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de Souza GR, Mazzei JL, Tostes JBF, de Carvalho ADLD, Costa TEMM, Penido C, Siani AC. In vitro toxicity of latex, its terpenoidal fractions and isolated phorbol esters from Euphorbia umbellata (Pax) Bruyns on monocytic and melanoma cells. Fitoterapia 2024; 176:105987. [PMID: 38703916 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
In Brazil, latex from Euphorbia umbellata (African milk tree) has been increasingly used in folk medicine to treat several types of cancer, including melanoma. The effect of lyophilized latex (LL), its hydroethanolic extract (E80), triterpene (F-TRI)- and diterpene (F-DIT)-enriched fractions, along with six isolated phorbol esters from LL and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) on J774A.1, THP-1, SK-MEL-28, and B16-F10 cell line viability were evaluated by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. The compounds were identified by 2D-NMR and HRESIMS. The effect of the LL, extract and fractions on cell viability was also assessed through a resazurin reduction assay. At 100 μg/ml, LL, and its fractions moderately inhibited J774A.1 (37.5-59.5%) and THP-1 (12.6-43.6%) metabolism. LL (IC50 70 μg/ml) and F-TRI (IC50 68 μg/ml) were barely more effective against B16-F10 cells, and only F-TRI exerted an inhibitory effect on SK-MEL-28 cells (IC50 66-75 μg/ml). The samples did not effectively inhibit THP-1 growth (IC50 69-87 μg/ml, assessed by MTT). B16-F10 was susceptible to PMA (IC50 53 μM) and two 12-phenylacetate esters (IC50 56-60 μM), while SK-MEL-28 growth was inhibited (IC50 58 μM) by one of these kinds of esters with an additional 4β-deoxy structure. Synagrantol A (IC50 39 μM) was as effective as PMA (IC50 47 μM) in inhibiting J774A.1 growth in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, an in silico study with target receptors indicated a high interaction of the compounds with the PKC proteins. These results provide useful knowledge on the effect of tigliane-type diterpenes on tumor cell from the perspective of medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela R de Souza
- Laboratory of Technology for Biodiversity in Health, Institute of Drug Technology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
| | - José L Mazzei
- Laboratory of Technology for Biodiversity in Health, Institute of Drug Technology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
| | - João B F Tostes
- Laboratory of Technology for Biodiversity in Health, Institute of Drug Technology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andressa de L D de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Technology for Biodiversity in Health, Institute of Drug Technology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thadeu E M M Costa
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology, Institute of Drug Technology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil; Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Avenida Brasil 4036, room 814, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-361, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carmen Penido
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology, Institute of Drug Technology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil; Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Avenida Brasil 4036, room 814, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-361, RJ, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Siani
- Laboratory of Technology for Biodiversity in Health, Institute of Drug Technology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil.
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Breitinger U, Sedky CA, Sticht H, Breitinger HG. Patch-clamp studies and cell viability assays suggest a distinct site for viroporin inhibitors on the E protein of SARS-CoV-2. Virol J 2023; 20:142. [PMID: 37422646 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02095-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 has caused a worldwide pandemic since December 2019 and the search for pharmaceutical targets against COVID-19 remains an important challenge. Here, we studied the envelope protein E of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, a highly conserved 75-76 amino acid viroporin that is crucial for virus assembly and release. E protein channels were recombinantly expressed in HEK293 cells, a membrane-directing signal peptide ensured transfer to the plasma membrane. METHODS Viroporin channel activity of both E proteins was investigated using patch-clamp electrophysiology in combination with a cell viability assay. We verified inhibition by classical viroporin inhibitors amantadine, rimantadine and 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)-amiloride, and tested four ivermectin derivatives. RESULTS Classical inhibitors showed potent activity in patch-clamp recordings and viability assays. In contrast, ivermectin and milbemycin inhibited the E channel in patch-clamp recordings but displayed only moderate activity on the E protein in the cell viability assay, which is also sensitive to general cytotoxic activity of the tested compounds. Nemadectin and ivermectin aglycon were inactive. All ivermectin derivatives were cytotoxic at concentrations > 5 µM, i.e. below the level required for E protein inhibition. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates direct inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 E protein by classical viroporin inhibitors. Ivermectin and milbemycin inhibit the E protein channel but their cytotoxicity argues against clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Breitinger
- Department of Biochemistry, German University in Cairo, Main Entrance of Al Tagamoa Al Khames, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt.
