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Munive A, Donville J, Darmstadt GL. Public leadership for gender equality: A framework and capacity development approach for gender transformative policy change. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 56:101798. [PMID: 36593791 PMCID: PMC9803695 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Public leadership is essential in social change, and pivotal in transforming social and institutional norms related to gender inequality, going well beyond equal representation. It must embrace the potential for all public health leaders, of all genders, to become agents of change who challenge gender injustices and institutionalise gender transformative policies and programmes in public health. To support officials, initially in Ethiopia, and catalyse transformative change, we created a new framework and capacity development approach - Public Leadership for Gender Equality (PL4GE) - which can be customised to respond to each country's context. Drawing from three areas of leadership thought - public, transformative, and feminist leadership - PL4GE takes a public values approach in positioning gender equality as a human right, a common good, and a means to improve health outcomes. PL4GE promotes six key leadership practices - defining purpose and articulating vision, co-creating public value, empowering people, fostering strategic partnerships, navigating power, and embodying personal commitment - and guides public leaders through a capacity development journey of change, facilitating them to identify and activate opportunities for gender transformative change in their work and in turn, more broadly within the public whom they serve. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation INV-002664 to Stanford University.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gary L. Darmstadt
- Corresponding author. 1701 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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2
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Abstract
We aim to consolidate recent trends in public health into a reconceptualization of the field as public good. We build on several strands of theory, research and action to formulate a more impactful future for the field. Our argument comprises three main parts. In the first part, we describe the central components of the proposed public good: conditions of justice, experiences of mattering, and outcomes of subjective and objective wellbeing. In the second section, we identify continua of practices that paint a trajectory from traditional public health to ecological and participatory public health, to universal wellbeing framed as a public good. The continua are defined in terms of assumptions, practices and roles. Among others, these continua pertain to capabilities, scope of the field, ecological focus, timing of intervention, role of citizen, role of professional, role of settings and role of government. Finally, the third section introduces a series of strategies and recommendations to make the narrative of universal wellbeing as public good a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Von Heimburg
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Dina von Heimburg, Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 8905, Trondheim, 7491, Norway. E-mail:
| | - Isaac Prilleltensky
- Department of Educational and Psychological Studies, University of Miami, USA
| | - Ottar Ness
- Department of Education and Lifelong Learning, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Borgunn Ytterhus
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Kasoka K, Weait M. HIV Testing Autonomy: The Importance of Relationship Factors in HIV Testing to People in Lusaka and Chongwe, Zambia. J Bioeth Inq 2022; 19:239-254. [PMID: 35212947 PMCID: PMC9233643 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-022-10169-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent times, informed consent has been adopted worldwide as a cornerstone to ensure autonomy during HIV testing. However, there are still ongoing debates on whether the edifice on which informed consent requirements are grounded, that is, personal autonomy, is philosophically, morally, and practically sound, especially in countries where HIV is an epidemic and/or may have a different ontological perspective or lived reality. This study explores the views of participants from Zambia. In-depth and focus group discussions were conducted at various locations in Lusaka and Chongwe, Zambia. Participants came from various demographics, including people living with HIV (PLHIV), healthcare professionals and workers, policymakers, pregnant women, churchgoers, teachers, rural-based persons, and police officers. Data were manually analysed by conducting inductive and deductive thematic analyses. Results show that participants were not in favour of HIV policies that promote personal autonomy at the expense of pursuit of the common good. Participants viewed interdependence, not autonomy, as an essential characteristic of being human. The participants' views have a realistic potential to provide a contextual and appropriate ethical, respectful, and realistic foundation for HIV testing policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasoka Kasoka
- HIV Programmes and Advocacy, International AIDS Society, Avenue de France 23, 1202 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Weait
- University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB UK
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Abstract
A careful look at the international development of Sociology highlights the centrality that the study of social problems and the approach to possible solutions to them have had in the history of this discipline, not infrequently for the sake of better social integration, stability, development, social change or even modernity. Recent approaches suggest shifting this focus of attention, arguing about the deficit in sociological research and practice concerning theor etical frameworks that pay attention to the positive aspects. This text reflects on the contributions that altruism, solidarity, and collective responsibility can have to improve the quality of life in contemporary societies and face humanitarian emergencies with a certain degree of success. For instance, the so-called refugee crisis or the current COVID-19 pandemic poses significant challenges for societies. This article also explores briefly new roles of data science in connection with responsibility and altruism. The text invites us to revisit sociology, thinking about the lights more than the shadows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estrella Gualda
