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Otsuka Y, Ishii M, Ikebe S, Nakamura T, Tsujita K, Kaikita K, Matoba T, Kohro T, Oba Y, Kabutoya T, Kario K, Imai Y, Kiyosue A, Mizuno Y, Nochioka K, Nakayama M, Iwai T, Miyamoto Y, Sato H, Akashi N, Fujita H, Nagai R. BNP level predicts bleeding event in patients with heart failure after percutaneous coronary intervention. Open Heart 2023; 10:e002489. [PMID: 38065584 PMCID: PMC10711837 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2023-002489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the association between heart failure (HF) severity measured based on brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels and future bleeding events after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). BACKGROUND The Academic Research Consortium for High Bleeding Risk presents a bleeding risk assessment for antithrombotic therapy in patients after PCI. HF is a risk factor for bleeding in Japanese patients. METHODS Using an electronic medical record-based database with seven tertiary hospitals in Japan, this retrospective study included 7160 patients who underwent PCI between April 2014 and March 2020 and who completed a 3-year follow-up and were divided into three groups: no HF, HF with high BNP level and HF with low BNP level. The primary outcome was bleeding events according to the Global Use of Streptokinase and t-PA for Occluded Coronary Arteries classification of moderate and severe bleeding. The secondary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Furthermore, thrombogenicity was measured using the Total Thrombus-Formation Analysis System (T-TAS) in 536 consecutive patients undergoing PCI between August 2013 and March 2017 at Kumamoto University Hospital. RESULTS Multivariate Cox regression showed that HF with high BNP level was significantly associated with bleeding events, MACE and all-cause death. In the T-TAS measurement, the thrombogenicity was lower in patients with HF with high BNP levels than in those without HF and with HF with low BNP levels. CONCLUSIONS HF with high BNP level is associated with future bleeding events, suggesting that bleeding risk might differ depending on HF severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Otsuka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masanobu Ishii
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - So Ikebe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Taishi Nakamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Department of Medical Information Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kenichi Tsujita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Kaikita
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Matoba
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahide Kohro
- Department of Clinical Informatics, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yusuke Oba
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kabutoya
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kazuomi Kario
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yasushi Imai
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Arihiro Kiyosue
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Mizuno
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Development Bank of Japan Inc, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Nochioka
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masaharu Nakayama
- Department of Medical Informatics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takamasa Iwai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Miyamoto
- Open Innovation Center, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Naoyuki Akashi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hideo Fujita
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryozo Nagai
- Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
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Tanihara H, Yamamoto T, Aihara M, Koizumi N, Minami H, Kojima S, Isobe T, Kanazawa M, Suganami H. Crossover Randomized Study of Pharmacologic Effects of Ripasudil-Brimonidine Fixed-Dose Combination Versus Ripasudil or Brimonidine. Adv Ther 2023; 40:3559-3573. [PMID: 37330927 PMCID: PMC10329961 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-023-02534-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multidrug regimens for glaucoma treatment often result in adherence issues due to inconvenience; these issues may be improved with fixed-dose combination drugs. The ophthalmic solution of ripasudil-brimonidine fixed-dose combination (RBFC; K-232) is the first treatment combining a Rho kinase inhibitor and an α2-adrenoceptor agonist, and has demonstrated ability to lower intraocular pressure (IOP) and have various effects on conjunctival hyperemia and corneal endothelial cell morphology. This study evaluates the pharmacologic effects of RBFC treatment versus its separate components-ripasudil or brimonidine. METHODS This single-center, prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded endpoint study with 3 × 3 crossover design randomly assigned healthy adult men to three groups (1:1:1) to undergo consecutive 8-day administration phases (with drug-free intervals of at least 5 days). Subjects received twice-daily instillation of RBFC → ripasudil → brimonidine (group A), ripasudil → brimonidine → RBFC (group B), or brimonidine → RBFC → ripasudil (group C). Endpoints included change in IOP, severity of