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Chen YY, Fang WN, Bao HF, Guo BY. The Effect of Task Interruption on Working Memory Performance. Hum Factors 2024; 66:1132-1151. [PMID: 36451347 DOI: 10.1177/00187208221139017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study used electroencephalography to explore the behavioral and electrophysiological effects of task interruption on performance. BACKGROUND Task interruption is known to harm work performance, especially on working memory-related tasks. However, most studies pay little attention to cognitive processes by exploring brain activity and ignore the cumulative effect of sequential interruptions. METHOD Thirty-four healthy participants performed a spatial 2-back in three conditions: (1) interruptions with simple math questions, (2) suspensions with prolonged fixation cross, and (3) a pure 2-back. The measured outcomes comprise performance data, ERP amplitudes, EEG power, and subjective workload. RESULTS Work performance decreased in the resumption trials, and cumulative interruptions had a more destructive effect on performance. EEG results showed that the P2 and P3 amplitudes induced by the 2-back task significantly increased after interruptions; theta and alpha power increased after interruptions. The P3 amplitude and alpha power induced by interruptions were significantly higher than that induced by suspensions. CONCLUSION Behavioral data revealed the disruptive effect of interruptions on postinterruption performance and the cumulative effect of interruptions on accuracy. Changes in ERP amplitudes and EEG power indicate the mechanisms of attention reallocation and working memory during interruptions. Larger P3 amplitudes and alpha power after interruptions than after suspensions suggested the inhibition of irrelevant information. These results may support the memory for goals model and improve the understanding of the effects of interruption on working memory. APPLICATION Focusing upon the mechanisms at play during the interruption process can support interruption management to ensure work safety and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Ning Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Feng Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Bei-Yuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
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Zohdi H, Märki J, Scholkmann F, Wolf U. Cerebral, systemic physiological and behavioral responses to colored light exposure during a cognitive task: A SPA-fNIRS study. Behav Brain Res 2024; 462:114884. [PMID: 38296201 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Colored light has important implications for human health and well-being, as well as for the aesthetics and function of various environments. In addition to its effects on visual function, colored light has significant effects on cognitive performance, behavior and systemic physiology. The aim of the current study was to comprehensively investigate how colored light exposure (CLE) combined with a cognitive task (2-back) affects performance, cerebral hemodynamics, oxygenation, and systemic physiology as assessed by systemic physiology augmented functional near-infrared spectroscopy (SPA-fNIRS). 36 healthy subjects (22 female, 14 male, age 26.3 ± 5.7 years) were measured twice on two different days. They were exposed to the sequence of blue and red light or vice versa in a randomized crossover design. During the CLE, the subjects were asked to perform a 2-back task. The 2-back task performance was correlated with changes in the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin in the prefrontal cortex (red: r = -0.37, p = 0.001; blue: r = -0.33, p = 0.004) and the high-frequency component of the heart rate variability (red: r = 0.35, p = 0.003; blue: r = 0.25, p = 0.04). These changes were independent of the CLE. Sequence-dependent effects were observed for fNIRS signals at the visual cortex (VC) and for electrodermal activity (EDA). While both colors caused relatively similar changes in the VC and EDA at the position of the first exposure, blue and red light caused greater changes in the VC and EDA, respectively, in the second exposure. There was no significant difference in the subjects' 2-back task performance between the CLE (p = 0.46). The results of this study provide new insights into how human physiology and behavior respond to colored light exposure. Our findings are important for understanding the impact of colored light in our daily lives and its potential applications in a variety of settings, including education, the workplace and healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamoon Zohdi
- Institute of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Josefa Märki
- Institute of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Felix Scholkmann
- Institute of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Wolf
