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Lisec B, Bozic T, Santek I, Markelc B, Vrecl M, Frangez R, Cemazar M. Characterization of two distinct immortalized endothelial cell lines, EA.hy926 and HMEC-1, for in vitro studies: exploring the impact of calcium electroporation, Ca 2+ signaling and transcriptomic profiles. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:118. [PMID: 38347539 PMCID: PMC10863159 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01503-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis after calcium electroporation (CaEP) in tumors has been shown to elicit an enhanced antitumor effect with varying impacts on healthy tissue, such as endothelium. Therefore, our study aimed to determine differences in Ca2+ kinetics and gene expression involved in the regulation of Ca2+ signaling and homeostasis, as well as effects of CaEP on cytoskeleton and adherens junctions of the established endothelial cell lines EA.hy926 and HMEC-1. METHODS CaEP was performed on EA.hy926 and HMEC-1 cells with increasing Ca2+ concentrations. Viability after CaEP was assessed using Presto Blue, while the effect on cytoskeleton and adherens junctions was evaluated via immunofluorescence staining (F-actin, α-tubulin, VE-cadherin). Differences in intracellular Ca2+ regulation ([Ca2+]i) were determined with spectrofluorometric measurements using Fura-2-AM, exposing cells to DPBS, ionomycin, thapsigargin, ATP, bradykinin, angiotensin II, acetylcholine, LaCl3, and GdCl3. Molecular distinctions were identified by analyzing differentially expressed genes and pathways related to the cytoskeleton and Ca2+ signaling through RNA sequencing. RESULTS EA.hy926 cells, at increasing Ca2+ concentrations, displayed higher CaEP susceptibility and lower survival than HMEC-1. Immunofluorescence confirmed CaEP-induced, time- and Ca2+-dependent morphological changes in EA.hy926's actin filaments, microtubules, and cell-cell junctions. Spectrofluorometric Ca2+ kinetics showed higher amplitudes in Ca2+ responses in EA.hy926 exposed to buffer, G protein coupled receptor agonists, bradykinin, and angiotensin II compared to HMEC-1. HMEC-1 exhibited significantly higher [Ca2+]i changes after ionomycin exposure, while responses to thapsigargin, ATP, and acetylcholine were similar in both cell lines. ATP without extracellular Ca2+ ions induced a significantly higher [Ca2+]i rise in EA.hy926, suggesting purinergic ionotropic P2X and metabotropic P2Y receptor activation. RNA-sequencing analysis showed significant differences in cytoskeleton- and Ca2+-related gene expression, highlighting upregulation of ORAI2, TRPC1, TRPM2, CNGA3, TRPM6, and downregulation of TRPV4 and TRPC4 in EA.hy926 versus HMEC-1. Moreover, KEGG analysis showed upregulated Ca2+ import and downregulated export genes in EA.hy926. CONCLUSIONS Our finding show that significant differences in CaEP response and [Ca2+]i regulation exist between EA.hy926 and HMEC-1, which may be attributed to distinct transcriptomic profiles. EA.hy926, compared to HMEC-1, displayed higher susceptibility and sensitivity to [Ca2+]i changes, which may be linked to overexpression of Ca2+-related genes and an inability to mitigate changes in [Ca2+]i. The study offers a bioinformatic basis for selecting EC models based on research objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Lisec
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 2, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tim Bozic
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 2, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Iva Santek
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 2, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bostjan Markelc
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 2, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milka Vrecl
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbiceva 60, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Frangez
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbiceva 60, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Cemazar
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 2, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, SI-6310, Izola, Slovenia.
