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Slonim DA, Yehezkel I, Paz A, Bar-Kalifa E, Wolff M, Dar A, Gilboa-Schechtman E. Facing Change: Using Automated Facial Expression Analysis to Examine Emotional Flexibility in the Treatment of Depression. Adm Policy Ment Health 2023:10.1007/s10488-023-01310-w. [PMID: 37880472 DOI: 10.1007/s10488-023-01310-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Depression involves deficits in emotional flexibility. To date, the varied and dynamic nature of emotional processes during therapy has mostly been measured at discrete time intervals using clients' subjective reports. Because emotions tend to fluctuate and change from moment to moment, the understanding of emotional processes in the treatment of depression depends to a great extent on the existence of sensitive, continuous, and objectively codified measures of emotional expression. In this observational study, we used computerized measures to analyze high-resolution time-series facial expression data as well as self-reports to examine the association between emotional flexibility and depressive symptoms at the client as well as at the session levels. METHOD Video recordings from 283 therapy sessions of 58 clients who underwent 16 sessions of manualized psychodynamic psychotherapy for depression were analyzed. Data was collected as part of routine practice in a university clinic that provides treatments to the community. Emotional flexibility was measured in each session using an automated facial expression emotion recognition system. The clients' depression level was assessed at the beginning of each session using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (Beck et al., 1996). RESULTS Higher emotional flexibility was associated with lower depressive symptoms at the treatment as well as at the session levels. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the centrality of emotional flexibility both as a trait-like as well as a state-like characteristic of depression. The results also demonstrate the usefulness of computerized measures to capture key emotional processes in the treatment of depression at a high scale and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ido Yehezkel
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Adar Paz
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Eran Bar-Kalifa
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Maya Wolff
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Avinoam Dar
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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Sarbassova G, Kudaibergenova A, Madaliyeva Z, Kassen G, Sadvakassova Z, Ramazanova S, Ryskulova M. Diagnostics of psychological flexibility and the ability to cope with the inevitable changes among psychology students. Curr Psychol 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37359571 PMCID: PMC10172729 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04712-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The study concerns the question of how much the emotional competence and the ability to cope with problems in one's own personality increase in the process of professional psychological education, for which students of different years of study were tested. The aim of this study is to deeply diagnose various components of psychological flexibility and the ability to cope with unexpected events among psychology students. The study involved 30 students from 1 to 4 years of university grade level participated into study, divided into 4 equal groups from. Based on testing various aspects of psychological flexibility, emotional intelligence test (EQ test), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) and D.V. Lyusin emotional intelligence instrument (Emin) were used; it was tested using Student's t-test and Kruskal-Wallis H-test to evaluate differences between three or more samples simultaneously. As a result of the study, the significant differences between all groups of participants and between the assessment of individual factors of psychological flexibility in different groups was accepted. Each of the groups demonstrated its specific characteristics of the relationship between emotional competence and coping with stress. Comparison of the results of students from different years of study showed that psychological education does not have a significant effect on emotional intelligence as an indicator of emotional flexibility, but positively affects the development of coping with stress, although in predominantly passive forms. The practical application of the research lies in improving psychology students' learning; the research results can be used as methods for determining psychological flexibility factors that require development in study groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulzat Sarbassova
- Department of Pedagogy and Psychology, Kazakh Humanitarian and Legal Innovation University in Semipalatinsk, Semey, Kazakhstan
| | - Aliya Kudaibergenova
- Department of Pedagogy and Educational Management, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Zabira Madaliyeva
- Department of General and Applied Psychology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Gulmira Kassen
- Department of General and Applied Psychology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Zukhra Sadvakassova
- Department of General and Applied Psychology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Samal Ramazanova
- Department of Pedagogy and Educational Management, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Madina Ryskulova
- Department of Psychology, Eurasian National University named after L.N. Gumilyov, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
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İme Y, Ümmet D. Adaptation of Emotional Flexibility Scale: Its Association with Subjective Well Being and Resilience During Covid-19 Pandemic. Child Indic Res 2022; 15:2141-2154. [PMID: 35966032 PMCID: PMC9362329 DOI: 10.1007/s12187-022-09959-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The corona virus (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a global health crisis causing fear and negative psychological consequences. In this study, the validity and reliability of the Emotional Flexibility Scale were evaluated in a sample of adolescents in Turkey. A total of 833 high school students from 65 different cities participated in the study. Emotional flexibility, adolescent psychological resilience, and adolescents' subjective well-being Scales were used as data collection tools. For the adaptation of emotional flexibility scale, confirmatory factor analysis, convergent validity, and reliability analyses were used. Also, the mediating role of subjective well-being on the relationship between emotional flexibility and resilience was tested. Emotional flexibility was found to be associated with subjective well-being and resilience. The results of the study show that the Emotional Flexibility Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool in the sample of adolescents in Turkey. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12187-022-09959-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakup İme
- Marmara University, Fahrettin Kerim Gökay Cd., Kadıköy/Istanbul, 34722 Türkiye
| | - Durmuş Ümmet
- Marmara University, Fahrettin Kerim Gökay Cd., Kadıköy/Istanbul, 34722 Türkiye
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Rodin R, Bonanno GA, Rahman N, Kouri NA, Bryant RA, Marmar CR, Brown AD. Expressive flexibility in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. J Affect Disord 2017; 207:236-241. [PMID: 27728871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of evidence suggests that the ability to flexibly express and suppress emotions ("expressive flexibility") supports successful adaptation to trauma and loss. However, studies have yet to examine whether individuals that meet criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or depression exhibit alterations in expressive flexibility. The present study aims to test whether lower levels of expressive flexibility are associated with PTSD and depression in combat-exposed veterans. METHODS Fifty-nine combat veterans with and without PTSD completed self-report measures assessing symptoms of depression, PTSD, and combat exposure. Participants also completed an expressive flexibility task in which they were asked to either enhance or suppress their expressions of emotion while viewing affective images on a computer screen. Expressive flexibility was assessed by both expressive enhancement ability and expressive suppression ability. RESULTS Repeated measures ANOVA's showed that both PTSD and depression were associated with lower levels of emotional enhancement ability. In addition, a series of linear regressions demonstrated that lower levels of emotional enhancement ability were associated with greater symptom severity of PTSD and depression. The ability to suppress emotional responses did not differ among individuals with and without PTSD or depression. LIMITATIONS of the study include a cross-sectional design, precluding causality; the lack of a non-trauma exposed group and predominantly male participants limit the generalizability to other populations. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in expressive flexibility is a previously unrecognized affective mechanism associated with PTSD and depression. Clinical strategies aimed at enhancing emotional expression may aid in the treatment of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rodin
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Canada; Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, United States; The Mach-Gaensslen Foundation of Canada, Canada.