- Institute of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Lee MD, Mistry PK, Menon V. A Multinomial Processing Tree Model of the 2-back Working Memory Task. Comput Brain Behav 2022; 5:261-278. [PMID: 37873549 PMCID: PMC10593202 DOI: 10.1007/s42113-022-00138-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The n -back task is a widely used behavioral task for measuring working memory and the ability to inhibit interfering information. We develop a novel model of the commonly used 2-back task using the cognitive psychometric framework provided by Multinomial Processing Trees. Our model involves three parameters: a memory parameter, corresponding to how well an individual encodes and updates sequence information about presented stimuli; a decision parameter corresponding to how well participants execute choices based on information stored in memory; and a base-rate parameter corresponding to bias for responding "yes" or "no". We test the parameter recovery properties of the model using existing 2-back experimental designs, and demonstrate the application of the model to two previous data sets: one from social psychology involving faces corresponding to different races (Stelter and Degner, British Journal of Psychology 109:777-798, 2018), and one from cognitive neuroscience involving more than 1000 participants from the Human Connectome Project (Van Essen et al., Neuroimage 80:62-79, 2013). We demonstrate that the model can be used to infer interpretable individual-level parameters. We develop a hierarchical extension of the model to test differences between stimulus conditions, comparing faces of different races, and comparing face to non-face stimuli. We also develop a multivariate regression extension to examine the relationship between the model parameters and individual performance on standardized cognitive measures including the List Sorting and Flanker tasks. We conclude by discussing how our model can be used to dissociate underlying cognitive processes such as encoding failures, inhibition failures, and binding failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Lee
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Percy K. Mistry
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA, CA 94305
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA, CA 94305
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA, CA 94305
- Wu Tsai Stanford Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA, CA 94305
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Mou H, Tian S, Fang Q, Qiu F. The Immediate and Sustained Effects of Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise and High-Intensity Interval Exercise on Working Memory. Front Psychol 2022; 13:766679. [PMID: 35242075 PMCID: PMC8887601 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.766679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the immediate and delayed effects of moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on working memory. Fifty healthy young adults (mean age = 19.96 ± 1.03 years) engaged in (1) a MICE session, 20 min of continuous running on a treadmill at an intensity of 40–59% of heart rate reserve (HRR); (2) a HIIE session, 10 sets of 1 min running at an intensity of 90% HRR, interspersed by 1 min self-paced walking at 50% HRR; and (3) a control session, resting in a chair and reading books for 24 min. A spatial 2-back task was performed to assess working memory before, immediately after and 30 min after each intervention. Reaction time in the 2-back task was significantly reduced immediately after both MICE and HIIE interventions. The enhanced working memory associated with HIIE sustained for 30 min after the exercise, whereas the beneficial effects associated with MICE returned to the pre-exercise level at 30 min after the exercise. These results suggest that although both MICE and HIIE enhance working memory in young adults, the positive effect sustains longer in HIIE than that in MICE. The current study extends the existing knowledge base by suggesting that improvements in working memory with HIIE last longer than with MICE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Mou
- Department of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shudong Tian
- Department of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qun Fang
- Department of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fanghui Qiu
- Department of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Chen Y, Fang W, Guo B, Bao H. Fatigue-Related Effects in the Process of Task Interruption on Working Memory. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:703422. [PMID: 34867232 PMCID: PMC8635492 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.703422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interruption generally has a negative effect on performance by affecting working memory (WM). However, the neural mechanism of interruption has yet to be understood clearly, and previous studies have largely ignored the role of fatigue state. To address these issues, the present study explores the behavioral and electrophysiological effects of interruption on WM performance using electroencephalography (EEG) data. The moderating effect of fatigue is also explored. The participants performed spatial 2-back tasks with math task interruption, suspension interruption, and non-interruption under different fatigue states. The results show that interruption led to increased alpha activity and P300 amplitude, indicating inhibitory control to interference from irrelevant information. Analysis of P200 amplitude revealed that interruption affected attentional reallocation when resuming the primary task. Increased theta power indicated an increased demand for information maintenance during the interruption. A speeding-up effect was discovered after interruption; however, fatigue impaired cognitive ability and further exacerbated the negative effects of interruption on WM and behavioral performance. These findings contribute to a better understanding of cognitive activity during the interruption and of the interaction with fatigue, and provide further support for the theory of memory for goals (MFG).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China.,School of Mechanical, Electronic, and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Weining Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Beiyuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Haifeng Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