| | - Christine Adel Sedky
- Department of Biochemistry, German University in Cairo, Main Entrance of Al Tagamoa Al Khames, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- Division of Bioinformatics, Institute for Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Breitinger
- Department of Biochemistry, German University in Cairo, Main Entrance of Al Tagamoa Al Khames, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt
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Jalali BK, Shik SS, Karimzadeh-Bardeei L, Heydari E, Ara MHM. Photothermal treatment of glioblastoma cells based on plasmonic nanoparticles. Lasers Med Sci 2023; 38:122. [PMID: 37162647 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-023-03783-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal therapy based on plasmonic gold nanoparticles is considered a promising approach for cancer treatment. Here, we investigate the in vitro photothermal effect of 30-nm gold nanoparticles, optically excited with a 532-nm continuous laser, on the U87MG malignant glioblastoma cells, and demonstrate the role of nanoparticle concentration and exposure power density in achieving its optimum performance. Laser-induced collective oscillation of electrons in plasmonic gold nanoparticles is employed to generate localized heat to denature tumor cells. Optical spectroscopy is used to measure the plasmonic band of nanoparticles and select the excitation laser light. The MTT assay for the IC50 viability assessment is performed to evaluate the live and metabolically active cells after treatment with plasmonic nanoparticles. The quantitative data is statistically analyzed using analysis of variance followed by Tukey's post hoc test. The viability test demonstrates that the metabolic activity of treated U87MG was decreased compared with untreated cells, leading to the determination of the IC50 as 92 [Formula: see text]. A 532-nm laser light was selected for the excitation of gold nanoparticles since the maximum plasmonic band is at 524 nm. The viability tests show that although cells have natural photothermal agents, their absorption efficiency is very low; therefore, the laser-induced plasmonic effect is necessary to observe photothermal effects. The optimal condition was achieved when the nanoparticle concentration was 92 [Formula: see text], and the exposure power density was 96 [Formula: see text]. Thus, it is demonstrated that plasmonic nanoparticle concentration and laser exposure power density are among the key parameters in the photothermal treatment of cancer cells, and higher concentrations of Au-NPs and laser power density lead to less cell viability in the selected range due to the excitation of gold nanoparticles' localized surface plasmon resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Somayeh Salmani Shik
- Faculty of Physics, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
- Applied Sciences Research Center, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Latifeh Karimzadeh-Bardeei
- Laboratory Animals Center & Cell and Developmental Research Laboratory, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Heydari
- Faculty of Physics, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
- Applied Sciences Research Center, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Majles Ara
- Faculty of Physics, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
- Applied Sciences Research Center, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
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Rønneberg L, Kirk PDW, Zucknick M. Dose-response prediction for in-vitro drug combination datasets: a probabilistic approach. BMC Bioinformatics 2023; 24:161. [PMID: 37085771 PMCID: PMC10120211 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-023-05256-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper we propose PIICM, a probabilistic framework for dose-response prediction in high-throughput drug combination datasets. PIICM utilizes a permutation invariant version of the intrinsic co-regionalization model for multi-output Gaussian process regression, to predict dose-response surfaces in untested drug combination experiments. Coupled with an observation model that incorporates experimental uncertainty, PIICM is able to learn from noisily observed cell-viability measurements in settings where the underlying dose-response experiments are of varying quality, utilize different experimental designs, and the resulting training dataset is sparsely observed. We show that the model can accurately predict dose-response in held out experiments, and the resulting function captures relevant features indicating synergistic interaction between drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiv Rønneberg
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul D W Kirk
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Ovarian Cancer Programme, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Manuela Zucknick
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Choudhari M, Nayak K, Nagai N, Nakazawa Y, Khunt D, Misra M. Role of mucoadhesive agent in ocular delivery of ganciclovir microemulsion: cytotoxicity evaluation in vitro and ex vivo. Int Ophthalmol 2022; 43:1153-1167. [PMID: 36156180 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-022-02514-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to investigate increase in delivery of drug upon formulation as mucoadhesive microemulsion system and further to investigate possibility of any cytotoxic effects using such formulation. MATERIAL AND METHODS Considering hydrophilic and small molecular nature of the drug, it was attempted to be formulated as microemulsion, by using pseudo ternary phase diagram method. Thus, three types of microemulsions were prepared; oil in water, water in oil type and chitosan-coated microemulsion. These microemulsions were characterized for several physicochemical properties like size, zeta potential, Polydispersity index, and compared for in vitro cell viability and ex vivo corneal irritation study. RESULTS All three microemulsions were quite stable, transparent and homogenous systems. They showed similar drug release pattern, but highest ex vivo goat corneal permeation was observed with Chitosan coated microemulsion when compared with ganciclovir solution. CONCLUSION All microemulsions were found to be non-irritant in in vitro cell viability assay and ex vivo corneal irritation study, indicating the potential of using such systems for delivery of drug to eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Choudhari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, NIPER-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Kritika Nayak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, NIPER-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Noriaki Nagai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nakazawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Dignesh Khunt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, NIPER-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Gujarat Technical University, Gandhinagar Campus, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382028, India
| | - Manju Misra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, NIPER-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India. .,Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Gujarat Technical University, Gandhinagar Campus, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382028, India.
