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Carpéné C, Stiliyanov Atanasov K, Les F, Mercader Barcelo J. Hyperglycemia and reduced adiposity of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice are not alleviated by oral benzylamine supplementation. World J Diabetes 2022; 13:752-764. [PMID: 36188146 PMCID: PMC9521444 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v13.i9.752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benzylamine (Bza) oral administration delays the onset of hyperglycemia in insulin-resistant db-/- mice; a genetic model of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
AIM To extend the antihyperglycemic properties of oral benzylamine to a model of insulin-deficient type 1 diabetes.
METHODS Male Swiss mice were rendered diabetic by streptozotocin treatment (STZ) and divided in two groups: one received 0.5% Bza as drinking solution for 24 d (STZ Bza-drinking) while the other was drinking water ad libitum. Similar groups were constituted in age-matched, nondiabetic mice. Food intake, liquid intake, body weight gain and nonfasting blood glucose levels were followed during treatment. At the end of treatment, fasted glycemia, liver and white adipose tissue (WAT) mass were measured, while glucose uptake assays were performed in adipocytes.
RESULTS STZ diabetic mice presented typical features of insulin-deficient diabetes: reduced body mass and increased blood glucose levels. These altered parameters were not normalized in the Bza-drinking group in spite of restored food and water intake. Bza consumption could not reverse the severe fat depot atrophy of STZ diabetic mice. In the nondiabetic mice, no difference was found between control and Bza-drinking mice for any parameter. In isolated adipocytes, hexose uptake was partially activated by 0.1 mmol/L Bza in a manner that was obliterated in vitro by the amine oxidase inhibitor phenelzine and that remained unchanged after Bza supplementation. Oxidation of 0.1 mmol/L Bza in WAT was lower in STZ diabetic than in normoglycemic mice.
CONCLUSION Bza supplementation could not normalize the altered glucose handling of STZ diabetic mice with severe WAT atrophy. Consequently, its antidiabetic potential in obese and diabetic rodents does not apply to lipoatrophic type 1 diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Carpéné
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1297, Toulouse 31432, France
| | - Kristiyan Stiliyanov Atanasov
- Molecular Biology and One Health research group, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma 07122, Spain
| | - Francisco Les
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza 50830, Spain
| | - Josep Mercader Barcelo
- Molecular Biology and One Health research group, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma 07122, Spain
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Carpéné C, Marti L, Morin N. Increased monoamine oxidase activity and imidazoline binding sites in insulin-resistant adipocytes from obese Zucker rats. World J Biol Chem 2022; 13:15-34. [PMID: 35126867 PMCID: PMC8790288 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v13.i1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite overt insulin resistance, adipocytes of genetically obese Zucker rats accumulate the excess of calorie intake in the form of lipids.
AIM To investigate whether factors can replace or reinforce insulin lipogenic action by exploring glucose uptake activation by hydrogen peroxide, since it is produced by monoamine oxidase (MAO) and semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) in adipocytes.
METHODS 3H-2-deoxyglucose uptake (2-DG) was determined in adipocytes from obese and lean rats in response to insulin or MAO and SSAO substrates such as tyramine and benzylamine. 14C-tyramine oxidation and binding of imidazolinic radioligands [3H-Idazoxan, 3H-(2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazoline] were studied in adipocytes, the liver, and muscle. The influence of in vivo administration of tyramine + vanadium on glucose handling was assessed in lean and obese rats.
RESULTS 2-DG uptake and lipogenesis stimulation by insulin were dampened in adipocytes from obese rats, when compared to their lean littermates. Tyramine and benzylamine activation of hexose uptake was vanadate-dependent and was also limited, while MAO was increased and SSAO decreased. These changes were adipocyte-specific and accompanied by a greater number of imidazoline I2 binding sites in the obese rat, when compared to the lean. In vitro, tyramine precluded the binding to I2 sites, while in vivo, its administration together with vanadium lowered fasting plasma levels of glucose and triacylglycerols in obese rats.