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Zhang J, Yang L, Zhang Y, Su H, Zhang Y, Yang Y. Updating Emotional Stimuli in Heroin Abstainers' Working Memory: An Event-Related Potential Investigation. Subst Use Misuse 2021; 56:801-807. [PMID: 33754934 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.1899223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well-documented that heroin users demonstrate aberrant emotion-processing abilities. However, the mechanism by which heroin users process emotional information after it has captured their attention and entered their working memory is unclear. OBJECTIVES A modified emotional 2-back task was used to examine whether heroin abstainers demonstrate specific bias patterns in updating emotional stimuli in their working memory. METHODS In total, 26 male heroin abstainers and 29 healthy controls were asked to identify whether the current picture was the same as a picture that had appeared two trials earlier, while behavioral data and electroencephalogram data were collected. RESULTS Contrary to predictions, the heroin abstainers and healthy controls demonstrated a similar pattern of P300 activity in response to emotional stimuli with no between-group differences in accuracy or reaction time. More specifically, the P300 amplitudes were larger for negative pictures than for positive and neutral pictures. Surprisingly, we found larger P300 amplitudes at Fz electrodes than at Cz and Pz electrodes in the control group, whereas there was no significant difference at midline electrodes in the heroin abstainers. CONCLUSIONS/IMPORTANCE Although subtle differences may exist in attentional engagement toward incoming emotional stimulus between two groups, the similar P300 pattern may indicate partial preservation of emotional working memory capacity associated with adaptive emotion regulation in heroin abstainers. These results deepen our understanding of the emotion regulation impairments associated with chronic drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Yang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongting Su
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
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Pflueger MO, Calabrese P, Studerus E, Zimmermann R, Gschwandtner U, Borgwardt S, Aston J, Stieglitz RD, Riecher-Rössler A. The neuropsychology of emerging psychosis and the role of working memory in episodic memory encoding. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2018; 11:157-168. [PMID: 29785144 PMCID: PMC5953273 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s149425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Episodic memory encoding and working memory (WM) deficits are among the first cognitive signs and symptoms in the course of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. However, it is not clear whether the deficit pattern is generalized or specific in nature. We hypothesized that encoding deficits at an early stage of the disease might be due to the more fundamental WM deficits. Methods We examined episodic memory encoding and WM by administering the California Verbal Learning Test, a 2-back task, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in 90 first-episode psychosis (FE) patients and 116 individuals with an at-risk mental state for psychosis (ARMS) compared to 57 healthy subjects. Results Learning progress, but not span of apprehension, was diminished to a similar extent in both the ARMS and the FE. We showed that this was due to WM impairment by applying a structural equation approach. Conclusion Thus, we conclude that verbal memory encoding deficits are secondary to primary WM impairment in emerging psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon O Pflueger
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Basel Psychiatric Clinics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pasquale Calabrese
- Division of Molecular and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Erich Studerus
- Center for Gender Research and Early Detection, University of Basel Psychiatric Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ronan Zimmermann
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ute Gschwandtner
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Borgwardt
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jacqueline Aston
- Center for Gender Research and Early Detection, University of Basel Psychiatric Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rolf-Dieter Stieglitz
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anita Riecher-Rössler
- Center for Gender Research and Early Detection, University of Basel Psychiatric Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
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Tomita N, Imai S, Kanayama Y, Kawashima I, Kumano H. Use of Multichannel Near Infrared Spectroscopy to Study Relationships Between Brain Regions and Neurocognitive Tasks of Selective/Divided Attention and 2-Back Working Memory. Percept Mot Skills 2017; 124:703-720. [PMID: 28347211 DOI: 10.1177/0031512517700054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