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Bullen CK, Davis SL, Looney MM. Quantification of Infectious SARS-CoV-2 by the 50% Tissue Culture Infectious Dose Endpoint Dilution Assay. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2452:131-146. [PMID: 35554905 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2111-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A number of viral quantification methods are used to measure the concentration of infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). While the traditional plaque-based assay allows for direct enumeration of replication competent lytic virions and remains the gold standard for the quantification of infectious virus, the 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) endpoint dilution assay allows for a more rapid, large-scale analysis of experimental samples. In this chapter, we describe a well-established TCID50 assay protocol to measure the SARS-CoV-2 infectious titer in viral stocks, in vitro cell or organoid models, and animal tissue. We also present alternative assays for scoring the cytopathic effect of SARS-CoV-2 in cell culture and comparable methods to calculate the 50% endpoint by serial dilution.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Korin Bullen
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Stephanie L Davis
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Monika M Looney
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Tabassam Q, Mehmood T, Ahmed S, Saeed S, Raza AR, Anwar F. GC-MS Metabolomics profiling and HR-APCI-MS characterization of potential anticancer compounds and antimicrobial activities of extracts from Picrorhiza kurroa roots. J Appl Biomed 2021; 19:26-39. [PMID: 34907713 DOI: 10.32725/jab.2020.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study explores pharmacological potential and phytochemicals profiling of Picrorhiza kurroa extracts against mammalian cancer cell lines and pathogenic microbes. Bioactive extracts from roots of Picrorhiza kurroa were recovered in the methanol, 50% aqueous dichloromethane (50 : 50 v/v) and n-hexane. Antimicrobial activity of the bioactive extracts was assessed against selected strains of bacteria and pathogenic fungi. Aqueous dichloromethane extract showed highest zone of growth inhibition (39.06 ± 1.0 mm) towards Staphylococcus aureus bacteria while methanolic extract showed the lowest inhibition (6.3 ± 4.1 mm) to Escherichia coli bacteria. The tested extracts such as methanol and aqueous dichloromethane exhibited higher inhibition antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus compared to Fusarium oxysporum. As far as cytotoxicity (MTT assay) of the tested extracts is concerned, n-hexane and aqueous dichloromethane extracts were found to be very active against all cancer cell lines (breast cancer MCF7, MDA-MB-231, SKBR3 and ovarian cancer SKOV3). A preliminary phytochemicals profiling was performed in extracts using GC-MS. Several fractions of active extract were separated with HPLC and analyzed using High Resolution Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry (HR-APCI-MS). Two purified compounds (Dihydromikanolide and 1,3-Dicyclohexyl-4-(cyclohexylimino)-2-(cyclohexylethylamino)-3,4-dihydro-1,3-diazetium) were further evaluated for their anticancer activity against ovarian cancer cell line. Our findings depict that all the tested extracts showed considerable anticancer potential through cell viability assays. The purified compound 1 - Dihydromikanolide from methanolic extract was found to be active against ovarian cancer cells and can be explored as a promising nutra-pharmaceutical candidate against ovarian cancer. However, further studies exploring the molecular pathways and in vivo testing are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qudsia Tabassam
- University of Sargodha, Institute of Chemistry, Sargodha-40100, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Mehmood
- University of Sargodha, Institute of Chemistry, Sargodha-40100, Pakistan.,University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences-UVAS, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 54000-Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sibtain Ahmed
- University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shagufta Saeed
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences-UVAS, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 54000-Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Rauf Raza
- University of Sargodha, Institute of Chemistry, Sargodha-40100, Pakistan
| | - Farooq Anwar
- University of Sargodha, Institute of Chemistry, Sargodha-40100, Pakistan
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Linn AK, Samainukul N, Sakdee S, Butnampetch C, Li HC, Angsuthanasombat C, Katzenmeier G. N-Terminally Added Tag Selectively Enhances Heterologous Expression of VacA Cytotoxin Variants from Helicobacter pylori. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 28:643-650. [PMID: 33183185 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527666201112122831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori secretes VacA cytotoxin displaying a high degree of polymorphic variations of which the highest VacA pathogenicity correlates with m1-type variant followed by VacA-m2. OBJECTIVE To comparatively evaluate expression in Escherichia coli of the mature VacA variants (m1- and m2-types) and their 33- and 55/59-kDa domains fused with His(6) tag at N- or C-terminus. METHODS All VacA clones expressed in E. coli TOP10™ were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. VacA inclusions were solubilized under native conditions (~150-rpm shaking at 37°C for 2 h in 20 mM HEPES (pH7.4) and 150 mM NaCl). Membrane-perturbing and cytotoxic activities of solubilized VacA proteins were assessed via liposome-entrapped dye leakage and resazurin- based cell viability assays, respectively. VacA binding to human gastric adenocarcinoma cells was assessed by immunofluorescence microscopy. Side-chain hydrophobicity of VacA was analyzed through modeled structures constructed by homology- and ab initio-based modeling. RESULTS Both full-length VacA-m1 and 33-kDa domain were efficiently expressed only in the presence of N-terminal extension while its 55-kDa domain was capably expressed with either N- or Cterminal extension. Selectively enhanced expression was also observed for VacA-m2. Protein expression profiles revealed a critical period in IPTG-induced production of the 55-kDa domain with N-terminal extension unlike its C-terminal extension showing relatively stable expression. Both VacA- m1 isolated domains were able to independently bind to cultured gastric cells similar to the full- length toxin, albeit the 33-kDa domain exhibited significantly higher activity of membrane perturbation than others. Membrane-perturbing and cytotoxic activities observed for VacA-m1 appeared to be higher than those of VacA-m2. Homology-based modeling and sequence analysis suggested a potential structural impact of non-polar residues located at the N-terminus of the mature VacA toxin and its 33-kDa domain. CONCLUSION Our data provide molecular insights into selective influence of the N-terminally added tag on efficient expression of recombinant VacA variants, signifying biochemical and biological implications of the hydrophobic stretch within the N-terminal domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Khine Linn