conjunctival hyperemia, corneal endothelial cell morphology, pupil diameter, and pharmacokinetics. RESULTS Eighteen subjects were assigned in total (six to each group). RBFC significantly reduced IOP from baseline at 1 h post-instillation on days 1 and 8 (12.7 vs. 9.1 and 9.0 mmHg, respectively; both P < 0.001), and provided significantly greater IOP reductions than ripasudil or brimonidine at several time points. The most common adverse drug reaction with all three treatments was mild conjunctival hyperemia, which transiently increased in severity with RBFC or ripasudil, peaking at 15 min post-instillation. In post hoc analyses, conjunctival hyperemia scores were lower with RBFC than with ripasudil at several time points. Transient morphologic changes in corneal endothelial cells occurred for up to several hours with RBFC or ripasudil, but not with brimonidine. Pupil diameter did not change with RBFC. CONCLUSION RBFC significantly reduced IOP compared with each agent alone. A combination of each agent's pharmacologic profile was observed in that of RBFC. TRIAL REGISTRATION Japan Registry of Clinical Trials; Registration No. jRCT2080225220.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenobu Tanihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Biei Municipal Hospital, 3-8-35 Naka-machi, Biei Town, Kamikawa-gun, Hokkaido, 071-0207, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Yamamoto
- Prof. Kazuo Iwata Memorial Kaijin Glaucoma Center, Kaiya Eye Clinic, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Makoto Aihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Koizumi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroomi Minami
- Pharmaceutical Clinical Development Management Department, Kowa Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kojima
- Pharmaceutical Clinical Development Management Department, Kowa Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Isobe
- Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Kowa Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mizuho Kanazawa
- Medical Affairs Department, Kowa Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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Utsunomiya K, Koshida R, Kakiuchi S, Senda M, Fujii S, Kurihara Y, Gunji R, Kaku K. Safety and effectiveness of tofogliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated in real-world clinical practice: Results of a 36-month post-marketing surveillance study (J-STEP/LT). J Diabetes Investig 2021; 12:184-199. [PMID: 32597517 PMCID: PMC7858109 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Tofogliflozin is a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor that lowers plasma glucose levels by enhancing urinary glucose excretion. After its approval in Japan in 2014 for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, we carried out a 3-year prospective observational post-marketing surveillance study in Japanese patients (Japanese Study of Tofogliflozin with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients/Long Term [J-STEP/LT]). MATERIALS AND METHODS This surveillance was carried out between September 2014 and February 2019, and recorded safety in terms of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and ADRs of special interest, and effectiveness in terms of changes in glycated hemoglobin and bodyweight from baseline to last observation carried forward. RESULTS Of 6,897 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus registered, 6,711 and 6,451 were analyzed for safety and effectiveness, respectively. ADRs were reported in 846 patients (12.61%), with serious ADRs in 101 patients (1.5%). ADRs of special interest included hypoglycemia (62 patients [0.9%]), polyuria/pollakiuria (90 [1.3%]), volume depletion-related disorders (135 [2.0%]), urinary tract infections (91 [1.4%]), genital infections (117 [1.7%]) and skin diseases (53 [0.8%]). One case of diabetic ketoacidosis was reported. The mean ± standard deviation changes from baseline to last observation carried forward in glycated hemoglobin and bodyweight were -0.68 ± 1.34% (n = 6,158, P < 0.0001) and -3.13 ± 4.67 kg (n = 5,213, P < 0.0001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS J-STEP/LT, a 3-year, prospective, observational, post-marketing study in Japan, found no unprecedented ADRs, and consistent reductions from baseline in glycated hemoglobin and bodyweight over the observation period. The present results provide further evidence regarding the safety and tolerability of tofogliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Utsunomiya
- Center for Preventive MedicineThe Jikei University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | | | - Seigo Kakiuchi
- Post Marketing Surveillance DepartmentKowa Company, Ltd.TokyoJapan
| | | | - Shoko Fujii
- Post Marketing Surveillance DepartmentKowa Company, Ltd.TokyoJapan
| | - Yuji Kurihara
- Post Marketing Surveillance DepartmentKowa Company, Ltd.TokyoJapan
| | - Ryoji Gunji
- Post Marketing Surveillance DepartmentKowa Company, Ltd.TokyoJapan
