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Yadav AK, Basavegowda N, Shirin S, Raju S, Sekar R, Somu P, Uthappa UT, Abdi G. Emerging Trends of Gold Nanostructures for Point-of-Care Biosensor-Based Detection of COVID-19. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-024-01157-y. [PMID: 38703305 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-024-01157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
In 2019, a worldwide pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged. SARS-CoV-2 is the deadly microorganism responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has caused millions of deaths and irreversible health problems worldwide. To restrict the spread of SARS-CoV-2, accurate detection of COVID-19 is essential for the identification and control of infected cases. Although recent detection technologies such as the real-time polymerase chain reaction delivers an accurate diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2, they require a long processing duration, expensive equipment, and highly skilled personnel. Therefore, a rapid diagnosis with accurate results is indispensable to offer effective disease suppression. Nanotechnology is the backbone of current science and technology developments including nanoparticles (NPs) that can biomimic the corona and develop deep interaction with its proteins because of their identical structures on the nanoscale. Various NPs have been extensively applied in numerous medical applications, including implants, biosensors, drug delivery, and bioimaging. Among them, point-of-care biosensors mediated with gold nanoparticles (GNPSs) have received great attention due to their accurate sensing characteristics, which are widely used in the detection of amino acids, enzymes, DNA, and RNA in samples. GNPS have reconstructed the biomedical application of biosensors because of its outstanding physicochemical characteristics. This review provides an overview of emerging trends in GNP-mediated point-of-care biosensor strategies for diagnosing various mutated forms of human coronaviruses that incorporate different transducers and biomarkers. The review also specifically highlights trends in gold nanobiosensors for coronavirus detection, ranging from the initial COVID-19 outbreak to its subsequent evolution into a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, 413310, Taiwan
- Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Nagaraj Basavegowda
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38451, Republic of Korea
| | - Saba Shirin
- Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Vocational Studies and Applied Sciences, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, 201312, India
| | - Shiji Raju
- Bioengineering and Nano Medicine Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33720, Tampere, Finland
| | - Rajkumar Sekar
- Department of Chemistry, Karpaga Vinayaga College of Engineering and Technology, GST Road, Chinna Kolambakkam, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, 603308, India
| | - Prathap Somu
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, School of Civil, Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Dehmi Kalan, Off. Jaipur-Ajmeer Expressway, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303007, India.
| | - U T Uthappa
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Bioengineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - Gholamreza Abdi
- Department of Biotechnology, Persian Gulf Research Institute, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, 75169, Iran.
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Abubakar H, Al-Turjman F, Ameen ZS, Mubarak AS, Altrjman C. A hybridized feature extraction for COVID-19 multi-class classification on computed tomography images. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26939. [PMID: 38463848 PMCID: PMC10920381 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has killed more than 5 million individuals worldwide within a short time. It is caused by SARS-CoV-2 which continuously mutates and produces more transmissible new different strains. It is therefore of great significance to diagnose COVID-19 early to curb its spread and reduce the death rate. Owing to the COVID-19 pandemic, traditional diagnostic methods such as reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) are ineffective for diagnosis. Medical imaging is among the most effective techniques of respiratory disorders detection through machine learning and deep learning. However, conventional machine learning methods depend on extracted and engineered features, whereby the optimum features influence the classifier's performance. In this study, Histogram of Oriented Gradient (HOG) and eight deep learning models were utilized for feature extraction while K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN) and Support Vector Machines (SVM) were used for classification. A combined feature of HOG and deep learning feature was proposed to improve the performance of the classifiers. VGG-16 + HOG achieved 99.4 overall accuracy with SVM. This indicates that our proposed concatenated feature can enhance the SVM classifier's performance in COVID-19 detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassana Abubakar
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Near East University, Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Fadi Al-Turjman
- Artificial Intelligence Engineering Department, AI and Robotics Institute, Near East University, Mersin 10, Turkey
- Research Center for AI and IoT, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kyrenia, Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Zubaida S. Ameen
- Operational Research Center in Healthcare, Near East University, Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Auwalu S. Mubarak
- Operational Research Center in Healthcare, Near East University, Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Chadi Altrjman
- Waterloo University, 200 University Avenue West. Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Hassan SAZ. An AI healthcare ecosystem framework for Covid-19 detection and forecasting using CronaSona. Med Biol Eng Comput 2024:10.1007/s11517-024-03058-3. [PMID: 38472600 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-024-03058-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The primary purpose of this paper is to establish a healthcare ecosystem framework for COVID-19, CronaSona. Unlike some studies that focus solely on detection or forecasting, CronaSona aims to provide a holistic solution, for managing data and/or knowledge, incorporating detection, forecasting, expert advice, treatment recommendations, real-time tracking, and finally visualizing results. The innovation lies in creating a comprehensive healthcare ecosystem framework and an application that not only aids in COVID-19 diagnosis but also addresses broader health challenges. The main objective is to introduce a novel framework designed to simplify the development and construction of applications by standardizing essential components required for applications focused on addressing diseases. CronaSona includes two parts, which are stakeholders and shared components, and four subsystems: (1) the management information subsystem, (2) the expert subsystem, (3) the COVID-19 detection and forecasting subsystem, and (4) the mobile tracker subsystem. In the proposed framework, a CronaSona app. was built to try to put the virus under control. It is a reactive mobile application for all users, especially COVID-19 patients and doctors. It aims to provide a reliable diagnostic tool for COVID-19 using deep learning techniques, accelerating diagnosis and referral processes, and focuses on forecasting the transmission of COVID-19. It also includes a mobile tracker subsystem for monitoring potential carriers and minimizing the virus spread. It was built to compete with other applications and to help people face the COVID-19 virus. Upon receiving the proposed framework, an application was developed to validate and test the framework's functionalities. The main aim of the developed application, CronaSona app., is to develop and test a reliable diagnostic tool using deep learning techniques to avoid increasing the spread of the disease as much as possible and to accelerate the diagnosis and referral of patients by detecting COVID-19 features from their chest X-ray images. By using CronaSona, human health is saved and stress is reduced by knowing everything about the virus. It performs with the highest accuracy, F1-score, and precision, with consecutive values of 97%, 97.6%, and 96.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah A Z Hassan
- Information System Department, Faculty of Computers & Information, Suez University, Suez, Egypt.
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4
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Vaeth MJE, Cheema M, Omer S, Gupta I, Sun KJ, Mitchell A, Elhabashy M, Foyez M, Cheema A, Javed B, Purekal S, Rahat R, Michtalik H, Locke C, Kantsiper M, Campbell JD, Hammershaimb EA, Manabe YC, Robinson ML, Johnson JK, Wilson LE, Callahan CW, Siddiqui ZK. Self-administered versus clinician-performed BinaxNOW COVID rapid test: a comparison of accuracy. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0252523. [PMID: 38349164 PMCID: PMC10913369 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02525-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
We conducted a single-center study at a free community testing site in Baltimore City to assess the accuracy of self-performed rapid antigen tests (RATs) for COVID-19. Self-administered BinaxNOW RATs were compared with clinician-performed RATs and against a reference lab molecular testing as the gold standard. Of the 953 participants, 14.9% were positive for SARS- CoV-2 as determined by RT-PCR. The sensitivity and specificity were similar for both self- and clinician-performed RATs (sensitivity: 83.9% vs 88.2%, P = 0.40; specificity: 99.8% vs 99.6%, P = 0.6). Subgroup comparisons based on age and race yielded similar results. Notably, 5.2% (95% CI: 1.5% to 9.5%) of positive results were potentially missed due to participant misinterpretation of the self-test card. However, the false-positive rate for RATs was reassuringly comparable in accuracy to clinician-administered tests. These findings hold significant implications for physicians prescribing treatment based on patient-reported, self-administered positive test results. Our study provides robust evidence supporting the reliability and utility of patient-performed RATs, underscoring their comparable accuracy to clinician-performed RATs, and endorsing their continued use in managing COVID-19. Further studies using other rapid antigen test brands are warranted.IMPORTANCEAccurate and accessible COVID-19 testing is crucial for effective disease control and management. A recent single-center study conducted in Baltimore City examined the reliability of self-performed rapid antigen tests (RATs) for COVID-19. The study found that self-administered RATs yielded similar sensitivity and specificity to clinician-performed tests, demonstrating their comparable accuracy. These findings hold significant implications for physicians relying on patient-reported positive test results for treatment decisions. The study provides robust evidence supporting the reliability and utility of patient-performed RATs, endorsing their continued use in managing COVID-19. Furthermore, the study highlights the need for further research using different rapid antigen test brands to enhance generalizability. Ensuring affordable and widespread access to self-tests is crucial, particularly in preparation for future respiratory virus seasons and potential waves of reinfection of SARS-CoV-2 variants such as the Omicron variant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minahil Cheema
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah Omer
- Baltimore Convention Center Field Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ishaan Gupta
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristie J. Sun
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Asia Mitchell
- Baltimore Convention Center Field Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maryam Elhabashy
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maisha Foyez
- Baltimore Convention Center Field Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aamna Cheema
- University of Maryland College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Binish Javed
- Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sophia Purekal
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Resham Rahat
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Henry Michtalik
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Charles Locke
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Melinda Kantsiper
- Division of Hospital Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James D. Campbell
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - E. Adrianne Hammershaimb
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yukari C. Manabe
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew L. Robinson
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - J. Kristie Johnson
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lucy E. Wilson
- Baltimore Convention Center Field Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - CONQUER COVID Consortium
- Baltimore Convention Center Field Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- University of Maryland College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
- Division of Hospital Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zishan K. Siddiqui
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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5
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Karthick S, Gomathi N. IoT-based COVID-19 detection using recalling-enhanced recurrent neural network optimized with golden eagle optimization algorithm. Med Biol Eng Comput 2024; 62:925-940. [PMID: 38095786 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-023-02973-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
New potential for healthcare has been made possible by the development of the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) with deep learning. This is applied for a broad range of applications. Normal medical devices together with sensors can gather important data when connected to the Internet, and deep learning uses this data to reveal symptoms and patterns and activate remote care. In recent years, the COVID-19 pandemic caused more mortality. Millions of people have been affected by this virus, and the number of infections is continually rising daily. To detect COVID-19, researchers attempt to utilize medical imaging and deep learning-based methods. Several methodologies were suggested utilizing chest X-ray (CXR) images for COVID-19 diagnosis. But these methodologies do not provide satisfactory accuracy. To overcome these drawbacks, a recalling-enhanced recurrent neural network optimized with golden eagle optimization algorithm (RERNN-GEO) is proposed in this paper. The intention of this work is to provide IoT-based deep learning method for the premature identification of COVID-19. This paradigm can be able to ease the workload of radiologists and medical specialists and also help with pandemic control. RERNN-GEO is a deep learning-based method; this is utilized in chest X-ray (CXR) images for COVID-19 diagnosis. Here, the Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix (GLCM) window adaptive algorithm is used for extracting features to enable accurate diagnosis. By utilizing this algorithm, the proposed method attains better accuracy (33.84%, 28.93%, and 33.03%) and lower execution time (11.06%, 33.26%, and 23.33%) compared with the existing methods. This method can be capable of helping the clinician/radiologist to validate the initial assessment related to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthick S
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Delhi - NCR Campus, Ghaziabad, India.