CONCLUSION The adipocytes from obese Zucker rats exhibit increased MAO activity and imidazoline binding site number. However, probably as a consequence of SSAO down-regulation, the glucose transport stimulation by tyramine is decreased as much as that of insulin in these insulin-resistant adipocytes. The adipocyte amine oxidases deserve more studies with respect to their putative contribution to the management of glucose and lipid handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Carpéné
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM, Toulouse 31342, France
| | - Luc Marti
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM, Toulouse 31342, France
| | - Nathalie Morin
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM, Toulouse 31342, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Paris University, Paris 75270, France
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Carpéné C, Boulet N, Grolleau JL, Morin N. High doses of catecholamines activate glucose transport in human adipocytes independently from adrenoceptor stimulation or vanadium addition. World J Diabetes 2022; 13:37-53. [PMID: 35070058 PMCID: PMC8771263 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v13.i1.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND When combined with vanadium salts, catecholamines strongly activate glucose uptake in rat and mouse adipocytes.
AIM To test whether catecholamines activate glucose transport in human adipocytes.
METHODS The uptake of 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) was measured in adipocytes isolated from pieces of abdominal subcutaneous tissue removed from women undergoing reconstructive surgery. Pharmacological approaches with amine oxidase inhibitors, adrenoreceptor agonists and antioxidants were performed to unravel the mechanisms of action of noradrenaline or adrenaline (also named epinephrine).
RESULTS In human adipocytes, 45-min incubation with 100 µmol/L adrenaline or noradrenaline activated 2-DG uptake up to more than one-third of the maximal response to insulin. This stimulation was not reproduced with millimolar doses of dopamine or serotonin and was not enhanced by addition of vanadate to the incubation medium. Among various natural amines and adrenergic agonists tested, no other molecule was more efficient than adrenaline and noradrenaline in stimulating 2-DG uptake. The effect of the catecholamines was not impaired by pargyline and semicarbazide, contrarily to that of benzylamine or methylamine, which are recognized substrates of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase. Hydrogen peroxide at 1 mmol/L activated hexose uptake but not pyrocatechol or benzoquinone, and only the former was potentiated by vanadate. Catalase and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin inhibited adrenaline-induced activation of 2-DG uptake.
CONCLUSION High doses of catecholamines exert insulin-like actions on glucose transport in human adipocytes. At submillimolar doses, vanadium did not enhance this catecholamine activation of glucose transport. Consequently, this dismantles our previous suggestion to combine the metal ion with catecholamines to improve the benefit/risk ratio of vanadium-based antidiabetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Carpéné
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR1297, Toulouse 31432, France
| | - Nathalie Boulet
- Team Dinamix, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse 31432, France
| | | | - Nathalie Morin
- Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, INSERM UMR-S 1139, 3PHM, Paris 75006, France
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Zhao Y, Sang X, Hao H, Bi J, Zhang G, Hou H. Novel starter cultures Virgibacillus spp. selected from grasshopper sub shrimp paste to inhibit biogenic amines accumulation. AMB Express 2021; 11:25. [PMID: 33569734 PMCID: PMC7876174 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling the content of biogenic amines (BAs) is critical to guarantee the safety of fermented aquatic products. The degradation characteristics and application potential of amine-negative starter cultures (Virgibacillus halodenitrificans CGMCC 1.18601: G25, Virgibacillus pantothenticus CGMCC 1.18602: G38) screened from grasshopper sub shrimp paste (Gssp) were studied. The enzymes of the two strains G25 and G38 that degrade BAs were amine oxidases (AOs) located on their respective cell membranes. The conditions that promoted the AO activity of Virgibacillus spp. were NaCl concentrations 5–10%, temperature 37 °C, pH 7.0 and ethanol concentrations 0–2%. Safety assessments (antibiotic susceptibility, biofilm activity and hemolytic activity) indicated that Virgibacillus spp. do not present a risk to human health, and this isolate can be confidently recommended as safe starter cultures for the food industry. Then, the two strains were cultured separately as starters and applied to the Gssp to analyze their influence on the flavor and quality of the product. As far as the bad flavors in Gssp such as sulfur-organic and sulf-chlor were concerned, the response values in the starter groups by G25 and G38 were significantly reduced by 39% and 65%, respectively. For the ability of strains to degrade BAs in Gssp, G25 degraded 11.1% of histamine, 11.3% of tyramine, 15.5% of putrescine and 4.1% of cadaverine; G38 significantly degraded 10.1% of histamine, 21.8% of tyramine, 18.1% of putrescine and 5.0% of cadaverine. These results indicated that the selected species could be used as starter cultures for the control of BA accumulation and degradation in Gssp.