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Kaku K, Naito Y, Senda M, Kurihara Y, Gunji R, Kakiuchi S, Utsunomiya K. Safety and effectiveness of tofogliflozin in elderly Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A subanalysis of a post-marketing study (J-STEP/EL Study). J Diabetes Investig 2020; 11:405-416. [PMID: 31390166 PMCID: PMC7078101 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION This subanalysis aimed to assess the safety and effectiveness of tofogliflozin by using data from the Japanese Study of Tofogliflozin with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in an Observational Study of the Elderly to categorize elderly Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus by the number of concomitant oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) and insulin use at baseline. MATERIALS AND METHODS Japanese Study of Tofogliflozin with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in an Observational Study of the Elderly is a 1-year prospective, observational and multicenter post-marketing study that enrolled all patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus aged ≥65 years who started tofogliflozin during the first 3 months after its launch in May 2014 in Japan. RESULTS The safety and effectiveness analysis sets included 1,497 and 1,422 patients, respectively. Overall, 18.10 and 2.20% of the patients experienced adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and serious ADRs, respectively. ADRs of special interest in the total, 0 OAD, one OAD, two OADs, three or more OADs and insulin groups occurred in 12.22, 10.04, 12.35, 13.32, 11.27 and 14.91% of patients, respectively. Volume depletion-related events were the most frequently observed ADRs of special interest. Hypoglycemia occurred in 1.07% of patients. Overall, glycated hemoglobin and bodyweight were significantly decreased, but the estimated glomerular filtration rate was not significantly changed. CONCLUSIONS Our finding suggests that tofogliflozin could be safely and effectively used in elderly Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, irrespective of the number of OADs and the use of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Kaku
- Department of MedicineKawasaki Medical SchoolKurashikiJapan
| | - Yusuke Naito
- Diabetes & Cardiovascular Medical OperationsSanofi K.K.TokyoJapan
| | | | - Yuji Kurihara
- Post Marketing Surveillance DepartmentKowa Company, Ltd.NagoyaJapan
| | - Ryoji Gunji
- Post Marketing Surveillance DepartmentKowa Company, Ltd.NagoyaJapan
| | - Seigo Kakiuchi
- Post Marketing Surveillance DepartmentKowa Company, Ltd.NagoyaJapan
| | - Kazunori Utsunomiya
- Center for Preventive MedicineThe Jikei University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
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Utsunomiya K, Senda M, Kakiuchi S, Kameda H, Tamura M, Kurihara Y, Gunji R, Fujii S, Kaku K. Safety and effectiveness of tofogliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in real-world practice: Results of 12-month interim analysis of a long-term post-marketing surveillance study (J-STEP/LT). J Diabetes Investig 2020; 11:132-141. [PMID: 31197929 PMCID: PMC6944822 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Due to the paucity of tofogliflozin data, we assessed the safety and effectiveness of tofogliflozin among Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the clinical setting, stratifying the patients by age, sex, estimated glomerular filtration (eGFR) rate and body mass index. We report the results of a 12-month interim analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a 3-year prospective, observational and multicenter post-marketing study (Japanese Study of tofogliflozin with type 2 diabetes mellitus Patients/Long Term). RESULTS Out of 6,897 patients enrolled, the safety and effectiveness analysis populations consisted of 6,712 and 6,449 patients, respectively. During 12 months, adverse drug reactions and their incidence were 9.12 and 0.88%, respectively. The incidence of hypoglycemia was 0.67%. Polyuria/pollakiuria occurred more frequently in patients aged ≥65 years than in patients aged <65 years. Women experienced higher rates of urinary tract and genital infection than men. The lowest eGFR subgroup experienced maximum volume depletion-related events. Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders occurred in 0.55% of the patients. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and bodyweight significantly decreased by -0.76% and -2.73 kg, respectively, from baseline to the last observation carried forward (P < 0.0001). Except for the lowest eGFR subgroup, other eGFR subgroups showed significantly decreased HbA1c values. All eGFR subgroups showed significantly decreased bodyweight, and all body mass index subgroups showed significantly decreased HbA1c and bodyweight. CONCLUSIONS Our interim 12-month data suggest that tofogliflozin could be used safely and effectively in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, as tofogliflozin was well tolerated with low hypoglycemia risk, and significantly improved HbA1c and bodyweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Utsunomiya
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal MedicineThe Jikei University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | | | - Seigo Kakiuchi
- Post Marketing Surveillance DepartmentKowa Company, Ltd.TokyoJapan
| | | | | | - Yuji Kurihara
- Post Marketing Surveillance DepartmentKowa Company, Ltd.TokyoJapan
| | - Ryoji Gunji
- Post Marketing Surveillance DepartmentKowa Company, Ltd.TokyoJapan
| | - Shoko Fujii
- Post Marketing Surveillance DepartmentKowa Company, Ltd.TokyoJapan
| | - Kohei Kaku
- Department of MedicineKawasaki Medical SchoolKurashikiJapan