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Nitchakan Samainukul
- Bacterial Toxin Research Innovation Cluster (BRIC), Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakornpathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Somsri Sakdee
- Bacterial Toxin Research Innovation Cluster (BRIC), Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakornpathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Chonthicha Butnampetch
- Bacterial Toxin Research Innovation Cluster (BRIC), Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakornpathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Hui-Chun Li
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualian 97004, Taiwan
| | - Chanan Angsuthanasombat
- Bacterial Toxin Research Innovation Cluster (BRIC), Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakornpathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Gerd Katzenmeier
- Bacterial Toxin Research Innovation Cluster (BRIC), Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakornpathom 73170, Thailand
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Dubey S, Kallubai M, Subramanyam R. Improving the inhibition of β-amyloid aggregation by withanolide and withanoside derivatives. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 173:56-65. [PMID: 33465364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Here, we have studied the ameliorative effects of Withania somnifera derivatives (Withanolide A, Withanolide B, Withanoside IV, and Withanoside V) on the fibril formation of amyloid-β 42 for Alzheimer's disease. We analyzed reduction in the aggregation of β amyloid protein with these Ashwagandha derivatives by Thioflavin T assay in the oligomeric and fibrillar state. We have tested the cytotoxic activity of these compounds against human SK-N-SH cell line for 48 h, and the IC 50 value found to be 28.61 ± 2.91, 14.84 ± 1.45, 18.76 ± 0.76 and 30.14 ± 2.59 μM, respectively. After the treatment of the cells with half the concentration of IC 50 value, there was a remarkable decrease in the number of apoptotic cells stained by TUNEL assay indicating the DNA damage and also observed significant decrease of reactive oxygen species. Also, the binding and molecular stability of these derivatives with amyloid β was also studied using bioinformatics tools where these molecules were interacted at LVFFA region which is inhibition site of amyloid-β1 42. These studies revealed that the Withanolides and Withanosides interact with the hydrophobic core of amyloid-β 1-42 in the oligomeric stage, preventing further interaction with the monomers and diminishing aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Dubey
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Telangana 500046, India
| | - Monika Kallubai
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Telangana 500046, India
| | - Rajagopal Subramanyam
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Telangana 500046, India.
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Singh M, Malhotra L, Haque MA, Kumar M, Tikhomirov A, Litvinova V, Korolev AM, Ethayathulla AS, Das U, Shchekotikhin AE, Kaur P. Heteroarene-fused anthraquinone derivatives as potential modulators for human aurora kinase B. Biochimie 2021; 182:152-165. [PMID: 33417980 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The quest for effective anticancer therapeutics continues to be extensively pursued. Over the past century, several drugs have been developed, however, a majority of these drugs have a poor therapeutic index and increased toxicity profile. Hence, there still exists ample opportunity to discover safe and effective anticancer drugs. Aurora Kinase B (AurB), a member of the Aurora kinase family and a key regulator of mitotic cell division, is found to be frequently overexpressed in a variety of human cancers and has thus emerged as an attractive target for the design of anticancer therapeutics. In the present study, a structure-based scaffold hopping approach was utilized to modify the heterocyclic moiety of (S)-3-(3-aminopyrrolidine-1-carbonyl)-4,11-dihydroxy-2-methylanthra [2,3-b]furan-5,10-dione (anthrafuran 1) to generate a series of heteroarene-fused anthraquinone derivatives, which were then subjected to virtual screening for the identification of potential AurB inhibitors. The obtained hits were subsequently synthesized and evaluated by using a combination of in silico and biophysical techniques for elucidating their in vitro binding and inhibition activity with recombinantly expressed AurB. Four identified hits presented an improved binding profile as compared to their parent analog anthrafuran 1. One derivative, anthrathiophene 2 demonstrated excellent in vitro inhibition of AurB (7.3 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Singh
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Lakshay Malhotra
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Md Anzarul Haque
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Alexander Tikhomirov
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, Moscow, 11 B. Pirogovskaya Street, Moscow, 119021, Russia
| | - Valeria Litvinova
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, Moscow, 11 B. Pirogovskaya Street, Moscow, 119021, Russia
| | - Alexander M Korolev
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, Moscow, 11 B. Pirogovskaya Street, Moscow, 119021, Russia
| | - A S Ethayathulla
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Uddipan Das
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Andrey E Shchekotikhin
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, Moscow, 11 B. Pirogovskaya Street, Moscow, 119021, Russia
| | - Punit Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, India.