- ESEIS/COIDESO [ESEIS, Social Studies and Social Intervention Research Centre; COIDESO, Centro de Investigación en Pensamiento Contemporáneo e Innovación para el Desarrollo Social], Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain
- Facultad de Trabajo Social, Universidad de Huelva, Campus El Carmen. Avda. Tres de Marzo, 21071 Huelva, Spain
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Gevorkyan AV. Diaspora and Economic Development: A Systemic View. Eur J Dev Res 2021; 34:1522-1541. [PMID: 34257480 PMCID: PMC8264962 DOI: 10.1057/s41287-021-00432-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recent attempts to generalize isolated successes of expatriate entrepreneurial networks offer limited insight into the more systemic questions on the role of diasporas in sustainable development of small economies. Drawing on experience of post-socialist transition and merging multidisciplinary perspectives, this paper advances a constructive critique to the conventional views. A historically multilayered socioeconomic construct, diaspora is in fact heterogeneous, often, lacking a unified stance and as such likely diminishing the relevance of the simplified first-mover business case study effect in development. Informed by an original survey, this paper proposes a new diaspora driven development framework of analysis. Any successful engagement of a diaspora with its homeland is a function of sustained interaction between the two entities. In the absence of transparent engagement infrastructure, diaspora's links with a developing economy are short-lived and, usually, sector, event, or location specific. This analysis adds to the literature on the common good dimension in development where individual well-being is a systemic component of a larger outcome rather than the final aim. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1057/s41287-021-00432-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr V. Gevorkyan
- The Peter J. Tobin College of Business, St. John’s University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439 USA
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Abstract
In the Netherlands, as in many other nations, the government has proposed the use of a contact-tracing app as a means of helping to contain the spread of the corona virus. The discussion about the use of such an app has mostly been framed in terms of a tradeoff between privacy and public health. This research statement presents an analysis of the Dutch public debate on Corona-apps by using the framework of Orders of Worth by Boltanski and Thévenot (1991). It argues that this framework can help us to move beyond the dichotomy of privacy vs. public health by recognizing a plurality of conceptions of the common good in the debate about contact-tracing apps. This statement presents six orders of worth present in the Dutch debate: civic, domestic, vitality, market, industrial and project, and argues that the identification of which common goods are at stake will contribute to discussions about the use of this technology from a standpoint with a richer ethical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotje Elizabeth Siffels
- Faculteit Filosofie, Theologie en Religiestudies, Radboud Universiteit, Erasmusplein 1, Postbus 9103, 6500 HD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
This article examines the nature of individual goods, pubic goods, and the common good in the context of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID). 'Common' in 'common good' is what applies to all persons without exception, and 'good' is what contributes to human flourishing. The common good is regarded as the communion of persons in good living. Addressing the relationship between the economy and society, it is proposed that the marketplace subsists within society. Acknowledging that we are deeply connected, the article employs the philosophies of MacIntyre, Maritain and Sandel to highlight the importance of reciprocity, relationships, and generosity as characteristics of the common good. Two narratives in the public discourse are observed in these COVID days - one characterised by fear and selfishness, the other by hope and generosity. The author recognises that this pandemic can be conceived as a 'wicked' problem in a 'volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous' world, and implications for leaders and citizens in managing COVID are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Latemore
- The University of Notre Dame Australia (School of Business), Broadway, NSW Australia
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Reydon TAC. How can science be well-ordered in times of crisis? Learning from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Hist Philos Life Sci 2020; 42:53. [PMID: 33141370 PMCID: PMC7607887 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-020-00348-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic constituted a crisis situation in which science was very far from Kitcher's ideal of well-ordered science. I suggest that this could and should have been different. Kitcher's ideal should play a role in assessing the allocation of research resources in future crisis situations, as it provides a way to balance highly divergent interests and incorporate the common good into decision-making processes on research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A C Reydon
- Institute of Philosophy & Centre for Ethics and Law in the Life Sciences, Leibniz University Hannover, Im Moore 21, 30167, Hannover, Germany.
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Abstract
The author reviews various conceptions of autonomy to show that humans are actually not autonomous, strictly speaking. He argues for a need to rethink the personal autonomy approaches to HIV testing in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries. HIV/AIDS has remained a leading cause of disease burden in SSA. It is important to bring this disease burden under control, especially given the availability of current effective antiretroviral regimens in low- and middle-income countries. In most SSA countries the ethic or value of personal autonomy or self-determination is promoted as primary in HIV testing decision-making. SSA policymakers have an ontological and moral duty to adopt HIV testing policies that reflect human and medical realities, relationships, local contexts, and respect human rights for both individuals and others who are affected by HIV in society. Without rethinking the value of autonomy in HIV testing decision-making, the article cautions that attainment of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 and the UNAIDS fast-track strategy that explicitly call to end the epidemic by 2030 will not be feasible for SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasoka Kasoka
- School of Law, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK.