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Broholm M, Vogelsang R, Bulut M, Gögenur M, Stigaard T, Orhan A, Schefte X, Fiehn AMK, Gehl J, Gögenur I. Neoadjuvant calcium electroporation for potentially curable colorectal cancer. Surg Endosc 2024; 38:697-705. [PMID: 38017160 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-023-10557-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of new perioperative treatment modalities to activate the immune system in colorectal cancer might have a beneficial effect on reducing the risk of recurrence after surgery. Calcium electroporation is a promising treatment modality that potentially modulates the tumor microenvironment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of the procedure in the neoadjuvant setting in localized left-sided colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS The study included patients with potentially curable sigmoid or rectal cancer with no indication for other neoadjuvant treatment. Patients were offered calcium electroporation as a neoadjuvant treatment before elective surgery. Follow-up visits were conducted on the preoperative day before elective surgery, POD2, POD14, and POD30, with an evaluation of adverse events, impact on elective surgery, clinical examination, and quality of recovery. RESULTS Endoscopic calcium electroporation was performed as an outpatient procedure in all 21 cases, with no procedure-related complications reported. At follow-up, five adverse events were registered, two of which were classified as serious adverse events. Surgery was performed as planned in 19 patients (median time to surgery, 8 days), and the final two patients underwent surgery with a delay due to adverse events (14 and 33 days). No significant impact on the quality of recovery scores nor inflammatory markers were seen before and after calcium electroporation, nor baseline and POD30. CONCLUSIONS Endoscopic calcium electroporation is a safe and feasible procedure in patients with potentially curable CRC. The study showed limited side effects and limited impact on the following elective surgical resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Broholm
- Department of Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Center for Surgical Science, Lykkebaekvej 1, 4600, Koege, Denmark.
| | - R Vogelsang
- Department of Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Center for Surgical Science, Lykkebaekvej 1, 4600, Koege, Denmark
| | - M Bulut
- Department of Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Center for Surgical Science, Lykkebaekvej 1, 4600, Koege, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Gögenur
- Department of Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Center for Surgical Science, Lykkebaekvej 1, 4600, Koege, Denmark
| | - T Stigaard
- Department of Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Center for Surgical Science, Lykkebaekvej 1, 4600, Koege, Denmark
| | - A Orhan
- Department of Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Center for Surgical Science, Lykkebaekvej 1, 4600, Koege, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Palliative Care, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - X Schefte
- Department of Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Center for Surgical Science, Lykkebaekvej 1, 4600, Koege, Denmark
| | - A M K Fiehn
- Department of Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Center for Surgical Science, Lykkebaekvej 1, 4600, Koege, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - J Gehl
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Palliative Care, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - I Gögenur
- Department of Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Center for Surgical Science, Lykkebaekvej 1, 4600, Koege, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Jacobs Iv EJ, Campelo SN, Charlton A, Altreuter S, Davalos RV. Characterizing reversible, irreversible, and calcium electroporation to generate a burst-dependent dynamic conductivity curve. Bioelectrochemistry 2024; 155:108580. [PMID: 37788520 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The relationships between burst number, reversible, irreversible, and calcium electroporation have not been comprehensively evaluated in tumor tissue-mimics. Our findings indicate that electroporation effects saturate with a rate constant (τ) of 20 bursts for both conventional and high frequency waveforms (R2 > 0.88), with the separation between reversible and irreversible electroporation thresholds converging at 50 bursts. We find the lethal thresholds for calcium electroporation are statistically similar to reversible electroporation (R2 > 0.99). We then develop a burst-dependent dynamic conductivity curve that now incorporates electroporation effects due to both the electric field magnitude and burst number. Simulated ablation and thermal damage volumes vary significantly between finite element models using either the conventional or new burst-dependent dynamic conductivity curve (p < 0.05). Lastly, for clinically relevant protocols, thermal damage is indicated to not begin until 50 bursts, with maximum nonthermal ablation volumes at 100 bursts (1.5-13% thermal damage by volume). We find that >100 bursts generated negligible increases in ablation volumes with 40-70% thermal damage by volume at 300 bursts. Our results illustrate the need for considering burst number in minimizing thermal damage, choosing adjuvant therapies, and in modeling electroporation effects at low burst numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Jacobs Iv
- Bioelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, Virginia Tech - Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Bioelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech - Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sabrina N Campelo
- Bioelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, Virginia Tech - Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Alyssa Charlton
- Bioelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, Virginia Tech - Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Sara Altreuter
- Bioelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, Virginia Tech - Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Rafael V Davalos
- Bioelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, Virginia Tech - Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Bioelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech - Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Egeland C, Balsevicius L, Gögenur I, Gehl J, Baeksgaard L, Garbyal RS, Achiam MP. Calcium electroporation of esophageal cancer induces gene expression changes: a sub-study of a phase I clinical trial. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:16031-16042. [PMID: 37688629 PMCID: PMC10620256 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05357-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we aim to investigate gene expression changes in tumor samples obtained from patients with esophageal cancer treated with calcium electroporation. Previously, local treatment with calcium electroporation has been shown to induce gene expression alterations, potentially contributing to a more tumor-hostile microenvironment. METHODS In this sub-study of a phase I clinical trial, we included five patients with esophageal cancer treated with calcium electroporation. We compared cancer-associated gene expression patterns in tumor samples before and after treatment. Furthermore, we used linear support vector regression to predict the cellular composition of tumor samples. RESULTS Using differential expression analysis, we identified the downregulation of CXCL14 and upregulation of CCL21, ANGPTL4, and CRABP2 genes. We also found a decreased predicted proportion of dendritic cells while the proportion of neutrophils was increased. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence that calcium electroporation for esophageal cancer induces local transcriptional changes and possibly alters the cellular composition of the tumor microenvironment. The results are explorative, larger studies are needed to confirm and further correlate our findings with clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Egeland
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Lukas Balsevicius
- Center for Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Koege, Denmark
- Graduate School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ismail Gögenur
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Koege, Denmark
| | - Julie Gehl
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Palliative Care, Center for Experimental Drug and Gene Electrotransfer (C*EDGE), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Lene Baeksgaard
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rajendra Singh Garbyal
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Patrick Achiam
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Jensen KB, Lonkvist CK, Gehl J, Vissing M. Calcium Electroporation for Management of Cutaneous Metastases in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer: A Case Report. Case Rep Dermatol 2022; 14:330-338. [PMID: 36466757 PMCID: PMC9710443 DOI: 10.1159/000526157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a case of successful treatment of cutaneous metastases in HER2-positive breast cancer with calcium electroporation (CaEP), in addition to trastuzumab, over a period of 5 years. CaEP is performed in local or general anesthesia, by injecting calcium chloride intratumorally and then electroporating cells in the area. Using a handheld needle electrode, a series of short, high-voltage electric pulses are delivered, which transiently permeabilizes cell membranes, causing toxic intracellular calcium levels. The treatment causes cancer cell death, while normal cells are less affected, making the treatment useful for local management of cutaneous lesions. This case presents a 66-year-old female, who had mastectomy surgery followed by adjuvant chemo- and radiotherapy for an ER-negative, HER2-positive breast cancer on her right side in 2003, and a mastectomy followed by endocrine therapy for an ER-positive, HER2 normal breast cancer on her left side in 2006. In 2015, the patient presented local cutaneous recurrence of the ER-negative, HER2-positive breast cancer. The patient was treated with trastuzumab alone, trastuzumab emtansine (TDM1), and a combination of trastuzumab and CaEP. TDM1 was found to have a slightly better effect on the cutaneous metastases than trastuzumab, but the side effects of TDM1 were not acceptable to the patient. The combination of continuous HER2-inhibition and intermittent CaEP, when needed, has been effective in keeping the cutaneous metastases under control for 5 years, and presumably more tolerable for the patient than chemotherapy. An interesting finding was local sparing of calcium electroporated skin from new recurrences, otherwise seen in the general area, which could be a sign of local immunity. This warrants further studies investigating local immunomodulation following CaEP. The patient reported appreciation of a treatment option without chemotherapy, and satisfaction with the outcome of the combination of HER2 inhibition and CaEP treatment. CaEP treatment is currently phase II treatment, and mechanisms and possible applications still need investigation. This novel anticancer treatment could potentially benefit many patients, due to its efficacy, low cost, and accessibility. This case provides observations, which may inspire future trials with CaEP for skin metastases of HER2-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Borres Jensen