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11
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Hasanzadeh A, Gholipour B, Rostamnia S, Eftekhari A, Tanomand A, Valizadeh K A, Khaksar S, Khalilov R. Biosynthesis of AgNPs onto the urea-based periodic mesoporous organosilica (Ag xNPs/Ur-PMO) for antibacterial and cell viability assay. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 585:676-683. [PMID: 33148449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Nano-size silver particles were stabilized on the inner surfaces of urea based periodic mesoporous organosilica (Ur-PMO). Aqueous extract of Euphorbia leaves as a sustainable and green reducing agent was applied for Ag-nanoparticles growth into the Ur-PMO channels. Physical and chemical properties of organosilica materials synthesized using various techniques such as FT-IR, small-angle XRD, PXRD, FESEM, TEM, SEM-EDX and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) were examined. Finally, the AgNPs/Ur-PMO were investigated on cell viability assay. An in vitro cytotoxicity test using MMT assay displayed that the designed material has good biocompatibility and could be a promising candidate for biomedical applications. The results also showed that the AgNPs/Ur-PMO compounds (especially, PMO; 1.27% AgNPs) had relatively good antibacterial and antibiofilm effects. It seems that the use of these compounds in hospital environments can reduce nosocomial infections as well as reduce antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hasanzadeh
- Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 78151-55158, Maragheh, Iran.
| | - Behnam Gholipour
- Organic and Nano Group (ONG), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maragheh, PO Box 55181-83111, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Sadegh Rostamnia
- Organic and Nano Group (ONG), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maragheh, PO Box 55181-83111, Maragheh, Iran; Organic and Nano Group (ONG), Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), PO Box 16846-13114, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Aziz Eftekhari
- Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 78151-55158, Maragheh, Iran.
| | - Asghar Tanomand
- Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 78151-55158, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Ali Valizadeh K
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samad Khaksar
- School of Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Rovshan Khalilov
- Department of Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan; Joint Ukraine-Azerbaijan International Research and Education Center of Nanobiotechnology and Functional Nanosystems, Drohobych, Ukraine & Baku, Azerbaijan
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12
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Kamata S, Hashiyama R, Hana-Ika H, Ohkubo I, Saito R, Honda A, Anan Y, Akahoshi N, Noguchi K, Kanda Y, Ishii I. Cytotoxicity comparison of 35 developmental neurotoxicants in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), iPSC-derived neural progenitor cells, and transformed cell lines. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 69:104999. [PMID: 32949729 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) test guideline 426 for developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) of industrial/environmental chemicals depends primarily on animal experimentation. This requirement raises various critical issues, such as high cost, long duration, the sacrifice of large numbers of animals, and interspecies differences. This study demonstrates an alternative protocol that is simple, quick, less expensive, and standardized to evaluate DNT of many chemicals using human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and their differentiation to neural progenitor cells (NPC). Initially, concentration-dependent cytotoxicity of 35 DNT chemicals, including industrial materials, insecticides, and clinical drugs, were compared among iPSC, NPC, and two transformed cells, Cos-7 and HepG2, using tetrazolium dye (MTS)-reducing colorimetric and ATP luciferase assays, and IC50 values were calculated. Next, inhibitory effects of the 14 representative chemicals (mainly insecticides) on iPSC differentiation to NPC were evaluated by measuring altered expression of neural differentiation and undifferentiation marker genes. Results show that both iPSC and NPC were much more sensitive to most DNT chemicals than the transformed cells, and 14 chemicals induced differential patterns of marker gene expression, highlighting the validity and utility of the protocol for evaluation and classification of DNT chemicals and preclinical DNT tests for safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Kamata
- Department of Health Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Reina Hashiyama
- Department of Health Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Hiroto Hana-Ika
- Department of Health Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Issei Ohkubo
- Department of Health Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Ryota Saito
- Department of Health Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Akihiro Honda
- Department of Health Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Yasumi Anan
- Department of Health Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Akahoshi
- Department of Health Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Kohji Noguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yasunari Kanda
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan.
| | - Isao Ishii
- Department of Health Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan.
