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Xu J, Liu H, Su G, Ding M, Wang W, Lu J, Bi X, Zhao Y. Purification of ginseng rare sapogenins 25-OH-PPT and its hypoglycemic, antiinflammatory and lipid-lowering mechanisms. J Ginseng Res 2019; 45:86-97. [PMID: 33437160 PMCID: PMC7791145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Panax ginseng Meyer has been used as a nourishing edible herb in East Asia for thousands of years. 25-OH-PPT was first discovered as a natural rare triterpenoid saponin in ginseng stems and leaves by our group. Research found that it showed strong inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, and protected cardiocytes (H9c2) through PI3K/Akt pathway. Methods In the research, in order to optimize the 25-OH-PPT enrichment process, optimal macroporous resins and optimal purification conditions were studied. Meanwhile, the hypoglycemic effect and mechanism of 25-OH-PPT were evaluated by using STZ to establish insulin-dependent diabetic mice and the spontaneous type 2 diabetes DB/DB mice. Results and Conclusion Research found that 25-OH-PPT can reduce blood glucose and enhance glucose tolerance in STZ model mice. It increases insulin sensitivity by upregulating GLUT4 and AMPK in skeletal muscle, and activating insulin signaling pathways. In DB/DB mice, 25-OH-PPT achieves hypoglycemic effects mainly by activating the insulin signaling pathway. Meanwhile, through the influence of liver inflammatory factors and lipids in serum, it can be seen that 25-OH-PPT has obvious anti-inflammatory and lipid-lowering effects. These results provide new insights into the study of ginseng as a functional food.
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Key Words
- 25-hydroxyl-protopanaxatriol, 25-OH-PPT, 20 (R)-dammaran-3β, 6α, 12β, 20, 25-pentol
- AMPK, adenylate-activated protein kinase
- AUC, area under the curve
- BCA, bicinchoninic acid
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- COX2, cyclo-oxygenase 2
- DM, diabetes mellitus
- GLUT4, glucose transporter 4
- Ginseng
- IL-1, interleukin-1
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- INSR, insulin receptor
- IPGTT, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test
- IR, insulin receptor
- IRS-1, insulin receptor substrate-1
- Insulin resistance
- Macroporous resin
- STZ, streptozotocin
- T2DM
- T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triglycerides
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Hairong Liu
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Guangyue Su
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Meng Ding
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jincai Lu
- Department of Medicinal Plant Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Medicinal Plant, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Xiuli Bi
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Corresponding author. School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Chongshan Middle Road No.66, Huanggu District, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Corresponding author. School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, PR China.
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