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Utsunomiya K, Senda M, Kakiuchi S, Kameda H, Tamura M, Kurihara Y, Gunji R, Fujii S, Fujiwara H, Kaku K. Safety and efficacy of tofogliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in real-world clinical practice: Results of 3-month interim analysis of a long-term post-marketing surveillance study (J-STEP/LT). J Diabetes Investig 2019; 10:1272-1283. [PMID: 30702214 PMCID: PMC6717810 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION The present study analysis was carried out to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tofogliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in real-world clinical practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a 3-year non-interventional observational study of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus newly administered tofogliflozin who were uncontrolled on current therapy. We carried out a 12-week interim analysis of tofogliflozin as part of 3-year post-marketing surveillance study. The incidence of adverse drug reactions was evaluated as a safety end-point. As efficacy end-points, glycated hemoglobin and bodyweight were evaluated. RESULTS A total of 6,897 patients were enrolled. Tofogliflozin significantly reduced mean changes from baseline glycated hemoglobin (-0.63%, P < 0.0001) and bodyweight (-2.02 kg, P < 0.0001). The change in glycated hemoglobin and bodyweight reductions in response to tofogliflozin was consistently observed in all body mass index subgroups. Adverse drug reactions occurred in 345 of 6,712 patients (5.14%). There was a low incidence of adverse drug reactions known to be associated with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, and they were reported as non-serious. The incidences of polyuria/pollakiuria were higher in patients aged ≥65 years than <65 years, and were significantly different among estimated glomerular filtration rate subgroups. Urinary tract and genital infections occurred more frequently in women than in men. CONCLUSIONS Tofogliflozin was well tolerated, and no emerging new safety concerns were observed. Tofogliflozin significantly improved glycemic control with no impact on bodyweight gain. The short-term administration of tofogliflozin is considered to have a favorable benefit-risk profile in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Utsunomiya
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal MedicineThe Jikei University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | | | - Seigo Kakiuchi
- Post Marketing Surveillance DepartmentKowa Company, Ltd.TokyoJapan
| | | | | | - Yuji Kurihara
- Post Marketing Surveillance DepartmentKowa Company, Ltd.TokyoJapan
| | - Ryoji Gunji
- Post Marketing Surveillance DepartmentKowa Company, Ltd.TokyoJapan
| | - Shoko Fujii
- Post Marketing Surveillance DepartmentKowa Company, Ltd.TokyoJapan
| | | | - Kohei Kaku
- Department of MedicineKawasaki Medical SchoolKurashikiJapan
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Shirakawa K, Yano W, Inoue K, Katsumata Y, Endo J, Sano M. Influence of long term administration of tofogliflozin on chronic inflammation of visceral adipose tissue in mice with obesity induced by a high-fat diet. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211387. [PMID: 30682139 PMCID: PMC6347171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously found that senescence of cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) T cells is accelerated in the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO) due to a high-fat diet (HFD), and that these senescent-associated T cells cause chronic inflammation of visceral adipose tissue through secretion of osteopontin, provoking systemic insulin resistance. In this study, we examined whether the development of chronic inflammation and senescence-associated T cells in VAT of DIO mice was improved by long-term weight loss after switching to normal chow (NC) or by administration of a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (tofogliflozin). Wild-type mice were fed an HFD for 26 weeks from 4 weeks old. At 30 weeks of age, half of these DIO mice were switched to NC with or without 0.005% tofogliflozin for 38 weeks. The other mice remained on the HFD with or without 0.005% tofogliflozin for 38 weeks. When DIO mice were switched to NC, their weight decreased to that of mice kept on NC since weaning. After 38 weeks (68 weeks of age), chronic inflammation of the VAT subsided with disappearance of senescence-associated T cells. In the HFD groups, the carbohydrate intake per mouse was half or less of that in the NC group, and urinary glucose excretion by the effect of tofogliflozin was lower in the HFD mice than in the NC mice. Mice that remained on the HFD showed no improvement in chronic inflammation in VAT, possibly because urinary glucose excretion was not sufficiently promoted by tofogliflozin due to the low carbohydrate intake. Thus, no improvement in glucose metabolism or weight loss was observed in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohsuke Shirakawa
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Yano
- Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Kowa Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Inoue
- Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Kowa Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Jin Endo
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoaki Sano
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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