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Sharman MJ, Nash M, Moore R, Waddingham S, Oakley AL, Langenberg H, Cleland VJ. The importance of family support to engage and retain girls in male dominated action sports. A qualitative study of young people's perspectives. Health Promot J Austr 2024; 35:410-422. [PMID: 37403457 DOI: 10.1002/hpja.771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ISSUE ADDRESSED Social support is positively correlated with physical activity (PA), especially amongst girls, but is underexplored in male-dominated action sports (e.g., mountain biking, skateboarding and surfing). This study explored family level social support needs and experiences of girls and boys in three action sports. METHOD Aspiring, current or former Australian adolescent (12-18 years; girls n = 25; boys n = 17) mountain bikers, skateboarders and/or surfers were individually interviewed (telephone/Skype) in 2018/2020. A socio-ecological framework guided the semi-structured interview schedule. Audio-recordings were transcribed verbatim and data analysed thematically using a constant comparative approach. RESULTS Family level social support was highly influential in young people's participation in action sports, with its absence a common reason for no or discontinued engagement amongst girls. Parents and siblings were the main social support providers with extended family (e.g., grandparents, aunts/uncles, cousins) also notable. Participation (current/past/co-) was the main social support type followed by emotional (e.g., encouragement), instrumental (e.g., transport, equipment/funding) and informational (e.g., coaching) support. Girls were inspired/encouraged by brothers but boys were not inspired/encouraged by sisters; boys and girls co-participated with both parents but co-participating and being inspired by fathers was most common, especially amongst girls; fathers were more commonly the main transport provider if they co-participated with their child; fathers mostly provided initial coaching; only boys were taught equipment maintenance by parents. CONCLUSIONS AND SO WHAT Sport-related organisations/groups have numerous opportunities to improve girls' representation in action sports by fostering family level social support through various means. Intervention strategies should be tailored to account for gendered participation differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Sharman
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Meredith Nash
- College of Engineering and Computer Science, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Robyn Moore
- School of Social Sciences, University of Tasmania, Churchill Avenue, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Suzanne Waddingham
- School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Anita L Oakley
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Helen Langenberg
- Communities, Sport and Recreation, Tasmanian Government, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Verity J Cleland
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Velandia K, Correa-Lozano A, McGuiness PM, Reid JB, Foo E. Cell-layer specific roles for gibberellins in nodulation and root development. New Phytol 2024; 242:626-640. [PMID: 38396236 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Gibberellins (GA) have a profound influence on the formation of lateral root organs. However, the precise role this hormone plays in the cell-specific events during lateral root formation, rhizobial infection and nodule organogenesis, including interactions with auxin and cytokinin (CK), is not clear. We performed epidermal- and endodermal-specific complementation of the severely GA-deficient na pea (Pisum sativum) mutant with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Gibberellin mutants were used to examine the spatial expression pattern of CK (TCSn)- and auxin (DR5)-responsive promoters and hormone levels. We found that GA produced in the endodermis promote lateral root and nodule organogenesis and can induce a mobile signal(s) that suppresses rhizobial infection. By contrast, epidermal-derived GA suppress infection but have little influence on root or nodule development. GA suppress the CK-responsive TCSn promoter in the cortex and are required for normal auxin activation during nodule primordia formation. Our findings indicate that GA regulate the checkpoints between infection thread (IT) penetration of the cortex and invasion of nodule primordial cells and promote the subsequent progression of nodule development. It appears that GA limit the progression and branching of IT in the cortex by restricting CK response and activate auxin response to promote nodule primordia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Velandia
- Discipline of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Alejandro Correa-Lozano
- Discipline of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Peter M McGuiness
- Discipline of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - James B Reid
- Discipline of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Eloise Foo
- Discipline of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
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Bohingamu Mudiyanselage S, Price AMH, Mensah FK, Bryson HE, Perlen S, Orsini F, Hiscock H, Dakin P, Harris D, Noble K, Bruce T, Kemp L, Goldfeld S, Gold L. Economic evaluation of an Australian nurse home visiting programme: a randomised trial at 3 years. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e052156. [PMID: 34873002 PMCID: PMC8650480 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the additional programme cost and cost-effectiveness of 'right@home' Nurse Home Visiting (NHV) programme in relation to improving maternal and child outcomes at child age 3 years compared with usual care. DESIGN A cost-utility analysis from a government-as-payer perspective alongside a randomised trial of NHV over 3-year period. Costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) were discounted at 5%. Analysis used an intention-to-treat approach with multiple imputation. SETTING The right@home was implemented from 2013 in Victoria and Tasmania states of Australia, as a primary care service for pregnant women, delivered until child age 2 years. PARTICIPANTS 722 pregnant Australian women experiencing adversity received NHV (n=363) or usual care (clinic visits) (n=359). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES First, a cost-consequences analysis to compare the additional costs of NHV over usual care, accounting for any reduced costs of service use, and impacts on all maternal and child outcomes assessed at 3 years. Second, cost-utility analysis from a government-as-payer perspective compared additional costs to maternal QALYs to express cost-effectiveness in terms of additional cost per additional QALY gained. RESULTS When compared with usual care at child age 3 years, the right@home intervention cost $A7685 extra per woman (95% CI $A7006 to $A8364) and generated 0.01 more QALYs (95% CI -0.01 to 0.02). The probability of right@home being cost-effective by child age 3 years is less than 20%, at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $A50 000 per QALY. CONCLUSIONS Benefits of NHV to parenting at 2 years and maternal health and well-being at 3 years translate into marginal maternal QALY gains. Like previous cost-effectiveness results for NHV programmes, right@home is not cost-effective at 3 years. Given the relatively high up-front costs of NHV, long-term follow-up is needed to assess the accrual of health and economic benefits over time. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN89962120.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna M H Price
- Population Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Centre for Community Child Health, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Fiona K Mensah
- Population Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Hannah E Bryson
- Population Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Centre for Community Child Health, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Susan Perlen
- Population Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Centre for Community Child Health, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Francesca Orsini
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Melbourne Children's Trials Centre, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Harriet Hiscock
- Centre for Community Child Health, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Penelope Dakin
- Australian Research Alliance for Children and Youth, Canberra City, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Diana Harris
- Australian Research Alliance for Children and Youth, Canberra City, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Kristy Noble
- Australian Research Alliance for Children and Youth, Canberra City, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Tracey Bruce
- Ingham Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Lynn Kemp
- Ingham Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Sharon Goldfeld
- Population Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Centre for Community Child Health, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Lisa Gold
- School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
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