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Fontaine J, Tavernier G, Morin N, Carpéné C. Vanadium-dependent activation of glucose transport in adipocytes by catecholamines is not mediated via adrenoceptor stimulation or monoamine oxidase activity. World J Diabetes 2020; 11:622-643. [PMID: 33384769 PMCID: PMC7754167 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v11.i12.622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benzylamine and methylamine activate glucose uptake in adipocytes. For tyramine, this effect has even been extended to cardiomyocytes. AIM To investigate the effects of catecholamines and other amines on glucose uptake. METHODS A screening compared 25 biogenic amines on 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) uptake activation in rat adipocytes. Pharmacological approaches and transgenic mouse models were then used to decipher the mode of action of several hits. RESULTS In rat adipocytes, insulin stimulation of 2-DG uptake was reproduced with catecholamines. 100 µmol/L or 1 mmol/L adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine and deoxyepinephrine, maximally activated hexose transport only when sodium orthovanadate was added at 100 µmol/L. Such activation was similar to that already reported for benzylamine, methylamine and tyramine, well-recognized substrates of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) and monoamine oxidase (MAO). Several, but not all, tested agonists of β-adrenoreceptors (β-ARs) also activated glucose transport while α-AR agonists were inactive. Lack of blockade by α- and β-AR antagonists indicated that catecholamine-induced 2-DG uptake was not mediated by AR stimulation. Adipocytes from mice lacking β1-, β2- and β3-ARs (triple KO) also responded to millimolar doses of adrenaline or noradrenaline by activating hexose transport in the presence of 100 µmol/L vanadate. The MAO blocker pargyline, and SSAO inhibitors did not block the effects of adrenaline or noradrenaline plus vanadate, which were blunted by antioxidants. CONCLUSION Catecholamines exert unexpected insulin-like actions in adipocytes when combined with vanadium. For limiting insulin resistance by activating glucose consumption at least in fat stores, we propose that catecholamine derivatives combined with vanadium can generate novel complexes that may have low toxicity and promising anti-diabetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Fontaine
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM UMR1048, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse 31432, France
| | - Geneviève Tavernier
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM UMR1048, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse 31432, France
| | - Nathalie Morin
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM UMR1048, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse 31432, France
- INSERM UMR 1139 Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Paris, Paris 75006, France
| | - Christian Carpéné
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM UMR1048, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse 31432, France
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Esparza E, Yi W, Limonchi F, Cosio EG. Glucosinolate catabolism during postharvest drying determines the ratio of bioactive macamides to deaminated benzenoids in Lepidium meyenii (maca) root flour. Phytochemistry 2020; 179:112502. [PMID: 32871537 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Postharvest processing of maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp., Brassicaceae), a traditional high-altitude Andean root crop, involves slow field drying prior to milling into flour. The progressive tissue dehydration and release of hydrolytic enzymes and substrates from cellular compartments results in the slow accumulation of free monosaccharides, fatty acids and amino acids. A more complex, and faster, kinetic profile is that of glucosinolate breakdown. A number of reactive transient and stable accumulation products are generated during drying, some of which have noteworthy bioactive properties. Among these are macamides, inhibitors of endocannabinoid neurotransmitter degradation in mammalian nervous systems. They result from the condensation of benzyl amine, a glucosinolate hydrolysis product, with free fatty acids released from lipid hydrolysis. Recent research has focused on developing drying processes under controlled conditions that can modulate the biochemistry of glucosinolate hydrolysis to optimize the content of bioactive compounds in the root flour. Low temperature (35 °C) oven-drying of shredded maca roots under controlled air flow generates benzyl amine as primary accumulation product, accounting