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13
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Chen H, Li J, Wang Y, Ng PKS, Tsang YH, Shaw KR, Mills GB, Liang H. Comprehensive assessment of computational algorithms in predicting cancer driver mutations. Genome Biol 2020; 21:43. [PMID: 32079540 PMCID: PMC7033911 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-01954-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The initiation and subsequent evolution of cancer are largely driven by a relatively small number of somatic mutations with critical functional impacts, so-called driver mutations. Identifying driver mutations in a patient's tumor cells is a central task in the era of precision cancer medicine. Over the decade, many computational algorithms have been developed to predict the effects of missense single-nucleotide variants, and they are frequently employed to prioritize mutation candidates. These algorithms employ diverse molecular features to build predictive models, and while some algorithms are cancer-specific, others are not. However, the relative performance of these algorithms has not been rigorously assessed. RESULTS We construct five complementary benchmark datasets: mutation clustering patterns in the protein 3D structures, literature annotation based on OncoKB, TP53 mutations based on their effects on target-gene transactivation, effects of cancer mutations on tumor formation in xenograft experiments, and functional annotation based on in vitro cell viability assays we developed including a new dataset of ~ 200 mutations. We evaluate the performance of 33 algorithms and found that CHASM, CTAT-cancer, DEOGEN2, and PrimateAI show consistently better performance than the other algorithms. Moreover, cancer-specific algorithms show much better performance than those designed for a general purpose. CONCLUSIONS Our study is a comprehensive assessment of the performance of different algorithms in predicting cancer driver mutations and provides deep insights into the best practice of computationally prioritizing cancer mutation candidates for end-users and for the future development of new algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Chen
- Graduate Program in Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yumeng Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Patrick Kwok-Shing Ng
- Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yiu Huen Tsang
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Kenna R Shaw
- Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Han Liang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Cytotoxicity assays are a necessary first step to triage ADC molecules before moving them forward to relatively time-consuming and expensive in vivo studies. When cells are exposed to ADC molecules, antigen expressing cells can effectively take up those molecules and eventually die as a result of the released payload. This cytotoxic property of ADCs can be evaluated by measuring the percentage of living cells at the end of the incubation period. Tetrazolium colorimetric assay (MTT) is a widely used method that can be used to measure cell viability. Here we describe how to use an MTT assay to measure the cytotoxic effect of ADCs and calculate the corresponding IC50. Besides the cytotoxic behavior on antigen expressing cells, ADCs can also demonstrate bystander killing of antigen negative cells in the vicinity of antigen expressing cells. Here, we report how to use a co-culture experiment to evaluate the bystander effect of ADC with the help of fluorescent protein transfected antigen negative cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjia Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Dhaval K Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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15
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Sabry MA, Ewida HA, Hassan GS, Ghaly MA, El-Subbagh HI. Synthesis, antitumor testing and molecular modeling study of some new 6-substituted amido, azo or thioureido-quinazolin-4(3H)-ones. Bioorg Chem 2019; 88:102923. [PMID: 30991189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.102923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A new series of 6-substituted amido, azo or thioureido-quinazolin-4(3H)-one was synthesized and tested for their in-vitro antitumor activity. Compounds 21, 53 and 60 showed broad spectrum antitumor activity with average IC50 values of 6.7, 7.6 and 9.1 μM, respectively compared with methotrexate (1, IC50 19.26 μM). As an attempt to reveal the mechanism of the antitumor potency, cell cycle analysis and DHFR inhibition were performed. Compounds 59 and 61 induced their cytotoxicity in Hela (IC50 10.6 μM) and HCT-116 (IC50 15.5 μM) cell lines, respectively through Pre-G1 apoptosis, inhibiting cell growth at G2-M phase. Compounds 29, 33, 59 and 61 showed DHFR inhibitory potency at IC50 0.2, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.3 μM, respectively. The active DHFR inhibitors showed high affinity binding toward the amino acid residues Thr56, Ser59 and Ser118. The active compounds obeyed Lipinski's rule of five and could be used as template model for further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Sabry
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, P.O. Box 35516, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Heba A Ewida
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Pharmaceutical Industries, Future University in Egypt, 12311 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada S Hassan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, P.O. Box 35516, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mariam A Ghaly
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, P.O. Box 35516, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hussein I El-Subbagh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, P.O. Box 35516, Mansoura, Egypt.
