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Xu J, Liu H, Su G, Ding M, Wang W, Lu J, Bi X, Zhao Y. Purification of ginseng rare sapogenins 25-OH-PPT and its hypoglycemic, antiinflammatory and lipid-lowering mechanisms. J Ginseng Res 2019; 45:86-97. [PMID: 33437160 PMCID: PMC7791145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Panax ginseng Meyer has been used as a nourishing edible herb in East Asia for thousands of years. 25-OH-PPT was first discovered as a natural rare triterpenoid saponin in ginseng stems and leaves by our group. Research found that it showed strong inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, and protected cardiocytes (H9c2) through PI3K/Akt pathway. Methods In the research, in order to optimize the 25-OH-PPT enrichment process, optimal macroporous resins and optimal purification conditions were studied. Meanwhile, the hypoglycemic effect and mechanism of 25-OH-PPT were evaluated by using STZ to establish insulin-dependent diabetic mice and the spontaneous type 2 diabetes DB/DB mice. Results and Conclusion Research found that 25-OH-PPT can reduce blood glucose and enhance glucose tolerance in STZ model mice. It increases insulin sensitivity by upregulating GLUT4 and AMPK in skeletal muscle, and activating insulin signaling pathways. In DB/DB mice, 25-OH-PPT achieves hypoglycemic effects mainly by activating the insulin signaling pathway. Meanwhile, through the influence of liver inflammatory factors and lipids in serum, it can be seen that 25-OH-PPT has obvious anti-inflammatory and lipid-lowering effects. These results provide new insights into the study of ginseng as a functional food.
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Key Words
- 25-hydroxyl-protopanaxatriol, 25-OH-PPT, 20 (R)-dammaran-3β, 6α, 12β, 20, 25-pentol
- AMPK, adenylate-activated protein kinase
- AUC, area under the curve
- BCA, bicinchoninic acid
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- COX2, cyclo-oxygenase 2
- DM, diabetes mellitus
- GLUT4, glucose transporter 4
- Ginseng
- IL-1, interleukin-1
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- INSR, insulin receptor
- IPGTT, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test
- IR, insulin receptor
- IRS-1, insulin receptor substrate-1
- Insulin resistance
- Macroporous resin
- STZ, streptozotocin
- T2DM
- T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triglycerides
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Hairong Liu
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Guangyue Su
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Meng Ding
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jincai Lu
- Department of Medicinal Plant Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Medicinal Plant, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Xiuli Bi
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Corresponding author. School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Chongshan Middle Road No.66, Huanggu District, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Corresponding author. School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, PR China.
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Mohanty SS, Mohanty PK. Obesity as potential breast cancer risk factor for postmenopausal women. Genes Dis 2019; 8:117-123. [PMID: 33997158 PMCID: PMC8099684 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second highest prevalent cancer globally after lung cancer with 2.09 million cases during 2018. Adults about 1.9 billion were overweight and over 650 million out of these were obese during 2016. There is a significant relationship between breast cancer risk and obesity. Premature menopause and premenopausal obesity diminish the risk whereas postmenopausal obesity amplifies the risk, because adipose tissue acts as the major reservoir for estrogen biosynthesis after menopause. Lofty estrogen levels in serum along with enhanced peripheral site production of estrogen have been viewed as major reasons of developing breast cancer in overweight postmenopausal women. This review explains body fat as a peripheral site for estrogen biosynthesis, estrogen exposure affecting body fat distribution, and the mechanism of estrogen production from body fats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Sucharita Mohanty
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, P.G. Department of Zoology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, 751004, Odisha, India
| | - Prafulla Kumar Mohanty
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, P.G. Department of Zoology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, 751004, Odisha, India
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Qin H, Zhang X, Ye F, Zhong L. High-fat diet-induced changes in liver thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase as a novel feature of insulin resistance. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 4:928-35. [PMID: 25426412 PMCID: PMC4239481 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD) can induce oxidative stress. Thioredoxin (Trx) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) are critical antioxidant proteins but how they are affected by HFD remains unclear. Using HFD-induced insulin-resistant mouse model, we show here that liver Trx and TrxR are significantly decreased, but, remarkably, the degree of their S-acylation is increased after consuming HFD. These HFD-induced changes in Trx/TrxR may reflect abnormalities of lipid metabolism and insulin signaling transduction. HFD-driven accumulation of 4-hydroxynonenal is another potential mechanism behind inactivation and decreased expression of Trx/TrxR. Thus, we propose HFD-induced impairment of liver Trx/TrxR as major contributor to oxidative stress and as a novel feature of insulin resistance.
