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Petersen EL, Goßling A, Adam G, Aepfelbacher M, Behrendt CA, Cavus E, Cheng B, Fischer N, Gallinat J, Kühn S, Gerloff C, Koch-Gromus U, Härter M, Hanning U, Huber TB, Kluge S, Knobloch JK, Kuta P, Schmidt-Lauber C, Lütgehetmann M, Magnussen C, Mayer C, Muellerleile K, Münch J, Nägele FL, Petersen M, Renné T, Riedl KA, Rimmele DL, Schäfer I, Schulz H, Tahir E, Waschki B, Wenzel JP, Zeller T, Ziegler A, Thomalla G, Twerenbold R, Blankenberg S. Multi-organ assessment in mainly non-hospitalized individuals after SARS-CoV-2 infection: The Hamburg City Health Study COVID programme. Eur Heart J 2022; 43:1124-1137. [PMID: 34999762 PMCID: PMC8755397 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Long-term sequelae may occur after SARS-CoV-2 infection. We comprehensively assessed organ-specific functions in individuals after mild to moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with controls from the general population. METHODS AND RESULTS Four hundred and forty-three mainly non-hospitalized individuals were examined in median 9.6 months after the first positive SARS-CoV-2 test and matched for age, sex, and education with 1328 controls from a population-based German cohort. We assessed pulmonary, cardiac, vascular, renal, and neurological status, as well as patient-related outcomes. Bodyplethysmography documented mildly lower total lung volume (regression coefficient -3.24, adjusted P = 0.014) and higher specific airway resistance (regression coefficient 8.11, adjusted P = 0.001) after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cardiac assessment revealed slightly lower measures of left (regression coefficient for left ventricular ejection fraction on transthoracic echocardiography -0.93, adjusted P = 0.015) and right ventricular function and higher concentrations of cardiac biomarkers (factor 1.14 for high-sensitivity troponin, 1.41 for N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, adjusted P ≤ 0.01) in post-SARS-CoV-2 patients compared with matched controls, but no significant differences in cardiac magnetic resonance imaging findings. Sonographically non-compressible femoral veins, suggesting deep vein thrombosis, were substantially more frequent after SARS-CoV-2 infection (odds ratio 2.68, adjusted P < 0.001). Glomerular filtration rate (regression coefficient -2.35, adjusted P = 0.019) was lower in post-SARS-CoV-2 cases. Relative brain volume, prevalence of cerebral microbleeds, and infarct residuals were similar, while the mean cortical thickness was higher in post-SARS-CoV-2 cases. Cognitive function was not impaired. Similarly, patient-related outcomes did not differ. CONCLUSION Subjects who apparently recovered from mild to moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection show signs of subclinical multi-organ affection related to pulmonary, cardiac, thrombotic, and renal function without signs of structural brain damage, neurocognitive, or quality-of-life impairment. Respective screening may guide further patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Larissa Petersen
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center, Hamburg, Germany
- Population Health Research Department, University Heart and Vascular Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alina Goßling
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center, Hamburg, Germany
- Population Health Research Department, University Heart and Vascular Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Aepfelbacher
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian-Alexander Behrendt
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center, Hamburg, Germany
- Population Health Research Department, University Heart and Vascular Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ersin Cavus
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center, Hamburg, Germany
- Population Health Research Department, University Heart and Vascular Center, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bastian Cheng
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Fischer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simone Kühn
- Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Gerloff
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Koch-Gromus
- Department of Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Härter
- Department of Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Uta Hanning
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias B. Huber
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kluge
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes K. Knobloch
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Piotr Kuta
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christina Magnussen
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center, Hamburg, Germany
- Population Health Research Department, University Heart and Vascular Center, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carola Mayer
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kai Muellerleile
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center, Hamburg, Germany
- Population Health Research Department, University Heart and Vascular Center, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Münch
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center, Hamburg, Germany
- Population Health Research Department, University Heart and Vascular Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix Leonard Nägele
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marvin Petersen
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Renné
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Katharina Alina Riedl
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center, Hamburg, Germany
- Population Health Research Department, University Heart and Vascular Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Leander Rimmele
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ines Schäfer
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center, Hamburg, Germany
- Population Health Research Department, University Heart and Vascular Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Holger Schulz
- Department of Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Enver Tahir
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Waschki
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Hamburg, Germany
- Hospital Itzehoe, Pneumology, Itzehoe, Germany
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Jan-Per Wenzel
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center, Hamburg, Germany
- Population Health Research Department, University Heart and Vascular Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Zeller
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Hamburg, Germany
- University Center of Cardiovascular Science, University Heart and Vascular Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Ziegler
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center, Hamburg, Germany
- Cardio-CARE, Medizincampus Davos, Davos, Switzerland
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Götz Thomalla
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Raphael Twerenbold
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center, Hamburg, Germany
- Population Health Research Department, University Heart and Vascular Center, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Hamburg, Germany
- University Center of Cardiovascular Science, University Heart and Vascular Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Blankenberg
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center, Hamburg, Germany
- Population Health Research Department, University Heart and Vascular Center, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Hamburg, Germany
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