| | - Gomathi N
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600062, India
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6
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Rufino J, Ramírez JM, Aguilar J, Baquero C, Champati J, Frey D, Lillo RE, Fernández-Anta A. Performance and explainability of feature selection-boosted tree-based classifiers for COVID-19 detection. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23219. [PMID: 38170121 PMCID: PMC10758803 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we evaluate the performance and analyze the explainability of machine learning models boosted by feature selection in predicting COVID-19-positive cases from self-reported information. In essence, this work describes a methodology to identify COVID-19 infections that considers the large amount of information collected by the University of Maryland Global COVID-19 Trends and Impact Survey (UMD-CTIS). More precisely, this methodology performs a feature selection stage based on the recursive feature elimination (RFE) method to reduce the number of input variables without compromising detection accuracy. A tree-based supervised machine learning model is then optimized with the selected features to detect COVID-19-active cases. In contrast to previous approaches that use a limited set of selected symptoms, the proposed approach builds the detection engine considering a broad range of features including self-reported symptoms, local community information, vaccination acceptance, and isolation measures, among others. To implement the methodology, three different supervised classifiers were used: random forests (RF), light gradient boosting (LGB), and extreme gradient boosting (XGB). Based on data collected from the UMD-CTIS, we evaluated the detection performance of the methodology for four countries (Brazil, Canada, Japan, and South Africa) and two periods (2020 and 2021). The proposed approach was assessed in terms of various quality metrics: F1-score, sensitivity, specificity, precision, receiver operating characteristic (ROC), and area under the ROC curve (AUC). This work also shows the normalized daily incidence curves obtained by the proposed approach for the four countries. Finally, we perform an explainability analysis using Shapley values and feature importance to determine the relevance of each feature and the corresponding contribution for each country and each country/year.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jose Aguilar
- IMDEA Networks Institute, 28918, Madrid, Spain
- CEMISID, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, 5101, Venezuela
- CIDITIC, Universidad EAFIT, Medellín, Colombia
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7
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Gunasinghe Pattiya Arachchillage KG, Chandra S, Williams A, Rangan S, Piscitelli P, Florence L, Ghosal Gupta S, Artes Vivancos JM. A single-molecule RNA electrical biosensor for COVID-19. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 239:115624. [PMID: 37639885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic shows a critical need for rapid, inexpensive, and ultrasensitive early detection methods based on biomarker analysis to reduce mortality rates by containing the spread of epidemics. This can be achieved through the electrical detection of nucleic acids at the single-molecule level. In particular, the scanning tunneling microscopic-assisted break junction (STM-BJ) method can be utilized to detect individual nucleic acid molecules with high specificity and sensitivity in liquid samples. Here, we demonstrate single-molecule electrical detection of RNA coronavirus biomarkers, including those of SARS-CoV-2 as well as those of different variants and subvariants. Our target sequences include a conserved sequence in the human coronavirus family, a conserved target specific for the SARS-CoV-2 family, and specific targets at the variant and subvariant levels. Our results demonstrate that it is possible to distinguish between different variants of the COVID-19 virus using electrical conductance signals, as recently suggested by theoretical approaches. Our results pave the way for future miniaturized single-molecule electrical biosensors that could be game changers for infectious diseases and other public health applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Subrata Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, 01854, MA, USA
| | - Ajoke Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, 01854, MA, USA
| | - Srijith Rangan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, 01854, MA, USA
| | - Patrick Piscitelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, 01854, MA, USA
| | - Lily Florence
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, 01854, MA, USA
| | | | - Juan M Artes Vivancos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, 01854, MA, USA.
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Ahmed ST, Basha SM, Venkatesan M, Mathivanan SK, Mallik S, Alsubaie N, Alqahtani MS. TVFx - CoVID-19 X-Ray images classification approach using neural networks based feature thresholding technique. BMC Med Imaging 2023; 23:146. [PMID: 37784025 PMCID: PMC10544389 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-023-01100-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, the global pandemic of twenty-first century, has caused major challenges and setbacks for researchers and medical infrastructure worldwide. The CoVID-19 influences on the patients respiratory system cause flooding of airways in the lungs. Multiple techniques have been proposed since the outbreak each of which is interdepended on features and larger training datasets. It is challenging scenario to consolidate larger datasets for accurate and reliable decision support. This research article proposes a chest X-Ray images classification approach based on feature thresholding in categorizing the CoVID-19 samples. The proposed approach uses the threshold value-based Feature Extraction (TVFx) technique and has been validated on 661-CoVID-19 X-Ray datasets in providing decision support for medical experts. The model has three layers of training datasets to attain a sequential pattern based on various learning features. The aligned feature-set of the proposed technique has successfully categorized CoVID-19 active samples into mild, serious, and extreme categories as per medical standards. The proposed technique has achieved an accuracy of 97.42% in categorizing and classifying given samples sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Thouheed Ahmed
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad., Hyderabad, India
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru, India
| | - Syed Muzamil Basha
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, REVA University, Bengaluru, India
| | - Muthukumaran Venkatesan
- Department of Mathematics, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu, 603203, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Mathivanan
- School of Computing Science & Engineering, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 203201, India.
| | - Saurav Mallik
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
| | - Najah Alsubaie
- Department of Computer Sciences, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed S Alqahtani
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
- BioImaging Unit, Space Research Centre, University of Leicester, Michael Atiyah Building, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
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9
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Hu S, Li Y, Dong B, Tang Z, Zhou B, Wang Y, Sun L, Xu L, Wang L, Zhang X, Alifu N, Sun L, Song H. Highly hydrostable and flexible opal photonic crystal film for enhanced up-conversion fluorescence sensor of COVID-19 antibody. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 237:115484. [PMID: 37352761 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Efficient detection of related markers is significant for the early screening of COVID-19. Near infrared (NIR) light excited up-conversion fluorescence probes are ideal for biosensing but limited by the low luminescence efficiency. In this work, a novel highly stable opal photonic crystal (OPC) structure was designed to provide an OPC effect for up-conversion fluorescence enhancement, and sensitive Novel Coronavirus IgG up-conversion FRET-based sensor was further constructed. For the problems of water stability and mechanical stability of polymer OPC which cannot be solved for a long time, polymer spray combined with a flipped OPC film strategy is presented. Fragmented size OPC film was firmly fixed by polymer modification layer, which gave large size OPC film great water stability, mechanical stability and bending performance without affecting the fluorescence enhancement property. On this basis, the up-conversion emission intensity was enhanced significantly, and fluorescence resonant energy transfer (FRET) based Novel Coronavirus IgG antibody sensor was constructed. Monolayer up-conversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) on the surface of the polydopamine (PDA)/OPC film can make the fluorescent signal more sensitive, and effectively reduce the detection limit. The test device integrating NIR excitation and mobile phone realized the visual fast detection, showing remarkable sensing performance for COVID-19 antibodies with the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.1 ng mL-1. This detection platform will provide a more effective tool for early detection of the novel coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Hu
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Yige Li
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Biao Dong
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, PR China.
| | - Zixin Tang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Bingshuai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Liheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Lin Xu
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Xueliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia School of Medical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, PR China
| | - Nuernisha Alifu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia School of Medical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, PR China.
| | - Liankun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Hongwei Song
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, PR China.
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10
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Hasasneh A, Hijazi H, Talib MA, Afadar Y, Nassif AB, Nasir Q. Wearable Devices and Explainable Unsupervised Learning for COVID-19 Detection and Monitoring. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3071. [PMID: 37835814 PMCID: PMC10572947 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13193071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the declining COVID-19 cases, global healthcare systems still face significant challenges due to ongoing infections, especially among fully vaccinated individuals, including adolescents and young adults (AYA). To tackle this issue, cost-effective alternatives utilizing technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI) and wearable devices have emerged for disease screening, diagnosis, and monitoring. However, many AI solutions in this context heavily rely on supervised learning techniques, which pose challenges such as human labeling reliability and time-consuming data annotation. In this study, we propose an innovative unsupervised framework that leverages smartwatch data to detect and monitor COVID-19 infections. We utilize longitudinal data, including heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), and physical activity measured via step count, collected through the continuous monitoring of volunteers. Our goal is to offer effective and affordable solutions for COVID-19 detection and monitoring. Our unsupervised framework employs interpretable clusters of normal and abnormal measures, facilitating disease progression detection. Additionally, we enhance result interpretation by leveraging the language model Davinci GPT-3 to gain deeper insights into the underlying data patterns and relationships. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of unsupervised learning, achieving a Silhouette score of 0.55. Furthermore, validation using supervised learning techniques yields high accuracy (0.884 ± 0.005), precision (0.80 ± 0.112), and recall (0.817 ± 0.037). These promising findings indicate the potential of unsupervised techniques for identifying inflammatory markers, contributing to the development of efficient and reliable COVID-19 detection and monitoring methods. Our study shows the capabilities of AI and wearables, reflecting the pursuit of low-cost, accessible solutions for addressing health challenges related to inflammatory diseases, thereby opening new avenues for scalable and widely applicable health monitoring solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Hasasneh
- Department of Natural, Engineering, and Technology Sciences, Faculty of Graduate Studies, Arab American University, Ramallah P-600-699, Palestine;
| | - Haytham Hijazi
- Department of Informatics Engineering, CISUC-Centre for Informatics and Systems of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
- Intelligent Systems Department, Palestine Ahliya University, Bethlehem P-150-199, Palestine
| | - Manar Abu Talib
- College of Computing and Informatics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.T.); (Y.A.); (A.B.N.); (Q.N.)
| | - Yaman Afadar
- College of Computing and Informatics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.T.); (Y.A.); (A.B.N.); (Q.N.)
| | - Ali Bou Nassif
- College of Computing and Informatics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.T.); (Y.A.); (A.B.N.); (Q.N.)
| | - Qassim Nasir
- College of Computing and Informatics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.T.); (Y.A.); (A.B.N.); (Q.N.)