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Key Words
- 4-HNE, 4-hydroxynonenal
- ASK-1, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1
- Gpx, glutathione peroxidase
- HFD, high-fat diet
- High-fat diet
- IRS-1, insulin receptor substrate-1
- ITT, insulin tolerance test
- Insulin resistance
- OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test
- PTP-1B, protein-tyrosine phophatase-1B
- S-acylation
- Thioredoxin
- Thioredoxin reductase
- Trx, thioredoxin
- TrxR, thioredoxin reductase
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Qin
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Perking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Perking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - Liangwei Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
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Soga M, Ohashi A, Taniguchi M, Matsui T, Tsuda T. The di-peptide Trp-His activates AMP-activated protein kinase and enhances glucose uptake independently of insulin in L6 myotubes. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 4:898-904. [PMID: 25383313 PMCID: PMC4223153 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
WH activates AMPK, and enhances glucose uptake in L6 myotubes independently of insulin. WH induces ATP depletion and LKB1 phosphorylates AMPK. Activation of AMPK by WH is not due to Ca2+ dependent pathway. L6 myotubes have only one type of peptide transporter (PHT1; SLC15a4). WH activates AMPK via incorporation into cells from PHT1.
The di-peptide Trp-His (WH) has vasorelaxant and anti-atherosclerotic functions. We hypothesized that WH has multiple biological functions and may aid AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation and affect the glucose transport system in skeletal muscle. First, we examined whether WH or His-Trp (HW) can activate AMPKα. Treatment of L6 myotubes with WH or HW significantly increased phosphorylation of AMPKα. WH activated AMPK independently of insulin and significantly increased glucose uptake into L6 myotubes following translocation of glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) to the plasma membrane. This activation was induced by the LKB1 pathway but was independent of changes in intracellular Ca2+ levels and the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase pathway. L6 myotubes express only one type of oligopeptide transporter, peptide/histidine transporter 1 (PHT1, also known as SLC15a4), and WH is incorporated into cells and activates AMPKα following PHT1-mediated cell uptake. These findings indicate that (1) WH activates AMPK and insulin independently enhances glucose uptake following translocation of Glut4 to the plasma membrane, (2) activation of AMPKα by WH is mediated by the LKB1 pathway, without altering the Ca2+-dependent pathway, and (3) L6 myotubes express only one type of peptide transporter (PHT1; SLC15a4), which incorporates WH into cells to activate AMPKα.
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Key Words
- 2DG, 2-deoxy-d-glucose
- AICAR, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside
- AMP-activated protein kinase
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- CaMK, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase
- DMEM, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium
- Glucose transporter 4
- Glut, glucose transporter
- IRS-1, insulin receptor substrate-1
- KRH, Krebs–Ringer–HEPES buffer
- LKB1
- PHT1, peptide/histidine transporter 1
- PM, plasma membrene
- Peptide transporter
- TEA, triethanolamine
- Trp-His
- VDCC, voltage-dependent calcium channel
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Soga
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Ayaka Ohashi
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Megumi Taniguchi
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiro Matsui
- Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Takanori Tsuda
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
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Youssef RF, Cost NG, Darwish OM, Margulis V. Prognostic markers in renal cell carcinoma: A focus on the 'mammalian target of rapamycin' pathway. Arab J Urol 2012; 10:110-7. [PMID: 26558012 PMCID: PMC4442886 DOI: 10.1016/j.aju.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Increased knowledge about the molecular pathways involved in tumorigenesis has led to the discovery of new prognostic molecular markers and development of novel targeted therapies for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). In this review we describe the prognostic markers of RCC and highlight the areas of recent discovery with a focus on the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Methods We reviewed previous reports, using PubMed with the search terms ‘renal cell carcinoma’, ‘molecular markers’, ‘prognosis’, ‘outcomes’ and ‘mammalian target of rapamycin pathway’ published in the last two decades. We created a library of 100 references and focused on presenting the recent advances in the field. Results Growing evidence suggests that mTOR deregulation is associated with many types of human cancer, including RCC. Consequently, temsirolimus and everolimus, which target mTOR, are approved for treating advanced RCC. There is a demand to integrate clinical, pathological and molecular markers into accurate prognostic models to provide patients with the most personalised cancer care possible. Conclusions The mTOR pathway is highly implicated in RCC tumorigenesis and progression, and its constituents might represent a promising prognostic tool and target for treating RCC. Combining newly discovered molecular markers with classic clinicopathological prognostics might potentially improve the management of RCC.
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Key Words
- 4E-BP1, eukaryotic initiation factor-binding protein-1
- CA-9, carbonic anhydrase 9
- HIF, hypoxia inducible factor
- IRS-1, insulin receptor substrate-1
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- Molecular markers
- PI3k, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- Prognostic
- Renal cell carcinoma
- S6K1, S6 kinase 1
- TKR, tyrosine kinase receptor
- TSC, tuberous sclerosis complex
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VHL, von Hippel-Lindau
- mTOR
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy F Youssef
- Division of Urologic Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas G Cost
- Division of Urologic Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Oussama M Darwish
- Division of Urologic Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Vitaly Margulis
- Division of Urologic Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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