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16
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Nafee N, Makled S, Boraie N. Nanostructured lipid carriers versus solid lipid nanoparticles for the potential treatment of pulmonary hypertension via nebulization. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 125:151-62. [PMID: 30292750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
With the non-selective vasodilating action, short half-life and first-pass metabolism of sildenafil (SC), local application in the lung for pulmonary arterial hypertension is of high demand. Although several nanosystems have been lately investigated, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) give promises of potential safety, biodegradability and controlled drug release. In the current study, NLCs comprising either precirol, stearic acid or beeswax as solid lipid in presence of oleic acid as liquid lipid and PVA or poloxamer as emulsifier were prepared. Optimized NLCs (200-268 nm in size) were appraised versus SLNs both in vitro and in vivo. Precirol/PVA-based SLNs and NLCs ensued high entrapment efficiencies (EE > 95%) and controlled release behaviour over 6 h even though NLCs showed higher release profile. Stability studies at 4 °C indicated potential colloidal and entrapment stability over 3 months. Interestingly, NLCs demonstrated efficient nebulization, low interaction with mucin and higher viability of A549 cells (3-fold increase in IC50 relative to SLNs) providing good aptitudes for pulmonary application. In vivo administration of free SC in rats revealed localized intra-alveolar bleeding, presumably related to excessive vasodilatation. Meanwhile, the nanoencapsulated drug confirmed normal lung parenchyma with minimal incidence of bleeding. Inspiring results highlight the potential of sildenafil-laden nanostructured lipid carriers as pulmonary drug delivery system.
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17
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Pfeffer BA, Fliesler SJ. Streamlined duplex live-dead microplate assay for cultured cells. Exp Eye Res 2017; 161:17-29. [PMID: 28572030 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A duplex fluorescence assay to assess the viability of cells cultured in multi-well plates is described, which can be carried out in the original culture plate using a plate reader, without exchanges of culture or assay medium, or transfer of cells or cell supernatant. The method uses freshly prepared reagents and does not rely on a proprietary, commercially supplied kit. Following experimental treatment, calcein acetoxymethyl ester (CaAM) is added to each well of cultured cells; after 30 min, the fluorescence intensity (emission λmax ∼ 530 nm) is measured. The signal is due to formation of calcein, which is produced from CaAM by action of esterase activity found in intact live cells. Since live cells may express plasma membrane multidrug transport proteins, especially of the ABC transporter family, the CaAM incubation is carried out in the presence of an inhibitor of this efflux process, thereby improving the dynamic range of the assay. Next, SYTOX® Orange (SO) is added to the culture wells, and, after a 30-min incubation, fluorescence intensity (emission λmax ∼ 590 nm) is measured again. SO is excluded from cells that have an intact plasma membrane, but penetrates dead/dying cells and can diffuse into the nucleus, where it binds to and forms a fluorescent complex with DNA. The CaAM already added to the wells causes no interference with the latter fluorescent signal. At the conclusion of the duplex assay, both live and dead cells remain in the culture wells and can be documented by digital imaging to demonstrate correlation of cellular morphology with the assay output. Two examples of the application of this method are provided, using cytotoxic compounds having different mechanisms of action.
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18
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Townsend M, Peck C, Meng W, Heaton M, Robison R, O'Neill K. Evaluation of various glyphosate concentrations on DNA damage in human Raji cells and its impact on cytotoxicity. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 85:79-85. [PMID: 28185844 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Glyphosate is a highly used active compound in agriculturally based pesticides. The literature regarding the toxicity of glyphosate to human cells has been highly inconsistent. We studied the resulting DNA damage and cytotoxicity of various glyphosate concentrations on human cells to evaluate DNA damaging potential. Utilizing human Raji cells, DNA damage was quantified using the comet assay, while cytotoxicity was further analyzed using MTT viability assays. Several glyphosate concentrations were assessed, ranging from 15 mM to 0.1 μM. We found that glyphosate treatment is lethal to Raji cells at concentrations above 10 mM, yet has no cytotoxic effects at concentrations at or below 100 μM. Treatment concentrations of 1 mM and 5 mM induce statistically significant DNA damage to Raji cells following 30-60 min of treatment, however, cells show a slow recovery from initial damage and cell viability is unaffected after 2 h. At these same concentrations, cells treated with additional compound did not recover and maintained high levels of DNA damage. While the cytotoxicity of glyphosate appears to be minimal for physiologically relevant concentrations, the compound has a definitive cytotoxic nature in human cells at high concentrations. Our data also suggests a mammalian metabolic pathway for the degradation of glyphosate may be present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Townsend
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo 84602, UT, USA
| | - Connor Peck
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo 84602, UT, USA
| | - Wei Meng
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo 84602, UT, USA
| | - Matthew Heaton
- Department of Statistics, Brigham Young University, Provo 84602, UT, USA
| | - Richard Robison
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo 84602, UT, USA
| | - Kim O'Neill
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo 84602, UT, USA.
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19
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Vranic S, Kostarelos K. High-Accuracy Determination of Cytotoxic Responses from Graphene Oxide Exposure Using Imaging Flow Cytometry. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1570:287-300. [PMID: 28238145 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6840-4_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Graphene and other 2D materials have received increased attention in the biomedical field due to their unique properties and potential use as carriers for targeted drug delivery or in regenerative medicine. Before the exploitation of graphene-based materials in biomedicine becomes a reality, it is necessary to establish the full toxicological profile and better understand how the material interacts with cells and tissues. Because specific properties, such as flake size and surface chemistry, might determine whether graphene can achieve therapeutic efficacy without causing toxicity, it is important to develop highly accurate and reliable screening techniques to accurately assess the biocompatibility of different types of graphene-based materials. In this protocol, we describe a method to achieve accurate determination of the cytotoxic response following in vitro exposure to large graphene oxide (L-GO) sheets using annexin V/propidium iodide staining and the Imagestream® platform. The proposed protocol is especially suitable for the toxicity assessment of carbonaceous materials that form aggregates in cell culture media, which is a common occurrence. We describe how to best gate out any interfering signals coming from the material by visual inspection and by using powerful software, thus performing the analysis of cellular death on a selected population of cells with higher accuracy and statistical relevance compared to conventional flow cytometry.