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11
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Shaheed K, Abbas Q, Hussain A, Qureshi I. Optimized Xception Learning Model and XgBoost Classifier for Detection of Multiclass Chest Disease from X-ray Images. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2583. [PMID: 37568946 PMCID: PMC10416977 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13152583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) scans, or radiographic images, were used to aid in the early diagnosis of patients and detect normal and abnormal lung function in the human chest. However, the diagnosis of lungs infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was made more accurately from CT scan data than from a swab test. This study uses human chest radiography pictures to identify and categorize normal lungs, lung opacities, COVID-19-infected lungs, and viral pneumonia (often called pneumonia). In the past, several CAD systems using image processing, ML/DL, and other forms of machine learning have been developed. However, those CAD systems did not provide a general solution, required huge hyper-parameters, and were computationally inefficient to process huge datasets. Moreover, the DL models required high computational complexity, which requires a huge memory cost, and the complexity of the experimental materials' backgrounds, which makes it difficult to train an efficient model. To address these issues, we developed the Inception module, which was improved to recognize and detect four classes of Chest X-ray in this research by substituting the original convolutions with an architecture based on modified-Xception (m-Xception). In addition, the model incorporates depth-separable convolution layers within the convolution layer, interlinked by linear residuals. The model's training utilized a two-stage transfer learning process to produce an effective model. Finally, we used the XgBoost classifier to recognize multiple classes of chest X-rays. To evaluate the m-Xception model, the 1095 dataset was converted using a data augmentation technique into 48,000 X-ray images, including 12,000 normal, 12,000 pneumonia, 12,000 COVID-19 images, and 12,000 lung opacity images. To balance these classes, we used a data augmentation technique. Using public datasets with three distinct train-test divisions (80-20%, 70-30%, and 60-40%) to evaluate our work, we attained an average of 96.5% accuracy, 96% F1 score, 96% recall, and 96% precision. A comparative analysis demonstrates that the m-Xception method outperforms comparable existing methods. The results of the experiments indicate that the proposed approach is intended to assist radiologists in better diagnosing different lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashif Shaheed
- Department of Multimedia Systems, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunication and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Qaisar Abbas
- College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ayyaz Hussain
- Department of Computer Science, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Imran Qureshi
- College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia;
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12
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Hussein HI, Mohammed AO, Hassan MM, Mstafa RJ. Lightweight deep CNN-based models for early detection of COVID-19 patients from chest X-ray images. Expert Syst Appl 2023; 223:119900. [PMID: 36969370 PMCID: PMC10023206 DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2023.119900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hundreds of millions of people worldwide have recently been infected by the novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), causing significant damage to the health, economy, and welfare of the world's population. Moreover, the unprecedented number of patients with COVID-19 has placed a massive burden on healthcare centers, making timely and rapid diagnosis challenging. A crucial step in minimizing the impact of such problems is to automatically detect infected patients and place them under special care as quickly as possible. Deep learning algorithms, such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), can be used to meet this need. Despite the desired results, most of the existing deep learning-based models were built on millions of parameters (weights), which are not applicable to devices with limited resources. Inspired by such fact, in this research, we developed two new lightweight CNN-based diagnostic models for the automatic and early detection of COVID-19 subjects from chest X-ray images. The first model was built for binary classification (COVID-19 and Normal), whereas the second one was built for multiclass classification (COVID-19, viral pneumonia, or normal). The proposed models were tested on a relatively large dataset of chest X-ray images, and the results showed that the accuracy rates of the 2- and 3-class-based classification models are 98.55% and 96.83%, respectively. The results also revealed that our models achieved competitive performance compared with the existing heavyweight models while significantly reducing cost and memory requirements for computing resources. With these findings, we can indicate that our models are helpful to clinicians in making insightful diagnoses of COVID-19 and are potentially easily deployable on devices with limited computational power and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haval I Hussein
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, University of Zakho. Zakho, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Abdulhakeem O Mohammed
- Department of Information Technology Management, Technical College of Administration, Duhok Polytechnic University, Duhok, Iraq
| | - Masoud M Hassan
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, University of Zakho. Zakho, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Ramadhan J Mstafa
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, University of Zakho. Zakho, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- Department of Computer Science, College of Science, Nawroz University, Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
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13
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JavadiMoghaddam S. A novel framework based on deep learning for COVID-19 diagnosis from X-ray images. PeerJ Comput Sci 2023; 9:e1375. [PMID: 37346600 PMCID: PMC10280393 DOI: 10.7717/peerj-cs.1375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Background The coronavirus infection has endangered human health because of the high speed of the outbreak. A rapid and accurate diagnosis of the infection is essential to avoid further spread. Due to the cost of diagnostic kits and the availability of radiology equipment in most parts of the world, the COVID-19 detection method using X-ray images is still used in underprivileged countries. However, they are challenging due to being prone to human error, time-consuming, and demanding. The success of deep learning (DL) in automatic COVID-19 diagnosis systems has necessitated a detection system using these techniques. The most critical challenge in using deep learning techniques in diagnosing COVID-19 is accuracy because it plays an essential role in controlling the spread of the disease. Methods This article presents a new framework for detecting COVID-19 using X-ray images. The model uses a modified version of DenseNet-121 for the network layer, an image data loader to separate images in batches, a loss function to reduce the prediction error, and a weighted random sampler to balance the training phase. Finally, an optimizer changes the attributes of the neural networks. Results Extensive experiments using different types of pneumonia expresses satisfactory diagnosis performance with an accuracy of 99.81%. Conclusion This work aims to design a new deep neural network for highly accurate online recognition of medical images. The evaluation results show that the proposed framework can be considered an auxiliary device to help radiologists accurately confirm initial screening.
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14
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Al Hajj Ibrahim S, El-Khatib K. To segment or not to segment: COVID-19 detection for chest X-rays. Inform Med Unlocked 2023; 40:101280. [PMID: 37346468 PMCID: PMC10211251 DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2023.101280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) has been integrated into most technologies we use. One of the most promising applications in AI is medical imaging. Research demonstrates that AI has improved the performance of most medical imaging analysis systems. Consequently, AI has become a fundamental element of the state of the art with improved outcomes across a variety of medical imaging applications. Moreover, it is believed that computer vision (CV) algorithms are highly effective for image analysis. Recent advances in CV facilitate the recognition of patterns in medical images. In this manner, we investigate CV segmentation techniques for COVID-19 analysis. We use different segmentation techniques, such as k-means, U-net, and flood fill, to extract the lung region from CXRs. Afterwards, we compare the effectiveness of these three segmentation approaches when applied to CXRs. Then, we use machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models to identify COVID-19 lesion molecules in both healthy and pathological lung x-rays. We evaluate our ML and DL findings in the context of CV techniques. Our results indicate that the segmentation-related CV techniques do not exhibit comparable performance to DL and ML techniques. The most optimal AI algorithm yields an accuracy range of 0.92-0.94, whereas the addition of CV algorithms leads to a reduction in accuracy to approximately the range of 0.81-0.88. In addition, we test the performance of DL models under real-world noise, such as salt and pepper noise, which negatively impacts the overall performance.
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15
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Li G, Togo R, Ogawa T, Haseyama M. COVID-19 detection based on self-supervised transfer learning using chest X-ray images. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 2023; 18:715-722. [PMID: 36538184 PMCID: PMC9765379 DOI: 10.1007/s11548-022-02813-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Considering several patients screened due to COVID-19 pandemic, computer-aided detection has strong potential in assisting clinical workflow efficiency and reducing the incidence of infections among radiologists and healthcare providers. Since many confirmed COVID-19 cases present radiological findings of pneumonia, radiologic examinations can be useful for fast detection. Therefore, chest radiography can be used to fast screen COVID-19 during the patient triage, thereby determining the priority of patient's care to help saturated medical facilities in a pandemic situation. METHODS In this paper, we propose a new learning scheme called self-supervised transfer learning for detecting COVID-19 from chest X-ray (CXR) images. We compared six self-supervised learning (SSL) methods (Cross, BYOL, SimSiam, SimCLR, PIRL-jigsaw, and PIRL-rotation) with the proposed method. Additionally, we compared six pretrained DCNNs (ResNet18, ResNet50, ResNet101, CheXNet, DenseNet201, and InceptionV3) with the proposed method. We provide quantitative evaluation on the largest open COVID-19 CXR dataset and qualitative results for visual inspection. RESULTS Our method achieved a harmonic mean (HM) score of 0.985, AUC of 0.999, and four-class accuracy of 0.953. We also used the visualization technique Grad-CAM++ to generate visual explanations of different classes of CXR images with the proposed method to increase the interpretability. CONCLUSIONS Our method shows that the knowledge learned from natural images using transfer learning is beneficial for SSL of the CXR images and boosts the performance of representation learning for COVID-19 detection. Our method promises to reduce the incidence of infections among radiologists and healthcare providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Li
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ren Togo
- Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ogawa
- Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Miki Haseyama
- Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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16
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Xue X, Chinnaperumal S, Abdulsahib GM, Manyam RR, Marappan R, Raju SK, Khalaf OI. Design and Analysis of a Deep Learning Ensemble Framework Model for the Detection of COVID-19 and Pneumonia Using Large-Scale CT Scan and X-ray Image Datasets. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:363. [PMID: 36978754 PMCID: PMC10045423 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10030363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, various methods have been developed to identify COVID-19 cases, such as PCR testing and non-contact procedures such as chest X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans. Deep learning (DL) and artificial intelligence (AI) are critical tools for early and accurate detection of COVID-19. This research explores the different DL techniques for identifying COVID-19 and pneumonia on medical CT and radiography images using ResNet152, VGG16, ResNet50, and DenseNet121. The ResNet framework uses CT scan images with accuracy and precision. This research automates optimum model architecture and training parameters. Transfer learning approaches are also employed to solve content gaps and shorten training duration. An upgraded VGG16 deep transfer learning architecture is applied to perform multi-class classification for X-ray imaging tasks. Enhanced VGG16 has been proven to recognize three types of radiographic images with 99% accuracy, typical for COVID-19 and pneumonia. The validity and performance metrics of the proposed model were validated using publicly available X-ray and CT scan data sets. The suggested model outperforms competing approaches in diagnosing COVID-19 and pneumonia. The primary outcomes of this research result in an average F-score (95%, 97%). In the event of healthy viral infections, this research is more efficient than existing methodologies for coronavirus detection. The created model is appropriate for recognition and classification pre-training. The suggested model outperforms traditional strategies for multi-class categorization of various illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingsi Xue
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Big Data Mining and Applications, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350011, China
| | - Seelammal Chinnaperumal
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Solamalai College of Engineering, Madurai 625020, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Rajasekhar Reddy Manyam
- Amrita School of Computing, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amaravati Campus, Mangalagiri 522503, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Raja Marappan
- School of Computing, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sekar Kidambi Raju
- School of Computing, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Osamah Ibrahim Khalaf
- Department of Solar, Al-Nahrain Renewable Energy Research Center, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64040, Iraq
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17
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Tarim EA, Anil Inevi M, Ozkan I, Kecili S, Bilgi E, Baslar MS, Ozcivici E, Oksel Karakus C, Tekin HC. Microfluidic-based technologies for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of COVID-19: recent advances and future directions. Biomed Microdevices 2023; 25:10. [PMID: 36913137 PMCID: PMC10009869 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-023-00649-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has posed significant challenges to existing healthcare systems around the world. The urgent need for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for COVID-19 has boomed the demand for new technologies that can improve current healthcare approaches, moving towards more advanced, digitalized, personalized, and patient-oriented systems. Microfluidic-based technologies involve the miniaturization of large-scale devices and laboratory-based procedures, enabling complex chemical and biological operations that are conventionally performed at the macro-scale to be carried out on the microscale or less. The advantages microfluidic systems offer such as rapid, low-cost, accurate, and on-site solutions make these tools extremely useful and effective in the fight against COVID-19. In particular, microfluidic-assisted systems are of great interest in different COVID-19-related domains, varying from direct and indirect detection of COVID-19 infections to drug and vaccine discovery and their targeted delivery. Here, we review recent advances in the use of microfluidic platforms to diagnose, treat or prevent COVID-19. We start by summarizing recent microfluidic-based diagnostic solutions applicable to COVID-19. We then highlight the key roles microfluidics play in developing COVID-19 vaccines and testing how vaccine candidates perform, with a focus on RNA-delivery technologies and nano-carriers. Next, microfluidic-based efforts devoted to assessing the efficacy of potential COVID-19 drugs, either repurposed or new, and their targeted delivery to infected sites are summarized. We conclude by providing future perspectives and research directions that are critical to effectively prevent or respond to future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Alperay Tarim
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Muge Anil Inevi
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ilayda Ozkan
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Seren Kecili
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Eyup Bilgi
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - M Semih Baslar
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Engin Ozcivici
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - H Cumhur Tekin
- Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey.
- METU MEMS Center, Ankara, Turkey.