for up to 94% of hydrolyzed glucosinolate in the flour. Kinetic evidence suggests that both deaminated benzenoids and macamides are allocated from the benzylamine pool through amine oxidase activity or condensation with free fatty acids, accounting for the remaining hydrolyzed glucosinolate (<5%). These activities determine the allocation to either one of these pathways. Later stages of dehydration result in shifts in the molar ratios of deaminated benzenoids, the accumulation of benzoic acid esters and benzyl alcohol. We propose that these are the result of changes in the rates of the reductive and oxidative half-reactions of endogenous aldehyde dehydrogenases. It is the ratio of benzylamine deamination to amide formation that determines the eventual yields of macamides in relation to benzenoids and their esters in maca flour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Esparza
- Chemistry Section and Institute for the Sciences of Nature, Earth and Energy (INTE-PUCP), Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Av. Universitaria, 1801, Lima, 15088, Peru
| | - Winnie Yi
- Chemistry Section and Institute for the Sciences of Nature, Earth and Energy (INTE-PUCP), Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Av. Universitaria, 1801, Lima, 15088, Peru
| | - Fabian Limonchi
- Chemistry Section and Institute for the Sciences of Nature, Earth and Energy (INTE-PUCP), Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Av. Universitaria, 1801, Lima, 15088, Peru
| | - Eric G Cosio
- Chemistry Section and Institute for the Sciences of Nature, Earth and Energy (INTE-PUCP), Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Av. Universitaria, 1801, Lima, 15088, Peru.
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Abstract
The intra-/intercellular homeostasis of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and especially of superoxides (O2.-) and hydrogen peroxide (O2.-) participate in signalling cascades which dictate developmental processes and reactions to biotic/abiotic stresses. Polyamine oxidases terminally oxidize/back convert polyamines generating H2O2. Recently, an NADPH-oxidase/Polyamine oxidase feedback loop was identified to control oxidative burst under salinity. Thus, the real-time localization/monitoring of ROS in specific cells, such as the guard cells, can be of great interest. Here we present a detailed description of the real-time in vivo monitoring of ROS in the guard cells using H2O2- and O2.- specific fluorescing probes, which can be used for studying ROS accumulation generated from any source, including the amine oxidases-dependent pathway, during development and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ky Young Park
- Department of Biology, Sunchon National University, 57922, Chonnam, South Korea
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Carpéné C, Garcia-Vicente S, Serrano M, Marti L, Belles C, Royo M, Galitzky J, Zorzano A, Testar X. Insulin-mimetic compound hexaquis (benzylammonium) decavanadate is antilipolytic in human fat cells. World J Diabetes 2017; 8:143-153. [PMID: 28465791 PMCID: PMC5394734 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v8.i4.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess in rodent and human adipocytes the antilipolytic capacity of hexaquis(benzylammonium) decavanadate (B6V10), previously shown to exert antidiabetic effects in rodent models, such as lowering free fatty acids (FFA) and glucose circulating levels.
METHODS Adipose tissue (AT) samples were obtained after informed consent from overweight women undergoing plastic surgery. Comparison of the effects of B6V10 and reference antilipolytic agents (insulin, benzylamine, vanadate) on the lipolytic activity was performed on adipocytes freshly isolated from rat, mouse and human AT. Glycerol release was measured using colorimetric assay as an index of lipolytic activity. The influence of B6V10 and reference agents on glucose transport into human fat cells was determined using the radiolabelled 2-deoxyglucose uptake assay.
RESULTS In all the species studied, B6V10 exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of adipocyte lipolysis when triglyceride breakdown was moderately enhanced by β-adrenergic receptor stimulation. B6V10 exerted on human adipocyte a maximal lipolysis inhibition of glycerol release that was stronger than that elicited by insulin. However, B6V10 did not inhibit basal and maximally stimulated lipolysis. When incubated at dose ≥ 10 μmol/L, B6V10 stimulated by twofold the glucose uptake in human fat cells, but - similarly to benzylamine - without reaching the maximal effect of insulin, while it reproduced one-half of the insulin-stimulation of lipogenesis in mouse fat cells.