While dichotic listening (DL) was originally intended to measure bottom-up selective attention, it has also become a tool for measuring top-down selective attention. This study investigated the brain regions related to top-down selective and divided attention DL tasks and a 2-back task using alphanumeric and Japanese numeric sounds. Thirty-six healthy participants underwent near-infrared spectroscopy scanning while performing a top-down selective attentional DL task, a top-down divided attentional DL task, and a 2-back task. Pearson's correlations were calculated to show relationships between oxy-Hb concentration in each brain region and the score of each cognitive task. Different brain regions were activated during the DL and 2-back tasks. Brain regions activated in the top-down selective attention DL task were the left inferior prefrontal gyrus and left pars opercularis. The left temporopolar area was activated in the top-down divided attention DL task, and the left frontopolar area and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were activated in the 2-back task. As further evidence for the finding that each task measured different cognitive and brain area functions, neither the percentages of correct answers for the three tasks nor the response times for the selective attentional task and the divided attentional task were correlated to one another. Thus, the DL and 2-back tasks used in this study can assess multiple areas of cognitive, brain-related dysfunction to explore their relationship to different psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Tomita
- 1 Graduate School of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shoji Imai
- 2 School of Human Care Studies, Nagoya University of Arts and Sciences, Nisshin, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kanayama
- 1 Graduate School of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Issaku Kawashima
- 1 Graduate School of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kumano
- 3 Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
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Kim S, Kim MS. Deficits in Verbal Working Memory among College Students with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Traits: An Event-related Potential Study. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci 2016; 14:64-73. [PMID: 26792042 PMCID: PMC4730935 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2016.14.1.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study investigated verbal working memory in college students with traits of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using event-related potentials and the 2-back task. Methods Based on scores on the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale and Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scale, participants were assigned to the normal control (n=28) or ADHD-trait (n=29) group. The 2-back task, which was administered to evaluate working memory, consists of a congruent condition, under which the current stimulus is the same as the one presented two trials earlier, and an incongruent condition, under which the current stimulus is not the same as the one presented two trials earlier. The numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4 were used as stimuli. Results On the 2-back task, the ADHD-trait group committed significantly more errors in response to congruent stimuli and showed a smaller P300 amplitude than did the control group. Conclusion These results indicate that college students with ADHD traits have deficits in verbal working memory, possibly due to difficulties in memory updating or attentional allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seulki Kim
- Department of Psychology, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-Sun Kim
- Department of Psychology, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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Gathmann B, Schiebener J, Wolf OT, Brand M. Monitoring supports performance in a dual-task paradigm involving a risky decision-making task and a working memory task. Front Psychol 2015; 6:142. [PMID: 25741308 PMCID: PMC4330715 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Performing two cognitively demanding tasks at the same time is known to decrease performance. The current study investigates the underlying executive functions of a dual-tasking situation involving the simultaneous performance of decision making under explicit risk and a working memory task. It is suggested that making a decision and performing a working memory task at the same time should particularly require monitoring—an executive control process supervising behavior and the state of processing on two tasks. To test the role of a supervisory/monitoring function in such a dual-tasking situation we investigated 122 participants with the Game of Dice Task plus 2-back task (GDT plus 2-back task). This dual task requires participants to make decisions under risk and to perform a 2-back working memory task at the same time. Furthermore, a task measuring a set of several executive functions gathered in the term concept formation (Modified Card Sorting Test, MCST) and the newly developed Balanced Switching Task (BST), measuring monitoring in particular, were used. The results demonstrate that concept formation and monitoring are involved in the simultaneous performance of decision making under risk and a working memory task. In particular, the mediation analysis revealed that BST performance partially mediates the influence of MCST performance on the GDT plus 2-back task. These findings suggest that monitoring is one important subfunction for superior performance in a dual-tasking situation including decision making under risk and a working memory task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Gathmann
- Department of General Psychology: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen Duisburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Schiebener