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18
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Mirniaharikandehei S, Abdihamzehkolaei A, Choquehuanca A, Aedo M, Pacheco W, Estacio L, Cahui V, Huallpa L, Quiñonez K, Calderón V, Gutierrez AM, Vargas A, Gamero D, Castro-Gutierrez E, Qiu Y, Zheng B, Jo JA. Automated Quantification of Pneumonia Infected Volume in Lung CT Images: A Comparison with Subjective Assessment of Radiologists. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:321. [PMID: 36978712 PMCID: PMC10044796 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10030321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To help improve radiologists' efficacy of disease diagnosis in reading computed tomography (CT) images, this study aims to investigate the feasibility of applying a modified deep learning (DL) method as a new strategy to automatically segment disease-infected regions and predict disease severity. METHODS We employed a public dataset acquired from 20 COVID-19 patients, which includes manually annotated lung and infections masks, to train a new ensembled DL model that combines five customized residual attention U-Net models to segment disease infected regions followed by a Feature Pyramid Network model to predict disease severity stage. To test the potential clinical utility of the new DL model, we conducted an observer comparison study. First, we collected another set of CT images acquired from 80 COVID-19 patients and process images using the new DL model. Second, we asked two chest radiologists to read images of each CT scan and report the estimated percentage of the disease-infected lung volume and disease severity level. Third, we also asked radiologists to rate acceptance of DL model-generated segmentation results using a 5-scale rating method. RESULTS Data analysis results show that agreement of disease severity classification between the DL model and radiologists is >90% in 45 testing cases. Furthermore, >73% of cases received a high rating score (≥4) from two radiologists. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the feasibility of developing a new DL model to automatically segment disease-infected regions and quantitatively predict disease severity, which may help avoid tedious effort and inter-reader variability in subjective assessment of disease severity in future clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alireza Abdihamzehkolaei
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019-1102, USA
| | - Angel Choquehuanca
- School of Systems Engineering and Informatics, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa 04000, Peru
| | - Marco Aedo
- School of Systems Engineering and Informatics, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa 04000, Peru
| | - Wilmer Pacheco
- School of Systems Engineering and Informatics, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa 04000, Peru
| | - Laura Estacio
- School of Systems Engineering and Informatics, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa 04000, Peru
| | - Victor Cahui
- School of Systems Engineering and Informatics, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa 04000, Peru
| | - Luis Huallpa
- School of Systems Engineering and Informatics, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa 04000, Peru
| | - Kevin Quiñonez
- School of Systems Engineering and Informatics, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa 04000, Peru
| | - Valeria Calderón
- School of Systems Engineering and Informatics, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa 04000, Peru
| | - Ana Maria Gutierrez
- School of Systems Engineering and Informatics, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa 04000, Peru
| | - Ana Vargas
- Medical School, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa 04002, Peru
| | - Dery Gamero
- Medical School, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa 04002, Peru
| | - Eveling Castro-Gutierrez
- School of Systems Engineering and Informatics, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa 04000, Peru
| | - Yuchen Qiu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019-1102, USA
| | - Bin Zheng
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019-1102, USA
| | - Javier A. Jo
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019-1102, USA
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19
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Sharma P, Arya R, Verma R, Verma B. Conv-CapsNet: capsule based network for COVID-19 detection through X-Ray scans. Multimed Tools Appl 2023; 82:1-25. [PMID: 36846527 PMCID: PMC9942051 DOI: 10.1007/s11042-023-14353-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus, a virus that spread worldwide rapidly and was eventually declared a pandemic. The rapid spread made it essential to detect Coronavirus infected people to control the further spread. Recent studies show that radiological images such as X-Rays and CT scans provide essential information in detecting infection using deep learning models. This paper proposes a shallow architecture based on Capsule Networks with convolutional layers to detect COVID-19 infected persons. The proposed method combines the ability of the capsule network to understand spatial information with convolutional layers for efficient feature extraction. Due to the model's shallow architecture, it has 23M parameters to train and requires fewer training samples. The proposed system is fast and robust and correctly classifies the X-Ray images into three classes, i.e. COVID-19, No Findings, and Viral Pneumonia. Experimental results on the X-Ray dataset show that our model performs well despite having fewer samples for the training and achieved an average accuracy of 96.47% for multi-class and 97.69% for binary classification on 5-fold cross-validation. The proposed model would be useful to researchers and medical professionals for assistance and prognosis for COVID-19 infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rhythm Arya
- Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
| | - Richa Verma
- Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
| | - Bindu Verma
- Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
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20
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Kurt Z, Işık Ş, Kaya Z, Anagün Y, Koca N, Çiçek S. Evaluation of EfficientNet models for COVID-19 detection using lung parenchyma. Neural Comput Appl 2023; 35:12121-12132. [PMID: 36843903 PMCID: PMC9940669 DOI: 10.1007/s00521-023-08344-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
When the COVID-19 pandemic broke out in the beginning of 2020, it became crucial to enhance early diagnosis with efficient means to reduce dangers and future spread of the viruses as soon as possible. Finding effective treatments and lowering mortality rates is now more important than ever. Scanning with a computer tomography (CT) scanner is a helpful method for detecting COVID-19 in this regard. The present paper, as such, is an attempt to contribute to this process by generating an open-source, CT-based image dataset. This dataset contains the CT scans of lung parenchyma regions of 180 COVID-19-positive and 86 COVID-19-negative patients taken at the Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital. The experimental studies show that the modified EfficientNet-ap-nish method uses this dataset effectively for diagnostic purposes. Firstly, a smart segmentation mechanism based on the k-means algorithm is applied to this dataset as a preprocessing stage. Then, performance pretrained models are analyzed using different CNN architectures and with our Nish activation function. The statistical rates are obtained by the various EfficientNet models and the highest detection score is obtained with the EfficientNet-B4-ap-nish version, which provides a 97.93% accuracy rate and a 97.33% F1-score. The implications of the proposed method are immense both for present-day applications and future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuhal Kurt
- Department of Computer Engineering, Atilim University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Şahin Işık
- Department of Computer Engineering, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Meselik Campus, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Kaya
- Department of Electrical and Energy, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Osmaneli Vocational School, Bilecik, Turkey
| | - Yıldıray Anagün
- Department of Computer Engineering, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Meselik Campus, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Nizameddin Koca
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Sümeyye Çiçek
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
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21
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Pei XM, Yeung MHY, Wong ANN, Tsang HF, Yu ACS, Yim AKY, Wong SCC. Targeted Sequencing Approach and Its Clinical Applications for the Molecular Diagnosis of Human Diseases. Cells 2023; 12:493. [PMID: 36766834 PMCID: PMC9913990 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 has positively impacted the NGS market recently. Targeted sequencing (TS) has become an important routine technique in both clinical and research settings, with advantages including high confidence and accuracy, a reasonable turnaround time, relatively low cost, and fewer data burdens with the level of bioinformatics or computational demand. Since there are no clear consensus guidelines on the wide range of next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms and techniques, there is a vital need for researchers and clinicians to develop efficient approaches, especially for the molecular diagnosis of diseases in the emergency of the disease and the global pandemic outbreak of COVID-19. In this review, we aim to summarize different methods of TS, demonstrate parameters for TS assay designs, illustrate different TS panels, discuss their limitations, and present the challenges of TS concerning their clinical application for the molecular diagnosis of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Meng Pei
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Martin Ho Yin Yeung
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Alex Ngai Nick Wong
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Hin Fung Tsang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Pathology, Hong Kong Adventist Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Allen Chi Shing Yu
- Codex Genetics Limited, Unit 212, 2/F., Building 16W, No. 16 Science Park West Avenue, The Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong 852, China
| | - Aldrin Kay Yuen Yim
- Codex Genetics Limited, Unit 212, 2/F., Building 16W, No. 16 Science Park West Avenue, The Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong 852, China
| | - Sze Chuen Cesar Wong
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
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22
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Mishra S, Dash TK, Panda G. Speech phoneme and spectral smearing based non-invasive COVID-19 detection. Front Artif Intell 2023; 5:1035805. [PMID: 36686850 PMCID: PMC9847386 DOI: 10.3389/frai.2022.1035805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a deadly viral infection that mainly affects the nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal cavities before the lung in the human body. Early detection followed by immediate treatment can potentially reduce lung invasion and decrease fatality. Recently, several COVID-19 detections methods have been proposed using cough and breath sounds. However, very little study has been done on the use of phoneme analysis and the smearing of the audio signal in COVID-19 detection. In this paper, this problem has been addressed and the classification of speech samples has been carried out in COVID-19-positive and healthy audio samples. Additionally, the grouping of the phonemes based on reference classification accuracies have been proposed for effectiveness and faster detection of the disease at a primary stage. The Mel and Gammatone Cepstral coefficients and their derivatives are used as the features for five standard machine learning-based classifiers. It is observed that the generalized additive model provides the highest accuracy of 97.22% for the phoneme grouping "/t//r//n//g//l/." This smearing-based phoneme classification technique can also be used in the future to classify other speech-related disease detections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Mishra
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, C. V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Tusar Kanti Dash
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, C. V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ganapati Panda
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, C. V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, India
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23
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Shi Y, Tang A, Xiao Y, Niu L. A lightweight network for COVID-19 detection in X-ray images. Methods 2023; 209:29-37. [PMID: 36460228 PMCID: PMC9706991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic which has a devastating impact. Due to its quick transmission, a prominent challenge in confronting this pandemic is the rapid diagnosis. Currently, the commonly-used diagnosis is the specific molecular tests aided with the medical imaging modalities such as chest X-ray (CXR). However, with the large demand, the diagnoses of CXR are time-consuming and laborious. Deep learning is promising for automatically diagnosing COVID-19 to ease the burden on medical systems. At present, the most applied neural networks are large, which hardly satisfy the rapid yet inexpensive requirements of COVID-19 detection. To reduce huge computation and memory demands, in this paper, we focus on implementing lightweight networks for COVID-19 detection in CXR. Concretely, we first augment data based on clinical visual features of CXR from expertise. Then, according to the fact that all the input data are CXR, we design a targeted four-layer network with either 11 × 11 or 3 × 3 kernels to recognize regional features and detail features. A pruning criterion based on the weights importance is also proposed to further prune the network. Experiments on a public COVID-19 dataset validate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Shi
- Research Center on Fictitious Economy and Data Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Anda Tang
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lingfeng Niu
- Research Center on Fictitious Economy and Data Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China,School of Economics and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China,Corresponding author
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24
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Abstract
Putting real-time medical data processing applications into practice comes with some challenges such as scalability and performance. Processing medical images from different collaborators is an example of such applications, in which chest X-ray data are processed to extract knowledge. It is not easy to process data and get the required information in real time using central processing techniques when data get very large in size. In this paper, real-time data are filtered and forwarded to the right processing node by using the proposed topic-based hierarchical publish/subscribe messaging middleware in the distributed scalable network of collaborating computation nodes instead of classical approaches of centralized computation. This enables processing streaming medical data in near real time and makes a warning system possible. End users have the capability of filtering/searching. The returned search results can be images (COVID-19 or non-COVID-19) and their meta-data are gender and age. Here, COVID-19 is detected using a novel capsule network-based model from chest X-ray images. This middleware allows for a smaller search space as well as shorter times for obtaining search results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Süleyman Eken
- grid.411105.00000 0001 0691 9040Department of Information Systems Engineering, Kocaeli University, 41001 Kocaeli, Turkey
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25
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Aljohani A, Alharbe N. A Novel Master-Slave Architecture to Detect COVID-19 in Chest X-ray Image Sequences Using Transfer-Learning Techniques. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10122443. [PMID: 36553967 PMCID: PMC9778261 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10122443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease, frequently referred to as COVID-19, is a contagious and transmittable disease produced by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The only solution to tackle this virus and reduce its spread is early diagnosis. Pathogenic laboratory tests such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) process take a long time. Also, they regularly produce incorrect results. However, they are still considered the critical standard for detecting the virus. Hence, there is a solid need to evolve computer-assisted diagnosis systems capable of providing quick and low-cost testing in areas where traditional testing procedures are not feasible. This study focuses on COVID-19 detection using X-ray images. The prime objective is to introduce a computer-assisted diagnosis (CAD) system to differentiate COVID-19 from healthy and pneumonia cases using X-ray image sequences. This work utilizes standard transfer-learning techniques for COVID-19 detection. It proposes the master-slave architecture using the most state-of-the-art Densenet201 and Squeezenet1_0 techniques for classifying the COVID-19 virus in chest X-ray image sequences. This paper compares the proposed models with other standard transfer-learning approaches for COVID-19. The performance metrics demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms standard transfer-learning approaches. This research also fine-tunes hyperparameters and predicts the optimized learning rate to achieve the highest accuracy in the model. After fine-tuning the learning rate, the DenseNet201 model retrieves an accuracy of 83.33%, while the fastest model is SqueezeNet1_0, which retrieves an accuracy of 80%.