| | - George A Bonanno
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, United States
| | - Nadia Rahman
- Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, United States
| | - Nicole A Kouri
- Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, United States
| | | | - Charles R Marmar
- Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, United States
| | - Adam D Brown
- Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, United States; Department of Psychology, Sarah Lawrence College, United States
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Svendsen JL, Osnes B, Binder PE, Dundas I, Visted E, Nordby H, Schanche E, Sørensen L. Trait Self-Compassion Reflects Emotional Flexibility Through an Association with High Vagally Mediated Heart Rate Variability. Mindfulness (N Y) 2016; 7:1103-1113. [PMID: 27642372 PMCID: PMC5010618 DOI: 10.1007/s12671-016-0549-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Converging evidence shows a positive effect of self-compassion on self-reported well-being and mental health. However, few studies have examined the relation between self-compassion and psychophysiological measures. In the present study, we therefore examined the relation between trait self-compassion and vagally mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV) in 53 students (39 female, mean age = 23.63). Trait self-compassion was assessed using the Self-Compassion Scale, and resting vmHRV was measured during a 5-min ECG baseline period. We hypothesized that higher levels of trait self-compassion would predict higher levels of resting vmHRV. Controlling for potential covariates (including age, gender, and BMI), the results confirmed our hypotheses, showing that higher levels of trait self-compassion predicted higher vmHRV. These results were validated with a 24-h measure of vmHRV, acquired from a subsample of the participants (n = 26, 16 female, mean age = 23.85), confirming the positive correlation between high trait self-compassion and higher vmHRV. The relation between trait self-compassion, vmHRV, self-reported trait anxiety (the trait scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; STAI) and self-reported rumination (the Rumination subscale of the Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire; RRQ-Rum) was also investigated. Higher levels of trait anxiety and rumination were highly correlated with low levels of trait self-compassion. Trait anxiety, but not rumination, correlated marginally significantly with the level of vmHRV. The findings of the present study indicate that trait self-compassion predicts a better ability to physiologically and psychologically adapt emotional responses. Possible implications and limitations of the study are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lillebostad Svendsen
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, Bergen, 5009 Norway ; Bjørgvin District Psychiatic Centre, Knarvik, Haukeland University Hospital, Kvassnesvegen 63, 5914 Isdalstø, Norway
| | - Berge Osnes
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, Bergen, 5009 Norway
| | - Per-Einar Binder
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Christiesgate 12, Bergen, 5015 Norway
| | - Ingrid Dundas
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Christiesgate 12, Bergen, 5015 Norway
| | - Endre Visted
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Christiesgate 12, Bergen, 5015 Norway
| | - Helge Nordby
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, Bergen, 5009 Norway
| | - Elisabeth Schanche
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Christiesgate 12, Bergen, 5015 Norway
| | - Lin Sørensen
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, Bergen, 5009 Norway ; KG Jebsen Center for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Bergen, Norway
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Kim MY, Ford BQ, Mauss I, Tamir M. Knowing when to seek anger: Psychological health and context-sensitive emotional preferences. Cogn Emot 2014; 29:1126-36. [PMID: 25337744 PMCID: PMC4724394 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2014.970519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
According to hedonic approaches to psychological health, healthy individuals should pursue pleasant and avoid unpleasant emotions. According to instrumental approaches, however, healthy individuals should pursue useful and avoid harmful emotions, whether pleasant or unpleasant. We sought to reconcile these approaches by distinguishing between preferences for emotions that are aggregated across contexts and preferences for emotions within specific contexts. Across five days, we assessed daily confrontational and collaborative demands and daily preferences for anger and happiness. Somewhat consistent with hedonic approaches, when averaging across contexts, psychologically healthier individuals wanted to feel less anger, but not more happiness. Somewhat consistent with instrumental approaches, when examined within contexts, psychologically healthier individuals wanted to feel angrier in more confrontational contexts, and some wanted to feel happier in more collaborative contexts. Thus, although healthier individuals are motivated to avoid unpleasant emotions over time, they are more motivated to experience them when they are potentially useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Y. Kim
- The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Iris Mauss
- University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Maya Tamir
- The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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