhibition of cell membrane carnitine transporter (OCTN2) as evaluated by in silico docking, and by siRNA mediated silencing of OCTN2 in cultured cardiomyocytes. 5-AVAB caused inhibition of β-oxidation of fatty acids is a novel mechanism on how diets rich in whole grains may regulate energy metabolism in the body. Elucidating potentially beneficial effects of 5-AVAB e.g. on cardiac physiology will require further in vivo investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olli Kärkkäinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Tomi Tuomainen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ville Koistinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjo Tuomainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jukka Leppänen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomo Laitinen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marko Lehtonen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaana Rysä
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Auriola
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti Poso
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Pharmazeutische Chemie, Pharmazeutisches Institut, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pasi Tavi
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kati Hanhineva
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
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