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26
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Shen J, Ghatti S, Levkov NR, Shen H, Sen T, Rheuban K, Enfield K, Facteau NR, Engel G, Dowdell K. A survey of COVID-19 detection and prediction approaches using mobile devices, AI, and telemedicine. Front Artif Intell 2022; 5:1034732. [PMID: 36530356 PMCID: PMC9755752 DOI: 10.3389/frai.2022.1034732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic has had an extremely high impact on all facets of the society and will potentially have an everlasting impact for years to come. In response to this, over the past years, there have been a significant number of research efforts on exploring approaches to combat COVID-19. In this paper, we present a survey of the current research efforts on using mobile Internet of Thing (IoT) devices, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and telemedicine for COVID-19 detection and prediction. We first present the background and then present current research in this field. Specifically, we present the research on COVID-19 monitoring and detection, contact tracing, machine learning based approaches, telemedicine, and security. We finally discuss the challenges and the future work that lay ahead in this field before concluding this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Shen
- Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Siddharth Ghatti
- Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Nate Ryan Levkov
- Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Haiying Shen
- Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Tanmoy Sen
- Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Karen Rheuban
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Kyle Enfield
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Nikki Reyer Facteau
- University of Virginia (UVA) Health System, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Gina Engel
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Kim Dowdell
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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27
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Ukwuoma CC, Qin Z, Agbesi VK, Cobbinah BM, Yussif SB, Abubakar HS, Lemessa BD. Dual_Pachi: Attention-based dual path framework with intermediate second order-pooling for Covid-19 detection from chest X-ray images. Comput Biol Med 2022; 151:106324. [PMID: 36423531 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Numerous machine learning and image processing algorithms, most recently deep learning, allow the recognition and classification of COVID-19 disease in medical images. However, feature extraction, or the semantic gap between low-level visual information collected by imaging modalities and high-level semantics, is the fundamental shortcoming of these techniques. On the other hand, several techniques focused on the first-order feature extraction of the chest X-Ray thus making the employed models less accurate and robust. This study presents Dual_Pachi: Attention Based Dual Path Framework with Intermediate Second Order-Pooling for more accurate and robust Chest X-ray feature extraction for Covid-19 detection. Dual_Pachi consists of 4 main building Blocks; Block one converts the received chest X-Ray image to CIE LAB coordinates (L & AB channels which are separated at the first three layers of a modified Inception V3 Architecture.). Block two further exploit the global features extracted from block one via a global second-order pooling while block three focuses on the low-level visual information and the high-level semantics of Chest X-ray image features using a multi-head self-attention and an MLP Layer without sacrificing performance. Finally, the fourth block is the classification block where classification is done using fully connected layers and SoftMax activation. Dual_Pachi is designed and trained in an end-to-end manner. According to the results, Dual_Pachi outperforms traditional deep learning models and other state-of-the-art approaches described in the literature with an accuracy of 0.96656 (Data_A) and 0.97867 (Data_B) for the Dual_Pachi approach and an accuracy of 0.95987 (Data_A) and 0.968 (Data_B) for the Dual_Pachi without attention block model. A Grad-CAM-based visualization is also built to highlight where the applied attention mechanism is concentrated.
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28
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Ukwuoma CC, Qin Z, Agbesi VK, Ejiyi CJ, Bamisile O, Chikwendu IA, Tienin BW, Hossin MA. LCSB-inception: Reliable and effective light-chroma separated branches for Covid-19 detection from chest X-ray images. Comput Biol Med 2022; 150:106195. [PMID: 37859288 PMCID: PMC9561436 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, an estimate of more than five million infections and 355,000 deaths have been recorded worldwide since the emergence of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Various researchers have developed interesting and effective deep learning frameworks to tackle this disease. However, poor feature extraction from the Chest X-ray images and the high computational cost of the available models impose difficulties to an accurate and fast Covid-19 detection framework. Thus, the major purpose of this study is to offer an accurate and efficient approach for extracting COVID-19 features from chest X-rays that is also less computationally expensive than earlier research. To achieve the specified goal, we explored the Inception V3 deep artificial neural network. This study proposed LCSB-Inception; a two-path (L and AB channel) Inception V3 network along the first three convolutional layers. The RGB input image is first transformed to CIE LAB coordinates (L channel which is aimed at learning the textural and edge features of the Chest X-Ray and AB channel which is aimed at learning the color variations of the Chest X-ray images). The L achromatic channel and the AB channels filters are set to 50%L-50%AB. This method saves between one-third and one-half of the parameters in the divided branches. We further introduced a global second-order pooling at the last two convolutional blocks for more robust image feature extraction against the conventional max-pooling. The detection accuracy of the LCSB-Inception is further improved by employing the Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) image enhancement technique on the input image before feeding them to the network. The proposed LCSB-Inception network is experimented on using two loss functions (Categorically smooth loss and categorically Cross-entropy) and two learning rates whereas Accuracy, Precision, Sensitivity, Specificity F1-Score, and AUC Score were used for evaluation via the chestX-ray-15k (Data_1) and COVID-19 Radiography dataset (Data_2). The proposed models produced an acceptable outcome with an accuracy of 0.97867 (Data_1) and 0.98199 (Data_2) according to the experimental findings. In terms of COVID-19 identification, the suggested models outperform conventional deep learning models and other state-of-the-art techniques presented in the literature based on the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiagoziem C Ukwuoma
- School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Zhiguang Qin
- School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Victor Kwaku Agbesi
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Chukwuebuka J Ejiyi
- School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Olusola Bamisile
- Sichuan Industrial Internet Intelligent Monitoring and Application Engineering Technology Research Center, Chengdu University of Technology, Chenghua District, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ijeoma A Chikwendu
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Bole W Tienin
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Md Altab Hossin
- School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Chengdu University, No. 2025, Chengluo Avenue, 610106, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
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29
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Zhang Z. Genomic Biomarker Heterogeneities between SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10101657. [PMID: 36298522 PMCID: PMC9608907 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes functionally associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and genes functionally related to the COVID-19 disease can be different, whose distinction will become the first essential step for successfully fighting against the COVID-19 pandemic. Unfortunately, this first step has not been completed in all biological and medical research. Using a newly developed max-competing logistic classifier, two genes, ATP6V1B2 and IFI27, stand out to be critical in the transcriptional response to SARS-CoV-2 infection with differential expressions derived from NP/OP swab PCR. This finding is evidenced by combining these two genes with another gene in predicting disease status to achieve better-indicating accuracy than existing classifiers with the same number of genes. In addition, combining these two genes with three other genes to form a five-gene classifier outperforms existing classifiers with ten or more genes. These two genes can be critical in fighting against the COVID-19 pandemic as a new focus and direction with their exceptional predicting accuracy. Comparing the functional effects of these genes with a five-gene classifier with 100% accuracy identified and tested from blood samples in our earlier work, the genes and their transcriptional response and functional effects on SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the genes and their functional signature patterns on COVID-19 antibodies, are significantly different. We will use a total of fourteen cohort studies (including breakthrough infections and omicron variants) with 1481 samples to justify our results. Such significant findings can help explore the causal and pathological links between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the COVID-19 disease, and fight against the disease with more targeted genes, vaccines, antiviral drugs, and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjun Zhang
- Department of Statistics, School of Computer, Data & Information Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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30
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Wu G, Duan J. BLCov: A novel collaborative-competitive broad learning system for COVID-19 detection from radiology images. Eng Appl Artif Intell 2022; 115:105323. [PMID: 35992036 PMCID: PMC9376349 DOI: 10.1016/j.engappai.2022.105323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
With the global outbreak of COVID-19, there is an urgent need to develop an effective and automated detection approach as a faster diagnostic alternative to avoid the spread of COVID-19. Recently, broad learning system (BLS) has been viewed as an alternative method of deep learning which has been applied to many areas. Nevertheless, the sparse autoencoder in classical BLS just considers the representations to reconstruct the input data but ignores the relationship among the extracted features. In this paper, inspired by the effectiveness of the collaborative-competitive representation (CCR) mechanism, a novel collaborative-competitive representation-based autoencoder (CCRAE) is first proposed, and then collaborative-competitive broad learning system (CCBLS) is proposed based on CCRAE to effectively address the issues mentioned above. Moreover, an automated CCBLS-based approach is proposed for COVID-19 detection from radiology images such as CT scans and chest X-ray images. In the proposed approach, a feature extraction module is utilized to extract features from CT scans or chest X-ray images, then we use these features for COVID-19 detection with CCBLS. The experimental results demonstrated that our proposed approach can achieve superior or comparable performance in comparison with ten other state-of-the-art methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangheng Wu
- College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junwei Duan
- College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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31
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Siddiquee MMR, Shah J, Wu T, Chong C, Schwedt T, Li B. HealthyGAN: Learning from Unannotated Medical Images to Detect Anomalies Associated with Human Disease. Simul Synth Med Imaging 2022; 13570:43-54. [PMID: 38694707 PMCID: PMC11062325 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-16980-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Automated anomaly detection from medical images, such as MRIs and X-rays, can significantly reduce human effort in disease diagnosis. Owing to the complexity of modeling anomalies and the high cost of manual annotation by domain experts (e.g., radiologists), a typical technique in the current medical imaging literature has focused on deriving diagnostic models from healthy subjects only, assuming the model will detect the images from patients as outliers. However, in many real-world scenarios, unannotated datasets with a mix of both healthy and diseased individuals are abundant. Therefore, this paper poses the research question of how to improve unsupervised anomaly detection by utilizing (1) an unannotated set of mixed images, in addition to (2) the set of healthy images as being used in the literature. To answer the question, we propose HealthyGAN, a novel one-directional image-to-image translation method, which learns to translate the images from the mixed dataset to only healthy images. Being one-directional, HealthyGAN relaxes the requirement of cycle-consistency of existing unpaired image-to-image translation methods, which is unattainable with mixed unannotated data. Once the translation is learned, we generate a difference map for any given image by subtracting its translated output. Regions of significant responses in the difference map correspond to potential anomalies (if any). Our HealthyGAN outperforms the conventional state-of-the-art methods by significant margins on two publicly available datasets: COVID-19 and NIH ChestX-ray14, and one institutional dataset collected from Mayo Clinic. The implementation is publicly available at https://github.com/mahfuzmohammad/HealthyGAN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jay Shah
- Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- ASU-Mayo Center for Innovative Imaging, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Teresa Wu
- Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- ASU-Mayo Center for Innovative Imaging, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Catherine Chong
- ASU-Mayo Center for Innovative Imaging, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Todd Schwedt
- ASU-Mayo Center for Innovative Imaging, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Baoxin Li
- Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- ASU-Mayo Center for Innovative Imaging, Tempe, AZ, USA
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32
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Sarv Ahrabi S, Momenzadeh A, Baccarelli E, Scarpiniti M, Piazzo L. How much BiGAN and CycleGAN-learned hidden features are effective for COVID-19 detection from CT images? A comparative study. J Supercomput 2022; 79:2850-2881. [PMID: 36042937 PMCID: PMC9411851 DOI: 10.1007/s11227-022-04775-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bidirectional generative adversarial networks (BiGANs) and cycle generative adversarial networks (CycleGANs) are two emerging machine learning models that, up to now, have been used as generative models, i.e., to generate output data sampled from a target probability distribution. However, these models are also equipped with encoding modules, which, after weakly supervised training, could be, in principle, exploited for the extraction of hidden features from the input data. At the present time, how these extracted features could be effectively exploited for classification tasks is still an unexplored field. Hence, motivated by this consideration, in this paper, we develop and numerically test the performance of a novel inference engine that relies on the exploitation of BiGAN and CycleGAN-learned hidden features for the detection of COVID-19 disease from other lung diseases in computer tomography (CT) scans. In this respect, the main contributions of the paper are twofold. First, we develop a kernel density estimation (KDE)-based inference method, which, in the training phase, leverages the hidden features extracted by BiGANs and CycleGANs for estimating the (a priori unknown) probability density function (PDF) of the CT scans of COVID-19 patients and, then, in the inference phase, uses it as a target COVID-PDF for the detection of COVID diseases. As a second major contribution, we numerically evaluate and compare the classification accuracies of the implemented BiGAN and CycleGAN models against the ones of some state-of-the-art methods, which rely on the unsupervised training of convolutional autoencoders (CAEs) for attaining feature extraction. The performance comparisons are carried out by considering a spectrum of different training loss functions and distance metrics. The obtained classification accuracies of the proposed CycleGAN-based (resp., BiGAN-based) models outperform the corresponding ones of the considered benchmark CAE-based models of about 16% (resp., 14%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Sarv Ahrabi
