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Saag L, Laneman M, Varul L, Malve M, Valk H, Razzak MA, Shirobokov IG, Khartanovich VI, Mikhaylova ER, Kushniarevich A, Scheib CL, Solnik A, Reisberg T, Parik J, Saag L, Metspalu E, Rootsi S, Montinaro F, Remm M, Mägi R, D'Atanasio E, Crema ER, Díez-Del-Molino D, Thomas MG, Kriiska A, Kivisild T, Villems R, Lang V, Metspalu M, Tambets K. The Arrival of Siberian Ancestry Connecting the Eastern Baltic to Uralic Speakers further East. Curr Biol 2019; 29:1701-1711.e16. [PMID: 31080083 PMCID: PMC6544527 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we compare the genetic ancestry of individuals from two as yet genetically unstudied cultural traditions in Estonia in the context of available modern and ancient datasets: 15 from the Late Bronze Age stone-cist graves (1200-400 BC) (EstBA) and 6 from the Pre-Roman Iron Age tarand cemeteries (800/500 BC-50 AD) (EstIA). We also included 5 Pre-Roman to Roman Iron Age Ingrian (500 BC-450 AD) (IngIA) and 7 Middle Age Estonian (1200-1600 AD) (EstMA) individuals to build a dataset for studying the demographic history of the northern parts of the Eastern Baltic from the earliest layer of Mesolithic to modern times. Our findings are consistent with EstBA receiving gene flow from regions with strong Western hunter-gatherer (WHG) affinities and EstIA from populations related to modern Siberians. The latter inference is in accordance with Y chromosome (chrY) distributions in present day populations of the Eastern Baltic, as well as patterns of autosomal variation in the majority of the westernmost Uralic speakers [1-5]. This ancestry reached the coasts of the Baltic Sea no later than the mid-first millennium BC; i.e., in the same time window as the diversification of west Uralic (Finnic) languages [6]. Furthermore, phenotypic traits often associated with modern Northern Europeans, like light eyes, hair, and skin, as well as lactose tolerance, can be traced back to the Bronze Age in the Eastern Baltic. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lehti Saag
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia; Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.
| | - Margot Laneman
- Department of Archaeology, Institute of History and Archaeology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Liivi Varul
- School of Humanities, Tallinn University, Tallinn 10120, Estonia
| | - Martin Malve
- Department of Archaeology, Institute of History and Archaeology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Heiki Valk
- Department of Archaeology, Institute of History and Archaeology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Maria A Razzak
- Department of Slavic and Finnic Archaeology, Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 191186, Russia
| | - Ivan G Shirobokov
- Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Valeri I Khartanovich
- Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | | | - Alena Kushniarevich
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Christiana Lyn Scheib
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Anu Solnik
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Tuuli Reisberg
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Jüri Parik
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia; Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Lauri Saag
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Ene Metspalu
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Siiri Rootsi
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Francesco Montinaro
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Maido Remm
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | | | | | - David Díez-Del-Molino
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm 104 05, Sweden; Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - Mark G Thomas
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Aivar Kriiska
- Department of Archaeology, Institute of History and Archaeology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Toomas Kivisild
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia; Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia; Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Richard Villems
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia; Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Valter Lang
- Department of Archaeology, Institute of History and Archaeology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Mait Metspalu
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Kristiina Tambets
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.
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