CONCLUSION B6V10 exerts insulin-like actions in adipocytes, including lipolysis inhibition and glucose transport activation. B6V10 may be useful in limiting lipotoxicity related to obesity and insulin resistance.
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Les F, Deleruyelle S, Cassagnes LE, Boutin JA, Balogh B, Arbones-Mainar JM, Biron S, Marceau P, Richard D, Nepveu F, Mauriège P, Carpéné C. Piceatannol and resveratrol share inhibitory effects on hydrogen peroxide release, monoamine oxidase and lipogenic activities in adipose tissue, but differ in their antilipolytic properties. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 258:115-25. [PMID: 27475863 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Piceatannol is a hydroxylated derivative of resveratrol. While both dietary polyphenols coexist in edible plants and fruits, and share equivalent concentrations in several wines, the influence of piceatannol on adiposity has been less studied than that of resveratrol. Though resveratrol is now recognized to limit fat deposition in various obesity models, the benefit of its dietary supplementation remains under debate regarding human obesity treatment or prevention. The research for more potent resveratrol analogs is therefore still undergoing. This prompted us to compare various effects of piceatannol and resveratrol directly on human adipose tissue (hAT). Hydrogen peroxide release was measured by Amplex Red-based fluorescence in subcutaneous hAT samples from obese patients. Interactions of stilbenes with human amine oxidases and quinone reductase were assessed by radiometric methods, computational docking and electron paramagnetic resonance. Influences on lipogenic and lipolytic activities were compared in mouse adipocytes. Resveratrol and piceatannol inhibited monoamine oxidase (MAO) with respective IC50 of 18.5 and 133.7 μM, but not semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) in hAT. For both stilbenes, the docking scores were better for MAO than for SSAO. Piceatannol and resveratrol similarly hampered hydrogen peroxide detection in assays with and without hAT, while they shared pro-oxidant activities when incubated with purified quinone reductase. They exhibited similar dose-dependent inhibition of adipocyte lipogenic activity. Only piceatannol inhibited basal and stimulated lipolysis when incubated at a dose ≥100 μM. Thus, piceatannol exerted on fat cells dose-dependent effects similar to those of resveratrol, except for a stronger antilipolytic action. In this regard, piceatannol should be useful in limiting the lipotoxicity related to obesity when ingested or administered alone - or might hamper the fat mobilization induced by resveratrol when simultaneously administered with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Les
- Instit. Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, I2MC, INSERM U1048, Instit. National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Toulouse, France; Dpt. of Pharmacy, Fac. Health Sciences, Univ. San Jorge, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Simon Deleruyelle
- Instit. Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, I2MC, INSERM U1048, Instit. National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Toulouse, France; I2MC, CHU Rangueil, Univ. Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Jean A Boutin
- Dpt. de Biotechnologie, Chimie & Biologie, Instit. de Recherches Servier, Croissy sur Seine, France
| | - Balázs Balogh
- Dpt. of Organic Chemistry, Semmelweiss Univ., Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Simon Biron
- Dpt. of Surgery, Fac. Medicine, Laval Univ., CRIUCPQ, Québec, Canada
| | - Picard Marceau
- Dpt. of Surgery, Fac. Medicine, Laval Univ., CRIUCPQ, Québec, Canada
| | - Denis Richard
- Dpt. of Physiology, Fac. Medicine, Laval Univ., CRIUCPQ, Québec, Canada
| | - Françoise Nepveu
- Univ. of Toulouse, PHARMA-DEV, Univ. Paul Sabatier & IRD, Toulouse, France
| | - Pascale Mauriège
- Dpt. of Kinesiology, Fac. Medicine, Laval Univ., CRIUCPQ, Québec, Canada
| | - Christian Carpéné
- Instit. Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, I2MC, INSERM U1048, Instit. National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Toulouse, France; I2MC, CHU Rangueil, Univ. Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
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