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University or Rome, Via Eudossiana, 18, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Alireza Momenzadeh
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University or Rome, Via Eudossiana, 18, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Enzo Baccarelli
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University or Rome, Via Eudossiana, 18, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Michele Scarpiniti
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University or Rome, Via Eudossiana, 18, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Piazzo
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University or Rome, Via Eudossiana, 18, 00184 Roma, Italy
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Elshennawy NM, Ibrahim DM, Sarhan AM, Arafa M. Deep-Risk: Deep Learning-Based Mortality Risk Predictive Models for COVID-19. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:1847. [PMID: 36010198 PMCID: PMC9406405 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12081847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus has proliferated around the world and caused panic to all people as it claimed many lives. Since COVID-19 is highly contagious and spreads quickly, an early diagnosis is essential. Identifying the COVID-19 patients' mortality risk factors is essential for reducing this risk among infected individuals. For the timely examination of large datasets, new computing approaches must be created. Many machine learning (ML) techniques have been developed to predict the mortality risk factors and severity for COVID-19 patients. Contrary to expectations, deep learning approaches as well as ML algorithms have not been widely applied in predicting the mortality and severity from COVID-19. Furthermore, the accuracy achieved by ML algorithms is less than the anticipated values. In this work, three supervised deep learning predictive models are utilized to predict the mortality risk and severity for COVID-19 patients. The first one, which we refer to as CV-CNN, is built using a convolutional neural network (CNN); it is trained using a clinical dataset of 12,020 patients and is based on the 10-fold cross-validation (CV) approach for training and validation. The second predictive model, which we refer to as CV-LSTM + CNN, is developed by combining the long short-term memory (LSTM) approach with a CNN model. It is also trained using the clinical dataset based on the 10-fold CV approach for training and validation. The first two predictive models use the clinical dataset in its original CSV form. The last one, which we refer to as IMG-CNN, is a CNN model and is trained alternatively using the converted images of the clinical dataset, where each image corresponds to a data row from the original clinical dataset. The experimental results revealed that the IMG-CNN predictive model outperforms the other two with an average accuracy of 94.14%, a precision of 100%, a recall of 91.0%, a specificity of 100%, an F1-score of 95.3%, an AUC of 93.6%, and a loss of 0.22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada M. Elshennawy
- Department of Computers and Control Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta 31733, Egypt; (D.M.I.); (A.M.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Dina M. Ibrahim
- Department of Computers and Control Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta 31733, Egypt; (D.M.I.); (A.M.S.); (M.A.)
- Department of Information Technology, College of Computer, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amany M. Sarhan
- Department of Computers and Control Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta 31733, Egypt; (D.M.I.); (A.M.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Mohamed Arafa
- Department of Computers and Control Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta 31733, Egypt; (D.M.I.); (A.M.S.); (M.A.)
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Rjoub G, Wahab OA, Bentahar J, Cohen R, Bataineh AS. Trust-Augmented Deep Reinforcement Learning for Federated Learning Client Selection. Inf Syst Front 2022:1-18. [PMID: 35875592 PMCID: PMC9294770 DOI: 10.1007/s10796-022-10307-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the context of distributed machine learning, the concept of federated learning (FL) has emerged as a solution to the privacy concerns that users have about sharing their own data with a third-party server. FL allows a group of users (often referred to as clients) to locally train a single machine learning model on their devices without sharing their raw data. One of the main challenges in FL is how to select the most appropriate clients to participate in the training of a certain task. In this paper, we address this challenge and propose a trust-based deep reinforcement learning approach to select the most adequate clients in terms of resource consumption and training time. On top of the client selection mechanism, we embed a transfer learning approach to handle the scarcity of data in some regions and compensate potential lack of learning at some servers. We apply our solution in the healthcare domain in a COVID-19 detection scenario over IoT devices. In the considered scenario, edge servers collaborate with IoT devices to train a COVID-19 detection model using FL without having to share any raw confidential data. Experiments conducted on a real-world COVID-19 dataset reveal that our solution achieves a good trade-off between detection accuracy and model execution time compared to existing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaith Rjoub
- Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University, 1455 De Maisonneuve Blvd. W.2, Montreal, H3G 1M8 Quebec Canada
| | - Omar Abdel Wahab
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Université du Québec en Outaouais, 101, Saint-Jean-Bosco, C.P. 1250, succursale Hull, Gatineau, J8X 3X7 Quebec Canada
| | - Jamal Bentahar
- Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University, 1455 De Maisonneuve Blvd. W.2, Montreal, H3G 1M8 Quebec Canada
| | - Robin Cohen
- David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1 ON Canada
| | - Ahmed Saleh Bataineh
- Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University, 1455 De Maisonneuve Blvd. W.2, Montreal, H3G 1M8 Quebec Canada
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35
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Habib M, Ramzan M, Khan SA. A Deep Learning and Handcrafted Based Computationally Intelligent Technique for Effective COVID-19 Detection from X-ray/CT-scan Imaging. J Grid Comput 2022; 20:23. [PMID: 35874855 PMCID: PMC9294765 DOI: 10.1007/s10723-022-09615-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The world has witnessed dramatic changes because of the advent of COVID19 in the last few days of 2019. During the last more than two years, COVID-19 has badly affected the world in diverse ways. It has not only affected human health and mortality rate but also the economic condition on a global scale. There is an urgent need today to cope with this pandemic and its diverse effects. Medical imaging has revolutionized the treatment of various diseases during the last four decades. Automated detection and classification systems have proven to be of great assistance to the doctors and scientific community for the treatment of various diseases. In this paper, a novel framework for an efficient COVID-19 classification system is proposed which uses the hybrid feature extraction approach. After preprocessing image data, two types of features i.e., deep learning and handcrafted, are extracted. For Deep learning features, two pre-trained models namely ResNet101 and DenseNet201 are used. Handcrafted features are extracted using Weber Local Descriptor (WLD). The Excitation component of WLD is utilized and features are reduced using DCT. Features are extracted from both models, handcrafted features are fused, and significant features are selected using entropy. Experiments have proven the effectiveness of the proposed model. A comprehensive set of experiments have been performed and results are compared with the existing well-known methods. The proposed technique has performed better in terms of accuracy and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Habib
- Department of Computer Science, College of Computing and Informatics, Saudi Electronic University, 11673 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, PortSaid University, Port Said, 42526 Egypt
| | - Muhammad Ramzan
- Department of Computer Science, College of Computing and Informatics, Saudi Electronic University, 11673 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sajid Ali Khan
- Department of Software Engineering, Foundation University Islamabad, 44000 Islamabad, Pakistan
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36
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Sobahi N, Atila O, Deniz E, Sengur A, Acharya UR. Explainable COVID-19 detection using fractal dimension and vision transformer with Grad-CAM on cough sounds. Biocybern Biomed Eng 2022; 42:1066-1080. [PMID: 36092540 PMCID: PMC9444505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbe.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test is not only time-intensive but also a contact method that puts healthcare personnel at risk. Thus, contactless and fast detection tests are more valuable. Cough sound is an important indicator of COVID-19, and in this paper, a novel explainable scheme is developed for cough sound-based COVID-19 detection. In the presented work, the cough sound is initially segmented into overlapping parts, and each segment is labeled as the input audio, which may contain other sounds. The deep Yet Another Mobile Network (YAMNet) model is considered in this work. After labeling, the segments labeled as cough are cropped and concatenated to reconstruct the pure cough sounds. Then, four fractal dimensions (FD) calculation methods are employed to acquire the FD coefficients on the cough sound with an overlapped sliding window that forms a matrix. The constructed matrixes are then used to form the fractal dimension images. Finally, a pretrained vision transformer (ViT) model is used to classify the constructed images into COVID-19, healthy and symptomatic classes. In this work, we demonstrate the performance of the ViT on cough sound-based COVID-19, and a visual explainability of the inner workings of the ViT model is shown. Three publically available cough sound datasets, namely COUGHVID, VIRUFY, and COSWARA, are used in this study. We have obtained 98.45%, 98.15%, and 97.59% accuracy for COUGHVID, VIRUFY, and COSWARA datasets, respectively. Our developed model obtained the highest performance compared to the state-of-the-art methods and is ready to be tested in real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebras Sobahi
- King Abdulaziz University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Orhan Atila
- Firat University, Technology Faculty, Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Erkan Deniz
- Firat University, Technology Faculty, Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Abdulkadir Sengur
- Firat University, Technology Faculty, Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Elazig, Turkey
| | - U Rajendra Acharya
- Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, 599489, Singapore.,Biomedical Engineering, School of Science and Technology, SUSS University, Singapore.,Biomedical Informatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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37
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Meraihi Y, Gabis AB, Mirjalili S, Ramdane-Cherif A, Alsaadi FE. Machine Learning-Based Research for COVID-19 Detection, Diagnosis, and Prediction: A Survey. SN Comput Sci 2022; 3:286. [PMID: 35578678 PMCID: PMC9096341 DOI: 10.1007/s42979-022-01184-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The year 2020 experienced an unprecedented pandemic called COVID-19, which impacted the whole world. The absence of treatment has motivated research in all fields to deal with it. In Computer Science, contributions mainly include the development of methods for the diagnosis, detection, and prediction of COVID-19 cases. Data science and Machine Learning (ML) are the most widely used techniques in this area. This paper presents an overview of more than 160 ML-based approaches developed to combat COVID-19. They come from various sources like Elsevier, Springer, ArXiv, MedRxiv, and IEEE Xplore. They are analyzed and classified into two categories: Supervised Learning-based approaches and Deep Learning-based ones. In each category, the employed ML algorithm is specified and a number of used parameters is given. The parameters set for each of the algorithms are gathered in different tables. They include the type of the addressed problem (detection, diagnosis, or detection), the type of the analyzed data (Text data, X-ray images, CT images, Time series, Clinical data,...) and the evaluated metrics (accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity, F1-Score, and AUC). The study discusses the collected information and provides a number of statistics drawing a picture about the state of the art. Results show that Deep Learning is used in 79% of cases where 65% of them are based on the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and 17% use Specialized CNN. On his side, supervised learning is found in only 16% of the reviewed approaches and only Random Forest, Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Regression algorithms are employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassine Meraihi
- LIST Laboratory, University of M'Hamed Bougara Boumerdes, Avenue of Independence, 35000 Boumerdes, Algeria
| | - Asma Benmessaoud Gabis
- Ecole nationale Supérieure d'Informatique, Laboratoire des Méthodes de Conception des Systèmes, BP 68 M, 16309 Oued-Smar, Alger Algeria
| | - Seyedali Mirjalili
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research and Optimisation, Torrens University Australia, Fortitude Valley, Brisbane, QLD 4006 Australia.,Yonsei Frontier Lab, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Amar Ramdane-Cherif
- LISV Laboratory, University of Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 10-12 Avenue of Europe, 78140 Velizy, France
| | - Fawaz E Alsaadi
- Information Technology Department, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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38
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Ho TT, Tran KD, Huang Y. FedSGDCOVID: Federated SGD COVID-19 Detection under Local Differential Privacy Using Chest X-ray Images and Symptom Information. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22103728. [PMID: 35632136 PMCID: PMC9147951 DOI: 10.3390/s22103728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus (COVID-19) has created an unprecedented global crisis because of its detrimental effect on the global economy and health. COVID-19 cases have been rapidly increasing, with no sign of stopping. As a result, test kits and accurate detection models are in short supply. Early identification of COVID-19 patients will help decrease the infection rate. Thus, developing an automatic algorithm that enables the early detection of COVID-19 is essential. Moreover, patient data are sensitive, and they must be protected to prevent malicious attackers from revealing information through model updates and reconstruction. In this study, we presented a higher privacy-preserving federated learning system for COVID-19 detection without sharing data among data owners. First, we constructed a federated learning system using chest X-ray images and symptom information. The purpose is to develop a decentralized model across multiple hospitals without sharing data. We found that adding the spatial pyramid pooling to a 2D convolutional neural network improves the accuracy of chest X-ray images. Second, we explored that the accuracy of federated learning for COVID-19 identification reduces significantly for non-independent and identically distributed (Non-IID) data. We then proposed a strategy to improve the model's accuracy on Non-IID data by increasing the total number of clients, parallelism (client-fraction), and computation per client. Finally, for our federated learning model, we applied a differential privacy stochastic gradient descent (DP-SGD) to improve the privacy of patient data. We also proposed a strategy to maintain the robustness of federated learning to ensure the security and accuracy of the model.