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20
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Pfeffer BA, Xu L, Porter NA, Rao SR, Fliesler SJ. Differential cytotoxic effects of 7-dehydrocholesterol-derived oxysterols on cultured retina-derived cells: Dependence on sterol structure, cell type, and density. Exp Eye Res 2016; 145:297-316. [PMID: 26854824 PMCID: PMC5024725 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tissue accumulation of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) is a hallmark of Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome (SLOS), a human inborn error of the cholesterol (CHOL) synthesis pathway. Retinal 7DHC-derived oxysterol formation occurs in the AY9944-induced rat model of SLOS, which exhibits a retinal degeneration characterized by selective loss of photoreceptors and associated functional deficits, Müller cell hypertrophy, and engorgement of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) with phagocytic inclusions. We evaluated the relative effects of four 7DHC-derived oxysterols on three retina-derived cell types in culture, with respect to changes in cellular morphology and viability. 661W (photoreceptor-derived) cells, rMC-1 (Müller glia-derived) cells, and normal diploid monkey RPE (mRPE) cells were incubated for 24 h with dose ranges of either 7-ketocholesterol (7kCHOL), 5,9-endoperoxy-cholest-7-en-3β,6α-diol (EPCD), 3β,5α-dihydroxycholest-7-en-6-one (DHCEO), or 4β-hydroxy-7-dehydrocholesterol (4HDHC); CHOL served as a negative control (same dose range), along with appropriate vehicle controls, while staurosporine (Stsp) was used as a positive cytotoxic control. For 661W cells, the rank order of oxysterol potency was: EPCD > 7kCHOL >> DHCEO > 4HDHC ≈ CHOL. EC50 values were higher for confluent vs. subconfluent cultures. 661W cells exhibited much higher sensitivity to EPCD and 7kCHOL than either rMC-1 or mRPE cells, with the latter being the most robust when challenged, either at confluence or in sub-confluent cultures. When tested on rMC-1 and mRPE cells, EPCD was again an order of magnitude more potent than 7kCHOL in compromising cellular viability. Hence, 7DHC-derived oxysterols elicit differential cytotoxicity that is dose-, cell type-, and cell density-dependent. These results are consistent with the observed progressive, photoreceptor-specific retinal degeneration in the rat SLOS model, and support the hypothesis that 7DHC-derived oxysterols are causally linked to that retinal degeneration as well as to SLOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Pfeffer
- Research Service, VA Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA; SUNY Eye Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA; Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ned A Porter
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sriganesh Ramachandra Rao
- Research Service, VA Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA; SUNY Eye Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA; Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Steven J Fliesler
- Research Service, VA Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA; SUNY Eye Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA; Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA.
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21
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Abstract
Eugenol is a godsend to dental care due to its analgesic, local anesthetic, and anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. The aim of the present research work was to prepare, characterize and evaluate eugenol-loaded nanocapsules (NCs) against periodontal infections. Eugenol-loaded polycaprolactone (PCL) NCs were prepared by solvent displacement method. The nanometric size of the prepared NCs was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The in vitro drug release was found to follow a biphasic pattern and followed Michaelis-Menten like model. The percentage cell viability values near to 100 in the cell viability assay indicated that the NCs are not cytotoxic. In the in vivo studies, the eugenol NC group displayed significant difference in the continuity of epithelium of the interdental papilla in comparison to the untreated, pure eugenol and placebo groups. The in vivo performance of the eugenol-loaded NCs using ligature-induced periodontitis model in rats indicated that eugenol-loaded NCs could prevent septal bone resorption in periodontitis. On the basis of our research findings it could be concluded that eugenol-loaded PCL NCs could serve as a novel colloidal drug delivery system for enhanced therapeutic activity of eugenol in the treatment of periodontal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannissery Pramod
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy , Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar , New Delhi , India
| | - M R Aji Alex
- b Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) , Hauz Khas , New Delhi , India
| | - Manisha Singh
- c Department of Biotechnology , Jaypee Institute of Information Technology , Noida , India , and
| | - Shweta Dang
- c Department of Biotechnology , Jaypee Institute of Information Technology , Noida , India , and
| | - Shahid H Ansari
- d Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar , New Delhi , India
| | - Javed Ali
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy , Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar , New Delhi , India
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