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Lammerts van Bueren ET, Struik PC, van Eekeren N, Nuijten E. Towards resilience through systems-based plant breeding. A review. Agron Sustain Dev 2018; 38:42. [PMID: 30956692 PMCID: PMC6417397 DOI: 10.1007/s13593-018-0522-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
How the growing world population can feed itself is a crucial, multi-dimensional problem that goes beyond sustainable development. Crop production will be affected by many changes in its climatic, agronomic, economic, and societal contexts. Therefore, breeders are challenged to produce cultivars that strengthen both ecological and societal resilience by striving for six international sustainability targets: food security, safety and quality; food and seed sovereignty; social justice; agrobiodiversity; ecosystem services; and climate robustness. Against this background, we review the state of the art in plant breeding by distinguishing four paradigmatic orientations that currently co-exist: community-based breeding, ecosystem-based breeding, trait-based breeding, and corporate-based breeding, analyzing differences among these orientations. Our main findings are: (1) all four orientations have significant value but none alone will achieve all six sustainability targets; (2) therefore, an overarching approach is needed: "systems-based breeding," an orientation with the potential to synergize the strengths of the ways of thinking in the current paradigmatic orientations; (3) achieving that requires specific knowledge development and integration, a multitude of suitable breeding strategies and tools, and entrepreneurship, but also a change in attitude based on corporate responsibility, circular economy and true-cost accounting, and fair and green policies. We conclude that systems-based breeding can create strong interactions between all system components. While seeds are part of the common good and the basis of agrobiodiversity, a diversity in breeding approaches, based on different entrepreneurial approaches, can also be considered part of the required agrobiodiversity. To enable systems-based breeding to play a major role in creating sustainable agriculture, a shared sense of urgency is needed to realize the required changes in breeding approaches, institutions, regulations and protocols. Based on this concept of systems-based breeding, there are opportunities for breeders to play an active role in the development of an ecologically and societally resilient, sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith T. Lammerts van Bueren
- Louis Bolk Institute, Kosterijland 3-5, 3981 AJ Bunnik, The Netherlands
- Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul C. Struik
- Department of Plant Sciences, Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nick van Eekeren
- Louis Bolk Institute, Kosterijland 3-5, 3981 AJ Bunnik, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Nuijten
- Louis Bolk Institute, Kosterijland 3-5, 3981 AJ Bunnik, The Netherlands
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Punzi VL. A Social Responsibility Guide for Engineering Students and Professionals of all Faith Traditions: An Overview. Sci Eng Ethics 2018; 24:1253-1277. [PMID: 28721642 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-017-9948-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of the various themes of Catholic Social Teaching (CST) is based on numerous papal documents and ecclesiastical statements. While this paper provides a summary of a number of these documents, this paper focuses on two themes: the common good and care of the environment, and on three documents authored by Pope John Paul II in 1990, by Pope Benedict XVI in 2010, and by Pope Francis in 2015. By analyzing these documents from an engineer's perspective, the author proposes a model for Socially Responsible Engineering. The proposed model is intended to serve as a guide for engineering students and practicing engineers of all faith traditions and to those with no faith tradition at all who wish to incorporate CST in the daily conduct of their personal and professional lives; to provide guidance for the professional the author terms the aspiring Socially Responsible Engineer; and to offer engineers a preferred alternative to the undesirable aspects of the technocratic paradigm. While intended primarily for engineers, this document also serves as a guide for those with expertise in social justice and who, by gaining a better understanding of the thought processes of engineers, can become better mentors for engineering students and practicing engineers seeking to incorporate CST into their daily lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito L Punzi
- Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA.
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Gostin LO. Mandatory vaccination: understanding the common good in the midst of the global polio eradication campaign. Isr J Health Policy Res 2018; 7:4. [PMID: 29298727 PMCID: PMC5753519 DOI: 10.1186/s13584-017-0198-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The detection of wild poliovirus in Israeli sewage in May 2013 led the health authorities to vaccinate children with OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine). Shelly Kamin-Friedman explored the legal and ethical dimensions of this policy. This commentary makes three claims: (1) Mandatory vaccination is a valid exercise of the state's police powers to protect the common good. (2) A disease eradication campaign is a sufficient ground for the exercise of those powers. (3) The state is obliged to use the least restrictive/invasive measure to achieve community-wide vaccine coverage, but need not use less effective measures; further, determining which measure is most effective is a fact-specific determination. GOALS This commentary offers grounds to support state powers to protect the public's health and safety. It shows why governments have both the duty and power to safeguard the collective good. State powers also have limits, whose boundaries are determined by the public health necessity. If the state is reasonably using the least restrictive intervention to achieve an important public health objective, it is well within the limits of its authority. METHOD The commentary uses legal and ethical norms and evidence to support its conclusions. MAIN FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION Governments have a duty and power to achieve population-based vaccine coverage sufficient to stem the spread of infectious diseases, including in isolated geographical areas with high numbers of individuals claiming religious and/or conscientious exemptions to vaccine requirements. Governments are obliged to reasonably seek the least restrictive/invasive measure to achieve valid public health objectives; and governments are not obliged to use less effective measures simply because they are voluntary or less invasive. Finding the most effective, least invasive intervention is fact-specific. The essence of public health law is to recognize the state's power and duty to safeguard the public's health and safety, and to establish and enforce limits on those powers when the government overreaches-that is, adopts a measure more invasive/restrictive than needed to achieve a valid public health objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence O Gostin
- O'Neill Chair in Global Health Law and Director, World Health Organization Collaborating Center on National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C, USA.