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39
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Basu A, Sheikh KH, Cuevas E, Sarkar R. COVID-19 detection from CT scans using a two-stage framework. Expert Syst Appl 2022; 193:116377. [PMID: 35002099 PMCID: PMC8720180 DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2021.116377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It may cause serious ailments in infected individuals and complications may lead to death. X-rays and Computed Tomography (CT) scans can be used for the diagnosis of the disease. In this context, various methods have been proposed for the detection of COVID-19 from radiological images. In this work, we propose an end-to-end framework consisting of deep feature extraction followed by feature selection (FS) for the detection of COVID-19 from CT scan images. For feature extraction, we utilize three deep learning based Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). For FS, we use a meta-heuristic optimization algorithm, Harmony Search (HS), combined with a local search method, Adaptive β -Hill Climbing (A β HC) for better performance. We evaluate the proposed approach on the SARS-COV-2 CT-Scan Dataset consisting of 2482 CT scan images and an updated version of the previous dataset containing 2926 CT scan images. For comparison, we use a few state-of-the-art optimization algorithms. The best accuracy scores obtained by the present approach are 97.30% and 98.87% respectively on the said datasets, which are better than many of the algorithms used for comparison. The performances are also at par with some recent works which use the same datasets. The codes for the FS algorithms are available at: https://github.com/khalid0007/Metaheuristic-Algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Basu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Khalid Hassan Sheikh
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Erik Cuevas
- Departamento de Electrónica, Universidad de Guadalajara, CUCEI, Av. Revolución 1500, Guadalajara, Jal, Mexico
| | - Ram Sarkar
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
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40
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Aggarwal P, Mishra NK, Fatimah B, Singh P, Gupta A, Joshi SD. COVID-19 image classification using deep learning: Advances, challenges and opportunities. Comput Biol Med 2022; 144:105350. [PMID: 35305501 PMCID: PMC8890789 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a highly contagious disease that has affected the lives of millions around the world. Chest X-Ray (CXR) and Computed Tomography (CT) imaging modalities are widely used to obtain a fast and accurate diagnosis of COVID-19. However, manual identification of the infection through radio images is extremely challenging because it is time-consuming and highly prone to human errors. Artificial Intelligence (AI)-techniques have shown potential and are being exploited further in the development of automated and accurate solutions for COVID-19 detection. Among AI methodologies, Deep Learning (DL) algorithms, particularly Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), have gained significant popularity for the classification of COVID-19. This paper summarizes and reviews a number of significant research publications on the DL-based classification of COVID-19 through CXR and CT images. We also present an outline of the current state-of-the-art advances and a critical discussion of open challenges. We conclude our study by enumerating some future directions of research in COVID-19 imaging classification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Binish Fatimah
- The Department of ECE, CMR Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India
| | - Pushpendra Singh
- The Department of ECE, National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, HP, India,Corresponding author
| | - Anubha Gupta
- The Department of ECE, IIIT-Delhi, Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Shiv Dutt Joshi
- The Department of EE, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
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41
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Muhammad U, Hoque MZ, Oussalah M, Keskinarkaus A, Seppänen T, Sarder P. SAM: Self-augmentation mechanism for COVID-19 detection using chest X-ray images. Knowl Based Syst 2022; 241:108207. [PMID: 35068707 PMCID: PMC8762871 DOI: 10.1016/j.knosys.2022.108207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a rapidly spreading viral disease and has affected over 100 countries worldwide. The numbers of casualties and cases of infection have escalated particularly in countries with weakened healthcare systems. Recently, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is the test of choice for diagnosing COVID-19. However, current evidence suggests that COVID-19 infected patients are mostly stimulated from a lung infection after coming in contact with this virus. Therefore, chest X-ray (i.e., radiography) and chest CT can be a surrogate in some countries where PCR is not readily available. This has forced the scientific community to detect COVID-19 infection from X-ray images and recently proposed machine learning methods offer great promise for fast and accurate detection. Deep learning with convolutional neural networks (CNNs) has been successfully applied to radiological imaging for improving the accuracy of diagnosis. However, the performance remains limited due to the lack of representative X-ray images available in public benchmark datasets. To alleviate this issue, we propose a self-augmentation mechanism for data augmentation in the feature space rather than in the data space using reconstruction independent component analysis (RICA). Specifically, a unified architecture is proposed which contains a deep convolutional neural network (CNN), a feature augmentation mechanism, and a bidirectional LSTM (BiLSTM). The CNN provides the high-level features extracted at the pooling layer where the augmentation mechanism chooses the most relevant features and generates low-dimensional augmented features. Finally, BiLSTM is used to classify the processed sequential information. We conducted experiments on three publicly available databases to show that the proposed approach achieves the state-of-the-art results with accuracy of 97%, 84% and 98%. Explainability analysis has been carried out using feature visualization through PCA projection and t-SNE plots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Muhammad
- Center for Machine Vision and Signal Analysis, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Md Ziaul Hoque
- Center for Machine Vision and Signal Analysis, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Mourad Oussalah
- Center for Machine Vision and Signal Analysis, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, Finland.,Medical Imaging, Physics, and Technology (MIPT), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Anja Keskinarkaus
- Center for Machine Vision and Signal Analysis, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Tapio Seppänen
- Center for Machine Vision and Signal Analysis, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Pinaki Sarder
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University at Buffalo, USA
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42
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Subramanian N, Elharrouss O, Al-Maadeed S, Chowdhury M. A review of deep learning-based detection methods for COVID-19. Comput Biol Med 2022; 143:105233. [PMID: 35180499 PMCID: PMC8798789 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a fast-spreading pandemic, and early detection is crucial for stopping the spread of infection. Lung images are used in the detection of coronavirus infection. Chest X-ray (CXR) and computed tomography (CT) images are available for the detection of COVID-19. Deep learning methods have been proven efficient and better performing in many computer vision and medical imaging applications. In the rise of the COVID pandemic, researchers are using deep learning methods to detect coronavirus infection in lung images. In this paper, the currently available deep learning methods that are used to detect coronavirus infection in lung images are surveyed. The available methodologies, public datasets, datasets that are used by each method and evaluation metrics are summarized in this paper to help future researchers. The evaluation metrics that are used by the methods are comprehensively compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandhini Subramanian
- Qatar University College of Engineering, Computer Science and Engineering, Qatar.
| | - Omar Elharrouss
- Qatar University College of Engineering, Computer Science and Engineering, Qatar.
| | - Somaya Al-Maadeed
- Qatar University College of Engineering, Computer Science and Engineering, Qatar.
| | - Muhammed Chowdhury
- Qatar University College of Engineering, Computer Science and Engineering, Qatar.
