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Jones JL, Sabaté J, Heskey C, Oda K, Miles F, Rajaram S. Macadamia nut effects on cardiometabolic risk factors: a randomised trial. J Nutr Sci 2023; 12:e55. [PMID: 37180485 PMCID: PMC10173088 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2023.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We sought to examine the effects of daily consumption of macadamia nuts on body weight and composition, plasma lipids and glycaemic parameters in a free-living environment in overweight and obese adults at elevated cardiometabolic risk. Utilising a randomised cross-over design, thirty-five adults with abdominal obesity consumed their usual diet plus macadamia nuts (~15 % of daily calories) for 8 weeks (intervention) and their usual diet without nuts for 8 weeks (control), with a 2-week washout. Body composition was determined by bioelectrical impedance; dietary intake was assessed with 24-h dietary recalls. Consumption of macadamia nuts led to increased total fat and MUFA intake while SFA intake was unaltered. With mixed model regression analysis, no significant changes in mean weight, BMI, waist circumference, percent body fat or glycaemic parameters, and non-significant reductions in plasma total cholesterol of 2⋅1 % (-4⋅3 mg/dl; 95 % CI -14⋅8, 6⋅1) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) of 4 % (-4⋅7 mg/dl; 95 % CI -14⋅3, 4⋅8) were observed. Cholesterol-lowering effects were modified by adiposity: greater lipid lowering occurred in those with overweight v. obesity, and in those with less than the median percent body fat. Daily consumption of macadamia nuts does not lead to gains in weight or body fat under free-living conditions in overweight or obese adults; non-significant cholesterol lowering occurred without altering saturated fat intake of similar magnitude to cholesterol lowering seen with other nuts. Clinical Trial Registry Number and Website: NCT03801837 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03801837?term = macadamia + nut&draw = 2&rank = 1.
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Key Words
- % Body fat, percent body fat
- Adiposity
- Apo A1, apoprotein A1
- Apo B, apoprotein B
- BFM, body fat mass
- Body composition
- CV, coefficient of variation
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- Cholesterol
- DLM, dry lean mass
- HOMA2, homeostasis model assessment 2
- IR, insulin resistance
- LBM, lean body mass
- LDL-C
- Mac, macadamia nuts
- Macadamia nuts
- Palmitoleic acid
- SMM, skeletal muscle mass
- TAG, triacylglycerol
- TBW, total body water
- TC, total cholesterol
- TEE, total energy expenditure
- VLDL,, very low-density lipoprotein
- WC, waist circumference
- oxLDL, oxidised LDL
- sdLDL, small dense low-density lipoprotein
- se, standard error
- sem, standard error of the mean
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie L. Jones
- School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Joan Sabaté
- School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Celine Heskey
- School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Keiji Oda
- School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Fayth Miles
- School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Sujatha Rajaram
- School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Corresponding author: Sujatha Rajaram, email
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Saeidifard F, Medina-Inojosa JR, Supervia M, Olson TP, Somers VK, Prokop LJ, Stokin GB, Lopez-Jimenez F. The Effect of Replacing Sitting With Standing on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes 2020; 4:611-626. [PMID: 33367205 PMCID: PMC7749276 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2020.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effect of replacing sitting with standing on cardiovascular risk factors tested in clinical trials. Methods We searched databases from inception up to August 28, 2019, for studies examining the effect of replacing sitting with standing on fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, and lipid levels; blood pressure; body fat mass; weight; and waist circumference in healthy adults. Differences in mean ± SD values were used for pooling the data and calculating the mean differences and CIs. Results The search found 3507 abstracts. Nine clinical trials (8 randomized and 1 nonrandomized) with 877 (64.4% [n=565] women) participants met all inclusion criteria. The mean ± SD age was 45.34±5.41 years; mean follow-up was 3.81 months, and mean difference in standing time between the intervention and control groups was 1.33 hours per day. The follow-up fasting blood glucose and body fat mass values were slightly but significantly lower than baseline records in the intervention groups compared with control groups (−2.53; 95% CI, −4.27 to −0.79 mg/dL; and −0.75; 95% CI, −0.91 to −0.59 kg). The analysis for fasting insulin levels, lipid levels, blood pressure, weight, and waist circumference revealed no significant differences. Conclusion Replacing sitting with standing can result in very small but statistically significant decreases in fasting blood glucose levels and body fat mass with no significant effect on lipid levels, blood pressure, weight, and waist circumference. Replacing sitting with standing can be used as an adjunctive intervention to decrease the burden of cardiovascular risk factors but cannot be used as an alternative to physical activity to decrease sedentary time.