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Palliative Care, Center for Experimental Drug and Gene Electrotransfer (C*EDGE), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde and Næstved, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Julie Gehl
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Palliative Care, Center for Experimental Drug and Gene Electrotransfer (C*EDGE), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde and Næstved, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mille Vissing
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Palliative Care, Center for Experimental Drug and Gene Electrotransfer (C*EDGE), Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde and Næstved, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Balantič K, Weiss VU, Allmaier G, Kramar P. Calcium ion effect on phospholipid bilayers as cell membrane analogues. Bioelectrochemistry 2021; 143:107988. [PMID: 34763170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ion attachment can modify stability and structure of phospholipid bilayers. Of particular importance is the interaction of phospholipids with divalent cations, such as calcium ions playing an important role in numerous cellular processes. The aim of our study was to determine effects of calcium ions on phospholipid membranes employing two cell membrane analogues, liposomes and planar lipid bilayers, and for the first time the combination of two instrumental setups: gas-phase electrophoresis (nES GEMMA instrumentation) and electrical (capacitance and resistance) measurements. Liposomes and planar lipid bilayers consisted of phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and phosphatidylethanolamine. Liposomes were prepared from dried lipid films via hydration while planar lipid bilayers were formed using a Mueller-Rudin method. Calcium ions were added to membranes from higher concentrated stock solutions. Changes in phospholipid bilayer properties due to calcium presence were observed for both studied cell membrane analogues. Changes in liposome size were observed, which might either be related to tighter packing of phospholipids in the bilayer or local distortions of the membrane. Likewise, a measurable change in planar lipid bilayer resistance and capacitance was observed in the presence of calcium ions, which can be due to an increased rigidity and tighter packing of the lipid molecules in the bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Balantič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Slovenia
| | - Victor U Weiss
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien (Vienna University of Technology), Vienna, Austria
| | - Günter Allmaier
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien (Vienna University of Technology), Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Kramar
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Slovenia.
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Rudno-Rudzińska J, Kielan W, Guziński M, Płochocki M, Antończyk A, Kulbacka J. New therapeutic strategy: Personalization of pancreatic cancer treatment-irreversible electroporation (IRE), electrochemotherapy (ECT) and calcium electroporation (CaEP) - A pilot preclinical study. Surg Oncol 2021; 38:101634. [PMID: 34303953 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2021.101634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, irreversible electroporation (IRE), electrochemotherapy (ECT), and calcium electroporation (CaEP) techniques were investigated as new strategies for human pancreatic cancer. Qualification of the patients, best "therapeutic moment" for each patient, safety, and complications after procedures were examined. In this pilot study were included 13 patients in this study, which were operated on in different pancreatic cancer stages. Patients underwent IRE or ECT with intravenous admission of cisplatin or electroporation with calcium intratumoral administration. The IRE procedure was safe for the patients. Medium overall survival for IRE, IRE + CTH, and IRE + CaCl2 was respectively: 16, 29.5, and 19 months comparing to 10 months in control chemotherapy (CTH) group. Thus, IRE, ECT, and CaEP can be effective strategies for pancreatic cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rudno-Rudzińska
- Department of General and Oncological Surgery, Medical University Hospital, Borowska 213, 50-556, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Kielan
- Department of General and Oncological Surgery, Medical University Hospital, Borowska 213, 50-556, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Guziński
- Department of Radiology Medical University Hospital, Borowska213, 50-556, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Płochocki
- Department of Oncology Medical University Hospital, Borowska 213, 50-556, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Antończyk