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43
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Sobahi N, Sengur A, Tan RS, Acharya UR. Attention-based 3D CNN with residual connections for efficient ECG-based COVID-19 detection. Comput Biol Med 2022; 143:105335. [PMID: 35219186 PMCID: PMC8858432 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The world has been suffering from the COVID-19 pandemic since 2019. More than 5 million people have died. Pneumonia is caused by the COVID-19 virus, which can be diagnosed using chest X-ray and computed tomography (CT) scans. COVID-19 also causes clinical and subclinical cardiovascular injury that may be detected on electrocardiography (ECG), which is easily accessible. METHOD For ECG-based COVID-19 detection, we developed a novel attention-based 3D convolutional neural network (CNN) model with residual connections (RC). In this paper, the deep learning (DL) approach was developed using 12-lead ECG printouts obtained from 250 normal subjects, 250 patients with COVID-19 and 250 with abnormal heartbeat. For binary classification, the COVID-19 and normal classes were considered; and for multiclass classification, all classes. The ECGs were preprocessed into standard ECG lead segments that were channeled into 12-dimensional volumes as input to the network model. Our developed model comprised of 19 layers with three 3D convolutional, three batch normalization, three rectified linear unit, two dropouts, two additional (for residual connections), one attention, and one fully connected layer. The RC were used to improve gradient flow through the developed network, and attention layer, to connect the second residual connection to the fully connected layer through the batch normalization layer. RESULTS A publicly available dataset was used in this work. We obtained average accuracies of 99.0% and 92.0% for binary and multiclass classifications, respectively, using ten-fold cross-validation. Our proposed model is ready to be tested with a huge ECG database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebras Sobahi
- King Abdulaziz University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdulkadir Sengur
- Firat University, Technology Faculty, Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Ru-San Tan
- National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore and Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - U Rajendra Acharya
- Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, 599489, Singapore; Biomedical Engineering, School of Science and Technology, SUSS University, Singapore; Biomedical Informatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Rana A, Singh H, Mavuduru R, Pattanaik S, Rana PS. Quantifying prognosis severity of COVID-19 patients from deep learning based analysis of CT chest images. Multimed Tools Appl 2022; 81:18129-18153. [PMID: 35282403 PMCID: PMC8901869 DOI: 10.1007/s11042-022-12214-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all the countries in the world with its droplet spread mode. The colossal amount of cases has strained all the healthcare systems due to the serious nature of infections especially for people with comorbidities. A very high specificity Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) test is the principal technique in use for diagnosing the COVID-19 patients. Also, CT scans have helped medical professionals in patient severity estimation & progression tracking of COVID-19 virus. In study we present our own extensible COVID-19 viral infection tracking prognosis technique. It uses annotated dataset of CT chest scan slice images created with the help of medical professionals. The annotated dataset contains bounding box coordinates of different features for COVID-19 detection like ground glass opacities, crazy paving pattern, consolidations, lesions etc. We qualitatively identify the severity of the patient for later prognosis stages in our study to assist medical staff for patient prioritization. First we detected COVID-19 positive patients with pre-trained Siamese Neural Network (SNN) which obtained 87.6% accuracy, 87.1% F1-Score & 95.1% AUC scores. These metrics were achieved after removal of 40% quantitatively highly similar images from the COVID-CT dataset. This reduced dataset was further medically annotated with COVID-19 features for bounding box detection. After this we assigned severity scores to detected COVID-19 features and calculated the cumulative severity score for COVID-19 patients. For qualitative patient prioritization with prognosis clinical assistance information, we finally converted this score into a multi-classification problem which obtained 47% weighted-average F1-score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Rana
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, TIET, Patiala, Punjab India
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, TIET, Patiala, Punjab India
| | | | - Smita Pattanaik
- Department of Urology and Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
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Mary Shyni H, Chitra E. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF X-RAY AND CT IMAGES IN COVID-19 DETECTION USING IMAGE PROCESSING AND DEEP LEARNING TECHNIQUES. Comput Methods Programs Biomed Update 2022; 2:100054. [PMID: 35281724 PMCID: PMC8898857 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpbup.2022.100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The deadly coronavirus has not just devastated the lives of millions but has put the entire healthcare system under tremendous pressure. Early diagnosis of COVID-19 plays a significant role in isolating the positive cases and preventing the further spread of the disease. The medical images along with deep learning models provided faster and more accurate results in the detection of COVID-19. This article extensively reviews the recent deep learning techniques for COVID-19 diagnosis. The research articles discussed reveal that Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is the most popular deep learning algorithm in detecting COVID-19 from medical images. An overview of the necessity of pre-processing the medical images, transfer learning and data augmentation techniques to deal with data scarcity problems, use of pre-trained models to save time and the role of medical images in the automatic detection of COVID-19 are summarized. This article also provides a sensible outlook for the young researchers to develop highly effective CNN models coupled with medical images in the early detection of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mary Shyni
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - E Chitra
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Hassan H, Ren Z, Zhao H, Huang S, Li D, Xiang S, Kang Y, Chen S, Huang B. Review and classification of AI-enabled COVID-19 CT imaging models based on computer vision tasks. Comput Biol Med 2022; 141:105123. [PMID: 34953356 PMCID: PMC8684223 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.105123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a systematic overview of artificial intelligence (AI) and computer vision strategies for diagnosing the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) using computerized tomography (CT) medical images. We analyzed the previous review works and found that all of them ignored classifying and categorizing COVID-19 literature based on computer vision tasks, such as classification, segmentation, and detection. Most of the COVID-19 CT diagnosis methods comprehensively use segmentation and classification tasks. Moreover, most of the review articles are diverse and cover CT as well as X-ray images. Therefore, we focused on the COVID-19 diagnostic methods based on CT images. Well-known search engines and databases such as Google, Google Scholar, Kaggle, Baidu, IEEE Xplore, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus were utilized to collect relevant studies. After deep analysis, we collected 114 studies and reported highly enriched information for each selected research. According to our analysis, AI and computer vision have substantial potential for rapid COVID-19 diagnosis as they could significantly assist in automating the diagnosis process. Accurate and efficient models will have real-time clinical implications, though further research is still required. Categorization of literature based on computer vision tasks could be helpful for future research; therefore, this review article will provide a good foundation for conducting such research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haseeb Hassan
- College of Big Data and Internet, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhaoyu Ren
- College of Big Data and Internet, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huishi Zhao
- College of Big Data and Internet, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shoujin Huang
- College of Big Data and Internet, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Big Data and Internet, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaohua Xiang
- College of Big Data and Internet, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Kang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China; Medical Device Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sifan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingding Huang
- College of Big Data and Internet, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China.
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Kumar A, Tripathi AR, Satapathy SC, Zhang YD. SARS-Net: COVID-19 detection from chest x-rays by combining graph convolutional network and convolutional neural network. Pattern Recognit 2022; 122:108255. [PMID: 34456369 PMCID: PMC8386119 DOI: 10.1016/j.patcog.2021.108255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has emerged as one of the deadliest pandemics that has ever crept on humanity. Screening tests are currently the most reliable and accurate steps in detecting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in a patient, and the most used is RT-PCR testing. Various researchers and early studies implied that visual indicators (abnormalities) in a patient's Chest X-Ray (CXR) or computed tomography (CT) imaging were a valuable characteristic of a COVID-19 patient that can be leveraged to find out virus in a vast population. Motivated by various contributions to open-source community to tackle COVID-19 pandemic, we introduce SARS-Net, a CADx system combining Graph Convolutional Networks and Convolutional Neural Networks for detecting abnormalities in a patient's CXR images for presence of COVID-19 infection in a patient. In this paper, we introduce and evaluate the performance of a custom-made deep learning architecture SARS-Net, to classify and detect the Chest X-ray images for COVID-19 diagnosis. Quantitative analysis shows that the proposed model achieves more accuracy than previously mentioned state-of-the-art methods. It was found that our proposed model achieved an accuracy of 97.60% and a sensitivity of 92.90% on the validation set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aayush Kumar
- School of Computer Engineering, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (Deemed to Be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Ayush R Tripathi
- School of Computer Engineering, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (Deemed to Be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Suresh Chandra Satapathy
- School of Computer Engineering, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (Deemed to Be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Yu-Dong Zhang
- Department of Informatics, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
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48
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Hadi MU, Khurshid M. SARS-CoV-2 Detection Using Optical Fiber Based Sensor Method. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:751. [PMID: 35161497 DOI: 10.3390/s22030751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus disease, also known as the COVID-19 pandemic, has engendered the biggest challenge to human life for the last two years. With a rapid increase in the spread of the Omicron variant across the world, and to contain the spread of COVID-19 in general, it is crucial to rapidly identify this viral infection with minimal logistics. To achieve this, a novel plastic optical fiber (POF) U-shaped probe sensing method is presented for accurate detection of SARS-CoV-2, commonly known as the COVID-19 virus, which has the capability to detect new variants such as Omicron. The sample under test can be taken from oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal via specific POF U-shaped probe with one end that is fed with a laser source while the other end is connected to a photodetector to receive the response and postprocess for decision-making. The study includes detection comparison with two types of POF with diameters of 200 and 500 µm. Results show that detection is better when a smaller-diameter POF is used. It is also seen that the proposed test bed and its envisaged prototype can detect the COVID-19 variants within 15 min of the test. The proposed approach will make the clinical diagnosis faster, cheaper and applicable to patients in remote areas where there are no hospitals or clinical laboratories due to poverty, geographic obstacles, or other factors.
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Paul A, Basu A, Mahmud M, Kaiser MS, Sarkar R. Inverted bell-curve-based ensemble of deep learning models for detection of COVID-19 from chest X-rays. Neural Comput Appl 2022; 35:1-15. [PMID: 35013650 PMCID: PMC8729326 DOI: 10.1007/s00521-021-06737-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Novel Coronavirus 2019 disease or COVID-19 is a viral disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The use of chest X-rays (CXRs) has become an important practice to assist in the diagnosis of COVID-19 as they can be used to detect the abnormalities developed in the infected patients' lungs. With the fast spread of the disease, many researchers across the world are striving to use several deep learning-based systems to identify the COVID-19 from such CXR images. To this end, we propose an inverted bell-curve-based ensemble of deep learning models for the detection of COVID-19 from CXR images. We first use a selection of models pretrained on ImageNet dataset and use the concept of transfer learning to retrain them with CXR datasets. Then the trained models are combined with the proposed inverted bell curve weighted ensemble method, where the output of each classifier is assigned a weight, and the final prediction is done by performing a weighted average of those outputs. We evaluate the proposed method on two publicly available datasets: the COVID-19 Radiography Database and the IEEE COVID Chest X-ray Dataset. The accuracy, F1 score and the AUC ROC achieved by the proposed method are 99.66%, 99.75% and 99.99%, respectively, in the first dataset, and, 99.84%, 99.81% and 99.99%, respectively, in the other dataset. Experimental results ensure that the use of transfer learning-based models and their combination using the proposed ensemble method result in improved predictions of COVID-19 in CXRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashis Paul
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032 India
| | - Arpan Basu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032 India
| | - Mufti Mahmud
- Department of Computer Science, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, Nottingham NG11 8NS UK
- Medical Technologies Innovation Facility, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, Nottingham NG11 8NS UK
- Computing and Informatics Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, Nottingham NG11 8NS UK
| | - M. Shamim Kaiser
- Institute of Information Technology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342 Bangladesh
| | - Ram Sarkar
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032 India
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Sanket S, Vergin Raja Sarobin M, Jani Anbarasi L, Thakor J, Singh U, Narayanan S. Detection of novel coronavirus from chest X-rays using deep convolutional neural networks. Multimed Tools Appl 2022; 81:22263-22288. [PMID: 34512112 PMCID: PMC8423603 DOI: 10.1007/s11042-021-11257-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
With over 172 Million people infected with the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) globally and with the numbers increasing exponentially, the dire need of a fast diagnostic system keeps on surging. With shortage of kits, and deadly underlying disease due to its vastly mutating and contagious properties, the tired physicians need a fast diagnostic method to cater the requirements of the soaring number of infected patients. Laboratory testing has turned out to be an arduous, cost-ineffective and requiring a well-equipped laboratory for analysis. This paper proposes a convolutional neural network (CNN) based model for analysis/detection of COVID-19, dubbed as CovCNN, which uses the patient's chest X-ray images for the diagnosis of COVID-19 with an aim to assist the medical practitioners to expedite the diagnostic process amongst high workload conditions. In the proposed CovCNN model, a novel deep-CNN based architecture has been incorporated with multiple folds of CNN. These models utilize depth wise convolution with varying dilation rates for efficiently extracting diversified features from chest X-rays. 657 chest X-rays of which 219 were X-ray images of patients infected from COVID-19 and the remaining were the images of non-COVID-19 (i.e. normal or COVID-19 negative) patients. Further, performance evaluation on the dataset using different pre-trained models has been analyzed based on the loss and accuracy curve. The experimental results show that the highest classification accuracy (98.4%) is achieved using the proposed CovCNN model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashwat Sanket
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
| | - M. Vergin Raja Sarobin
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
| | - L. Jani Anbarasi
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Jayraj Thakor
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Urmila Singh
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Sathiya Narayanan
- School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
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