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13
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Abstract
Catholic social teaching (CST), a branch of moral theology, addresses contemporary issues within the political, economic, and cultural structures of society. The threefold cornerstone of CST contains the principles of human dignity, solidarity, and subsidiarity. It is the foundation on which to form our conscience in order to evaluate the framework of society and is the Catholic criteria for prudential judgment and direction in developing current policy-making. With knowledge of these social principles, in combination with our faith, we will be more armed and informed as to articulate the Catholic vision of reality, the truthful nature of the human person and society, to apply and integrate the social teachings in our everyday administrative and clinical encounters, and through the virtue of charity take action within the social, political, and economic spheres in which we have influence. Summary: The Church's social encyclicals are a reflection upon the issues of the day using the light of faith and reason. They offer commentary on the ways to evaluate and address particular social problems-also using natural law principles-in the areas of politics, economics, and culture. Quotes were selected from the encyclicals that define and expand upon the primary principles for the purpose of representing them for study, reflection, and use in everyday personal and business encounters and decision making for healthcare professionals.
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Abstract
The Patient Protection and Affordable Health Care Act of 2010 accelerated bureaucratic appropriation of health care in the United States. Persuaded by laudable intentions of expanded access to care for millions of uninsured Americans, healthcare cost control, and improved medical quality, supporters are now confronted by the unintended consequences of greater government control of health care. The four primary principles of Catholic social teaching guide a best response to our neighbor's healthcare needs. The presence of these principles in the founding documents of the United States facilitates advocacy the public square. Lay summary: Catholic social teaching presents a Magisterial gift to each generation to help build a just society. The four principles, Human Dignity, Common Good, Solidarity, and Subsidiarity, can guide reform of a healthcare system in crisis. These precepts, clearly present in the United States founding documents, and persuasive in the public square, serve as a foundation upon which to improve the medical care of the sick and injured.
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Vesto A. The human genome as " common good". J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2016; 30:1520-1523. [PMID: 27160696 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2016.1188073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Objectivity of rights must be rebuilt in a dimension not only structural but also functional, despite being a "thing" that exactly repeats itself, it differs depending on what the person intended to make.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Vesto
- a Dipartimento di Scienze della Società e della Formazione d'area Mediterranea, Università per Stranieri Dante Alighieri di Reggio Calabria , Reggio Calabria , Italy
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Ito K, Ohtsuki H, Yamauchi A. Relationship between aggregation of rewards and the possibility of polymorphism in continuous snowdrift games. J Theor Biol 2015; 372:47-53. [PMID: 25725346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The existence of intra-population variations in cooperation level has often been reported by some empirical studies. Evolutionary conditions of polymorphism in cooperation have been investigated by using a framework of the continuous snowdrift game. However, our insights from this framework have been limited because of an assumption that the cooperative reward is a function of total amount of investments within an interacting group. In many cases, payoffs may actually depend on the interactions between the effects of such investments, such as members share the sum of beneficial effects that are individually produced from their own investments. Alternatively, payoffs may depend multiplicatively on investment, such as when investments are complementary. In the present paper, we investigated the influence of such difference on the evolution of cooperation with respect to three aspects of the aggregating process of individuals' contributions for reward, i.e. (i) additive or multiplicative, (ii) aggregation of either investments or effects, and (iii) promotion of advantage or suppression of disadvantage. We analytically show that the possibilities of the emergence of polymorphism are different depending on the type of aggregation process classified from these three aspects. Polymorphism of cooperation level never emerges unless the aggregation process is the aggregation of investment or the multiplicative aggregation of effect with suppression of disadvantage. Our results show the necessary condition for the emergence of polymorphic cooperation levels that are observed in various taxonomic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Ito
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano 2-509-3, Otsu 520-2113, Japan.
| | - Hisashi Ohtsuki
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, School of Advanced Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamauchi
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano 2-509-3, Otsu 520-2113, Japan
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