- Department of General Psychology: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen Duisburg, Germany
| | - Oliver T Wolf
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
| | - Matthias Brand
- Department of General Psychology: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen Duisburg, Germany ; Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Essen, Germany
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Greve DN, Duntley SP, Larson-Prior L, Krystal AD, Diaz MT, Drummond SPA, Thein SG, Kushida CA, Yang R, Thomas RJ. Effect of armodafinil on cortical activity and working memory in patients with residual excessive sleepiness associated with CPAP-Treated OSA: a multicenter fMRI study. J Clin Sleep Med 2014; 10:143-53. [PMID: 24532997 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.3440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of armodafinil on task-related prefrontal cortex activation using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and excessive sleepiness despite continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy. METHODS This 2-week, multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study was conducted at five neuroimaging sites and four collaborating clinical study centers in the United States. Patients were 40 right-handed or ambidextrous men and women aged between 18 and 60 years, with OSA and persistent sleepiness, as determined by multiple sleep latency and Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores, despite effective, stable use of CPAP. Treatment was randomized (1:1) to once-daily armodafinil 200 mg or placebo. The primary efficacy outcome was a change from baseline at week 2 in the volume of activation meeting the predefined threshold in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during a 2-back working memory task. The key secondary measure was the change in task response latency. RESULTS No significant differences were observed between treatment groups in the primary or key secondary outcomes. Armodafinil was generally well tolerated. The most common adverse events (occurring in more than one patient [5%]) were headache (19%), nasopharyngitis (14%), and diarrhea (10%). CONCLUSIONS Armodafinil did not improve fMRI-measured functional brain activation in CPAP-treated patients with OSA and excessive sleepiness. STUDY REGISTRATION Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Functional Neuroimaging Study of Armodafinil (200 mg/Day) on Prefrontal Cortical Activation in Patients With Residual Excessive Sleepiness Associated With Obstructive Sleep Apnea/Hypopnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas N Greve
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Charlestown, MA
| | - Stephen P Duntley
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, St. Louis, MO
| | - Linda Larson-Prior
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Michele T Diaz
- Duke University Medical Center, Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Durham, NC
| | - Sean P A Drummond
- University of California and Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | | | - Clete A Kushida
- Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford Sleep Medicine Center, Redwood City, CA
| | - Ronghua Yang
- Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D, Inc., Frazer, PA
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Wild-Wall N, Falkenstein M, Gajewski PD. Age-related differences in working memory performance in a 2-back task. Front Psychol 2011; 2:186. [PMID: 21909328 PMCID: PMC3163893 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to elucidate the neuro-cognitive processes underlying age-related differences in working memory. Young and middle-aged participants performed a two-choice task with low and a 2-back task with high working memory load. The P300, an event-related potential reflecting controlled stimulus–response processing in working memory, and the underlying neuronal sources of expected age-related differences were analyzed using sLORETA. Response speed was generally slower for the middle-aged than the young group. Under low working memory load the middle-aged participants traded speed for accuracy. The middle-aged were less efficient in the 2-back task as they responded slower while the error rates did not differ for groups. An age-related decline of the P300 amplitude and characteristic topographical differences were especially evident in the 2-back task. A more detailed analysis of the P300 in non-target trials revealed that amplitudes in the young but not middle-aged group differentiate between correctly detected vs. missed targets in the following trial. For these trials, source analysis revealed higher activation for the young vs. middle-aged group in brain areas which support working memory processes. The relationship between P300 and overt performance was validated by significant correlations. To sum up, under high working memory load the young group showed an increased neuronal activity before a successful detected target, while the middle-aged group showed the same neuronal pattern regardless of whether a subsequent target will be detected or missed. This stable memory trace before detected targets was reflected by a specific activation enhancement in brain areas which orchestrate maintenance, update, storage, and retrieval of information in working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Wild-Wall
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, University of Dortmund (IfADo) Dortmund, Germany
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