- Department and Clinic of Surgery, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 51, 50-366, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Julita Kulbacka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Falk H, Forde PF, Bay ML, Mangalanathan UM, Hojman P, Soden DM, Gehl J. Calcium electroporation induces tumor eradication, long-lasting immunity and cytokine responses in the CT26 colon cancer mouse model. Oncoimmunology 2017. [PMID: 28638724 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1301332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroporation is used in cancer treatment because of its ability to increase local cytotoxicity of e.g. bleomycin (electrochemotherapy) and calcium (calcium electroporation). Calcium electroporation is a novel anticancer treatment that selectively kills cancer cells by necrosis, a cell death pathway that stimulates the immune system due to high release of antigens and "danger signals." In this exploratory study, we aimed to investigate whether calcium electroporation could initiate an anticancer immune response similar to electrochemotherapy. To this end, we treated immunocompetent balb/c mice with CT26 colon tumors with calcium electroporation, electrochemotherapy, or ultrasound-based delivery of calcium or bleomycin. High treatment efficiency was observed with 100% complete remission in all four groups (12/12 with complete remission in each treatment group). In addition, none of the surviving mice from these groups formed new tumors when re-challenged with CT26 cancer cells 100-d post treatment, whereas mice challenged with different cancer cells (4T1 breast cancer) all developed tumors. Treatment of immunodeficient mice with calcium electroporation and electrochemotherapy showed no long-lasting tumor response. Calcium electroporation and electrochemotherapy was associated with a release of High Mobility Group Box 1 protein (HMGB1) in vitro (p = 0.029) and a significant increase of the overall systemic level of pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum from the treated mice (p < 0.003). These findings indicate that calcium electroporation as well as electrochemotherapy could have a role as immune stimulators in future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Falk
- Center for Experimental Drug and Gene Electrotransfer (CEDGE), Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Patrick F Forde
- Cork Cancer Research Center, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Western road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marie Lund Bay
- Centre of Physical Activity Research, Center of Inflammation and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej, København, Denmark
| | - Uma Maheswari Mangalanathan
- Center for Experimental Drug and Gene Electrotransfer (CEDGE), Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Pernille Hojman
- Centre of Physical Activity Research, Center of Inflammation and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej, København, Denmark
| | - Declan M Soden
- Cork Cancer Research Center, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Western road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Julie Gehl
- Center for Experimental Drug and Gene Electrotransfer (CEDGE), Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej, Herlev, Denmark
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Frandsen SK, Gissel H, Hojman P, Eriksen J, Gehl J. Calcium electroporation in three cell lines: a comparison of bleomycin and calcium, calcium compounds, and pulsing conditions. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:1204-8. [PMID: 24342489 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electroporation with calcium (calcium electroporation) can induce ATP depletion-associated cellular death. In the clinical setting, the cytotoxic drug bleomycin is currently used with electroporation (electrochemotherapy) for palliative treatment of tumors. Calcium electroporation offers several advantages over standard treatment options: calcium is inexpensive and may readily be applied without special precautions, as is the case with cytostatic drugs. Therefore, details on the use of calcium electroporation are essential for carrying out clinical trials comparing calcium electroporation and electrochemotherapy. METHODS The effects of calcium electroporation and bleomycin electroporation (alone or in combination) were compared in three different cell lines (DC-3F, transformed Chinese hamster lung fibroblast; K-562, human leukemia; and murine Lewis Lung Carcinoma). Furthermore, the effects of electrical pulsing parameters and calcium compound on treatment efficacy were determined. RESULTS Electroporation with either calcium or bleomycin significantly reduced cell survival (p<0.0001), without evidence of a synergistic effect. Cellular death following calcium or bleomycin treatment occurred at similar applied voltages, suggesting that similar parameters should be applied. At equimolar concentrations, calcium chloride and calcium glubionate resulted in comparable decreases in cell viability. CONCLUSIONS Calcium electroporation and bleomycin electroporation significantly reduce cell survival at similar applied voltage parameters. The effect of calcium electroporation is independent of calcium compound. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This study strongly supports the use of calcium electroporation as a potential cancer therapy and the results may aid in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Krog Frandsen
- Center for Experimental Drug and Gene Electrotransfer, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Hanne Gissel
- Institute of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Building 1160, Ole Worms Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Pernille Hojman
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Eriksen
- Center for Experimental Drug and Gene Electrotransfer, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark; Department of Pathology, Naestved Sygehus, Ringstedgade 61, 4700 Naestved, Denmark
| | - Julie Gehl
- Center for Experimental Drug and Gene Electrotransfer, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.
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