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Key Words
- BFM, body fat mass
- BMI, body mass index
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- FBG, fasting blood glucose
- FI, fasting insulin
- HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triglycerides
- WC, waist circumference
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzane Saeidifard
- Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
- Department of Medicine, Northwell Health, The Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New York, NY
| | - Jose R. Medina-Inojosa
- Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Marta Supervia
- Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
- Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas P. Olson
- Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Virend K. Somers
- Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Gorazd B. Stokin
- International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Francisco Lopez-Jimenez
- Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
- Correspondence: Address to Francisco Lopez-Jimenez, MD, MSc, Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905. @preventingCVD
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Hookey TJ, Backus RC, Wara AM. Effects of body fat mass and therapeutic weight loss on vitamin D status in privately owned adult dogs. J Nutr Sci 2018; 7:e17. [PMID: 29721315 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2018.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
More than one-third of humans and companion dogs in Western societies are overweight or obese. In people, vitamin D deficiency is widespread and associated with obesity, a now recognised inflammatory state. Low vitamin D status occurs in dogs with inflammatory conditions, but its relationship with obesity has not been investigated. In otherwise healthy privately owned adult dogs of ideal body condition (control, n 7) and dogs with overweight to obese body condition (treatment, n 8), serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration and body composition as inferred from 2H-labelled water dilution space were evaluated. Subsequently, the dogs were transitioned to a commercial canine therapeutic weight-loss diet; control dogs were fed to maintain body weight and treatment dogs were energy-restricted to achieve a safe weight-loss rate. Thereafter, serum 25(OH)D concentration was re-evaluated 8 weeks after diet transition, and at the study end, which was 6 months or when ideal body condition was achieved. At study end, body composition analysis was repeated. Initial body condition scores and percentage body fat were positively correlated (ρ = 0·891; P < 0·001). However, percentage body fat and serum 25(OH)D concentration were not significantly correlated. Final serum 25(OH)D concentrations were greater (P < 0·05) than initial concentrations for control and treatment groups, indicating a diet but not weight-loss effect on vitamin D status. These findings suggest that vitamin D status of dogs is not affected by obesity or loss of body fat with therapeutic weight reduction.
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Key Words
- 24,25(OH)2D3, 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
- 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D
- 25(OH)D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3
- 25-Hydroxyvitamin D
- Adiposity
- BCS, body condition score
- BF%, body fat percentage
- BF, body fat
- BFM, body fat mass
- BLM, body lean mass
- BW, body weight
- Canine weight loss
- Cholecalciferol
- NRC RA, National Research Council recommended allowance
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Martin LJ, Lutz TA, Daumas C, Bleis P, Nguyen P, Biourge V, Dumon HJ. Acute hormonal response to glucose, lipids and arginine infusion in overweight cats. J Nutr Sci 2014; 3:e8. [PMID: 25191616 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2014.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In cats, the incidence of obesity and diabetes is increasing, and little is known about
specific aspects of the endocrine control of food intake in this species. Recent data
suggest that ghrelin has an important role in the control of insulin secretion and vice
versa, but this role has never been demonstrated in cats. Here we aimed to improve our
understanding about the relationship between insulin, amylin and ghrelin secretion in
response to a nutrient load in overweight cats. After a 16 h fast, weekly, six overweight
male cats underwent randomly one of the four testing sessions: saline, glucose, arginine
and TAG. All solutions were isoenergetic and isovolumic, and were injected intravenously
as a bolus. Glucose, insulin, acylated ghrelin (AG), amylin and prolactin were assayed in
plasma before and 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 min after the nutrient load. A linear
mixed-effects model was used to assess the effect of bolus and time on the parameters. A
parenteral bolus of glucose or arginine increased insulin and ghrelin concentrations in
cats. Except for with the TAG bolus, no suppression of ghrelin was observed. The absence
of AG suppression after the intravenous load of arginine and glucose may suggest: (1) that
some nutrients do not promote satiation in overweight cats; or that (2) AG may be involved
in non-homeostatic consumption mechanisms. However, the role of ghrelin in food reward
remains to be assessed in cats.
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